risk taking

Risk-taking in driving: an individual's deliberate willingness to accept hazard for a goal — the cognitive-motivational appraisal that weighs perceived risk against expected payoff and tolerates the residual danger (risk perception, risk tolerance, calculated gap acceptance, deliberate violations). The decision to accept risk, distinct from sensation_seeking, which is the underlying personality need for arousal that motivates risk, and from aggressive_driving, which is the overt hostile behavior; risk_taking is the appraisal/choice layer beneath both.

151 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Behavioral correlates of individual differences in road-traffic crash risk: An examination of methods and findings. ↗ · 1993 · Elander, James et al. · indexed
2. The influence of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory on risk perception and intentions to speed in young male and female drivers · 2019 · Logan, Emily et al. · archived
3. Workshop to Identify Training Requirements Designed to Reduce Young Driver Risk Taking and Improve Decision Making Skills · 1993 · Young, Katherine · archived
4. Psychological predictors of risky driving: the role of age, gender, personality traits (Zuckerman's and Gray's models) ↗ · 2023 · Aluja, Anton et al. · indexed
5. A hierarchical risk model for traffic participants ↗ · 1988 · Van Der Molen, H H et al. · indexed
6. Risk-Taking Behavior and Traffic Safety: Symposium Proceedings: October 19–22, 1997 Chatham, Massachusetts · 1997 · NHTSA · archived
7. Learning to Take Risks: Risk-Taking by Young Male Drivers in the ACT 1 ↗ · 2004 · Styles, T et al. · indexed
8. The role of subjective risk perception and self-esteem in the relationship between sensation seeking and aberrant behaviors ↗ · 2024 · Herrero-Fernández, David et al. · indexed
9. A conceptualization of driving behaviour as threat avoidance ↗ · 1984 · Fuller, Ray W. · indexed
10. Understanding Driver Cognition and Decision-Making Behaviors in High-Risk Scenarios: A Drift Diffusion Perspective · 2025 · Huang, Heye et al. · archived
11. Quantifying the Individual Differences of Driver' Risk Perception with Just Four Interpretable Parameters · 2022 · Chen, Chen et al. · archived
12. Identification of Countermeasures for Unsafe Driving Actions. Volume 2, a Review of Selected Literature · 1981 · Marks, M. E. (Mary E.) et al. · archived
13. Modeling Driver Behavior as Sequential Risk-Taking Task ↗ · 2008 · Hamdar, Samer H. et al. · indexed
14. Understanding driver performance variability and perception of risk : driver hazard perception research plan · 1998 · Lerner, N. et al. · archived
15. Learning to take risks: the influence of age and experience on risky driving behaviour in the ACT ↗ · 2004 · Styles, T et al. · indexed
16. Resources and Tools to Reduce Multiple Risky Driving Behaviors · 2024 · Finley, Kari et al. · archived
17. Relationships between Personality Traits and Brain Gray Matter Are Different in Risky and Non-risky Drivers · 2022 · Mas-Cuesta, Laura et al. · archived
18. The impact of drivers’ personality traits on their risky driving behaviors ↗ · 2020 · Al-Tit, Ahmad Adnan · indexed
19. Risk control is not risk adjustment: the zero-risk theory of driver behaviour and its implications ↗ · 1988 · Summala, Heikki · indexed
20. Tracking risk-taking behind the wheel: Which indicator of risky driving is the most useful in driving simulator studies? A pilot study. · 2026 · Baran P et al. · archived
21. Distress Tolerance as a Predictor of Risky and Aggressive Driving ↗ · 2013 · Beck, Kenneth H. et al. · indexed
22. The role of control in risk perception on rural roads · 2020 · Starkey, Nicola J. et al. · archived
23. A study of the factors affecting driving risk perception using the Bivariate Ordered Probit model ↗ · 2022 · Sahebi, Sina et al. · indexed
24. Effects of personality traits on bus drivers' prosocial and aggressive behaviours: risk perception mediator · 2023 · Wang, Sihui et al. · archived
25. Modeling and Analysis of Microscopic Risk Avoidance Behavior of Homogeneous Driver Groups Under Risk Scenarios ↗ · 2024 · Zheng, Lili et al. · indexed
26. Understanding risk taking by young male drivers ↗ · 2005 · Styles, T et al. · indexed
27. PATTERNS OF ROAD USE AND PERCEPTIONS OF DRIVING RISK BY NEW ZEALAND DRIVERS ↗ · 2003 · Charlton, Samuel G. et al. · indexed
28. Modeling the decision-making in human driver overtaking · 2020 · Stefansson, Elis et al. · archived
29. Impulsivity and self-regulation: A dual-process model of risky driving in young drivers in Iran · 2023 · Memarian, Mohammaderfan et al. · archived
30. Perceptions of Risk and Control: Understanding Acceptance of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems · 2009 · Joshi, Somya et al. · archived
31. DO WE REALLY DRIVE AS WE LIVE? THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY FACTORS IN ROAD CRASHES ↗ · 1993 · Beirness, D J · indexed
32. Left turn gap acceptance in a simulator: Driving skill or driving style? ↗ · 2010 · de Winter, Joost et al. · indexed
33. Left turn gap acceptance in a simulator: Driving skill or driving style? ↗ · 2010 · de Winter, Joost et al. · indexed
34. Speeding in relation to perceptions of risk, utility and driving style by British company car drivers ↗ · 1995 · Adams-Guppy, Julie Rachel et al. · indexed
35. Human-like driving behaviour emerges from a risk-based driver model · 2020 · Kolekar, Sarvesh et al. · archived
36. Traffic Violations and Errors: The Effects of Sensation Seeking and Attention · 2005 · Ayvaşık, H Belgin et al. · archived
37. The role of values in road safety culture: Examining the relationship between valuation of freedom to take risk and accident risk among motorcycle riders and car drivers · 2022 · Nævestad, Tor‐Olav et al. · archived
38. Decision-making style, driving style, and self-reported involvement in road traffic accidents ↗ · 1993 · French, Davina et al. · indexed
39. An empirical assessment of driver motivation and emotional states in perceived safety margins under varied driving conditions · 2012 · Zhang, Yu et al. · archived
40. Personality of young drivers in Oman: Relationship to risky driving behaviors and crash involvement among Sultan Qaboos University students · 2017 · Al Azri, Mohammed et al. · archived
41. Effects of Personality on Risky Driving Behavior and Accident Involvement for Chinese Drivers ↗ · 2012 · Yang, Jiaoyan et al. · indexed
42. Prevention of road accidents in non-expert drivers: Theory of Mind and driving style · 2024 · Nori, Raffaella et al. · archived
43. Understanding risky driving among motorized two-wheeler drivers: time-related anxiety and impunctuality · 2023 · Gupta, Monik et al. · archived
44. A cognitive process approach to modeling gap acceptance in overtaking · 2023 · Mohammad, Samir H.A. et al. · archived
45. Risk homeostasis theory and its critics: time for an agreement ↗ · 1988 · Janssen, Wiel H. et al. · indexed
46. Understanding the psychosocial factors influencing the risky behaviour of young drivers · 2009 · Bridie Scott‐Parker et al. · archived
47. A further exploration of sensation seeking propensity, reward sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and the risky behaviour of young novice drivers in a structural equation model · 2012 · Scott‐Parker, Bridie et al. · archived
48. A risk field-based metric correlates with driver’s perceived risk in manual and automated driving: A test-track study · 2021 · Kolekar, Sarvesh et al. · archived
49. Risk Representation, Perception, and Propensity in an Integrated Human Lane-Change Decision Model ↗ · 2022 · Jiang, Longsheng et al. · indexed
50. ASPECTS OF ROAD LAYOUT THAT AFFECT DRIVERS' PERCEPTION AND RISK TAKING ↗ · 1980 · Watts, G R et al. · indexed
51. Collective risk but individual safety · 1988 · RUMAR, KÁRE · archived
52. SURVIVAL OF DEVIANCE. A MODEL FOR DRIVER BEHAVIOUR. FINAL REPORT ↗ · 2003 · Vaa, T · indexed
53. External and internal risk of the user in road safety and the necessity for a control process ↗ · 2011 · Colonna, Pasquale et al. · indexed
54. Driving risk assessment based on naturalistic driving study and driver attitude questionnaire analysis ↗ · 2020 · Wang, Jianqiang et al. · indexed
55. DRIVING RISK TOLERANCE AS A PREDICTOR OF OLDER ADULTS’ ABILITY TO DRIVE ↗ · 2024 · Curl, Angela · indexed
56. Safety of Public Transportation Occupational Drivers: Risk Perception, Attitudes, and Driving Behavior ↗ · 2010 · Ma, Ming et al. · indexed
57. Modelling the effects of stress on gap-acceptance decisions combining data from driving simulator and physiological sensors · 2018 · Paschalidis, Evangelos et al. · archived
58. Do Drivers of Small Cars Take Less Risk in Everyday Driving? ↗ · 1985 · Wasielewski, Paul et al. · indexed
59. The Influence of Aggressive Driving Behavior and Impulsiveness on Traffic Accidents · 2018 · Antić, Boris et al. · archived
60. The risky behaviour of young drivers : developing a measurement tool ↗ · 2010 · Bridie Scott‐Parker et al. · indexed
61. The risky behaviour of young drivers : developing a measurement tool ↗ · 2010 · Scott‐Parker, Bridie et al. · indexed
62. Youth and risk: age differences in risky driving, risk perception, and risk utility ↗ · 1987 · Jonah, Brian A. et al. · indexed
63. Personalizing driver safety interfaces via driver cognitive factors inference · 2024 · Sumner, Emily S. et al. · archived
64. Perceptions of autonomous vehicles: Relationships with road users, risk, gender and age · 2017 · Hulse, Lynn et al. · archived
65. Risky Driving Attitudes and Self - Reported Traffic Violations Among Turkish Drivers : the Case of Eskişehir ↗ · 2006 · Yılmaz, Veysel et al. · indexed
66. Driving Behavior Based Relative Risk Evaluation Using a Nonparametric Optimization Method ↗ · 2021 · Bao, Qiong et al. · indexed
67. Testing models of driver behaviour ↗ · 2012 · Lewis-Evans, Ben · indexed
68. Response times in drivers' gap acceptance decisions during overtaking · 2023 · Abbink, David A. · archived
69. Should I Stay or Should I Go? Cognitive Modeling of Left-Turn Gap Acceptance Decisions in Human Drivers · 2022 · Zgonnikov, Arkady et al. · archived
70. Alcohol Effects on Driver Risk Taking ↗ · 1978 · Allen, R. Wade et al. · indexed
71. The role of values in road safety culture: Examining the valuation of freedom to take risk, risk taking and accident involvement in three countries ↗ · 2021 · Nævestad, Tor‐Olav et al. · indexed
72. HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ↗ · 1997 · Summala, Heikki · indexed
73. Personality factors as predictors of persistent risky driving behavior and crash involvement among young adults ↗ · 2007 · Gulliver, Pauline et al. · indexed
74. The development, validation, and application of a video-based technique for measuring an everyday risk-taking behavior: Drivers' speed choice. ↗ · 1999 · Horswill, Mark S. et al. · indexed
75. Social cognition and driving: Theory of mind is associated with drivers' hazard perception ↗ · 2025 · Goodhew, Stephanie C. et al. · indexed
76. Safety and Operational Assessment of Gap Acceptance Through Large-Scale Field Evaluation ↗ · 2023 · Tupper, Steven Maxwell · indexed
77. Young Novice Driver Subtypes: Relationship to High-Risk Behavior, Traffic Accident Record, and Simulator Driving Performance ↗ · 1999 · Deery, Hamish A. et al. · indexed
78. Assessing Risk Perception over Recidivist Traffic Offenders from a Multi-group Approach: How Gendered Could It Be? · 2022 · Lijarcio, Ignacio et al. · archived
79. Proposal and validation of a questionnaire to investigate risk behavior of drivers from Brazil and Portugal · 2017 · Campos, Cíntia Isabel de et al. · archived
80. Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making ↗ · 2006 · Reyna, Valerie F. et al. · indexed
81. The Effect of Reminders of Death on Reckless Driving ↗ · 2000 · Taubman — Ben-Ari, Orit · indexed
82. Gender effects in young road users on road safety attitudes, behaviours and risk perception ↗ · 2016 · Cordellieri, Pierluigi et al. · indexed
83. The reforms of the driving license in Europe and researches in this field: how to train the driver, how to educate the men and women? · 2010 · Assailly, Jean-Pascal · archived
84. Situational Action Theory to Understand Risky Driving Behaviours in Beach Environments · 2024 · Anderson, Levi et al. · archived
85. Drivers' Risk Perception of Road Design Elements ↗ · 2000 · Kanellaidis, George et al. · indexed
86. Traffic psychology theories: Towards understanding driving behaviour and safety efforts ↗ · 2005 · Summala, Heikki · indexed
87. Understanding Risky Behavior in Sustainable Driving among Young Adults: Exploring Social Norms, Emotional Regulation, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Mindfulness ↗ · 2024 · Marian, Andrei-Lucian et al. · indexed
88. Why are there sex differences in risky driving? the relationship between sex and gender‐role on aggressive driving, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young turkish drivers ↗ · 2005 · Özkan, Türker et al. · indexed
89. The effect of a moderate dose of alcohol on the traffic hazard perception profile of young drink‐drivers¹ ↗ · 1996 · Deery, Hamish A et al. · indexed
90. An investigation of Driver Attitudes Towards Road Safety in Oman ↗ · 2020 · Al-Maimani, Eman Yousuf et al. · indexed
91. Decision-adjusted driver risk predictive models using kinematics information · 2021 · Mao, Huiying et al. · archived
92. Should I stay or should I go? Evidence accumulation drives decision making in human drivers · 2020 · Abbink, David A. · archived
93. Factors Affecting Perceived and Observed Aggressive Driving Behavior: An Empirical Analysis of Driver Fatigue, and Distracted Driving · 2019 · Fountas, Grigorios et al. · archived
94. Relationships Among Road Geometry, Drivers’ Risk Perception, and Speed Choice: Experimental Study ↗ · 2013 · Colonna, Pasquale et al. · indexed
95. An investigation of perceived risk dimensions in acceptability of shared autonomous vehicles, a mediation-moderation analysis. · 2024 · Abbasi, M et al. · archived
96. The Effect of Driving Style on Responses to Unexpected Vehicle Cyberattacks · 2023 · Zhang, Fangda et al. · archived
97. The impact of mortality salience on reckless driving: A test of terror management mechanisms. ↗ · 1999 · Ben-Ari, Orit Taubman et al. · indexed
98. Prior Driver Performance and Expressed Attitudes Toward Risk as Factors Associated With Railroad Grade Crossing Violations · 1999 · NHTSA · archived
99. Driving behaviours, traffic risk and road safety: comparative study between Malaysia and Singapore ↗ · 2014 · Khan, Saif Ur Rehman et al. · indexed
100. Attitudes towards traffic safety, driving behaviour and accident involvement among the Norwegian public ↗ · 2004 · Iversen, Hilde Hestad et al. · indexed
101. Age differences in risky driving ↗ · 1990 · Jonah, Brian A. · indexed
102. Subjective risk and associated electrodermal activity of a self-driving car passenger in an urban shared space · 2023 · Petit, Jeffery et al. · archived
103. Motivations for Speeding [Traffic Tech] · 2012 · NHTSA · archived
104. Emotion behind the Wheel: Emotional (dys)Regulation on Young Driving Behaviour - Systematic Review · 2024 · Pizzo, Alessandra et al. · archived
105. Factors Related to Drivers' Self-Reported Willingness to Engage in Distracting In-Vehicle Activities ↗ · 2008 · Horrey, William J. et al. · indexed
106. Development of messages to address risk taking by young drivers: stage 2 ↗ · 2011 · Imberger, K et al. · indexed
107. Willingness and intention to run a red light among motorcyclists · 2022 · Esmaeli, Saeed et al. · archived
108. Towards Driver Behavior Understanding: Weakly-Supervised Risk Perception in Driving Scenes · 2026 · Agarwal, Nakul et al. · archived
109. Aggressive Driving and Road Rage · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
110. Aggressive Driving: Three Studies · 1997 · Mizell, Louis et al. · archived
111. Road rage and aggressive driving behaviors: The role of state-trait anxiety and self-control ↗ · 2023 · Shamoa-Nir, Lipaz · indexed
112. Attitudinal segmentaion of drivers in Pakistan: The potential for effective road safety campaigns · 2018 · Batool, Zahara et al. · archived
113. Les processus du risque accidentel chez les jeunes. ↗ · 1992 · Assailly, Jean-Pascal · indexed
114. Covariability in three dimensions of teenage driving risk behavior: impaired driving, risky and unsafe driving behavior, and secondary task engagement ↗ · 2015 · Bruce G. Simons‐Morton et al. · indexed
115. A cross‐cultural comparison of road traffic risk perceptions, attitudes towards traffic safety and driver behaviour ↗ · 2011 · Nordfjærn, Trond et al. · indexed
116. A novel hazard avoidance model based on young drivers’ characteristics: A driving simulator study ↗ · 2024 · Asadamraji, Morteza et al. · indexed
117. Subjective assessment of traffic rules compliance in Bulgaria: Role of personality and driving style ↗ · 2024 · Totkova, Zornitsa · indexed
118. To lose or not to lose one’s grip? A comparison of psychosocial predictors of risk-taking and accident involvement among French cyclists · 2025 · Varet, Florent et al. · archived
119. Analysis of Different Groups of Drivers and Their Related Driving Behaviour in Urban Areas ↗ · 2011 · Losa, Massimo et al. · indexed
120. Considering Traffic and Roadway Context in Driver Behavior Assessments ↗ · 2016 · Liang, Yulan et al. · indexed
121. Mobile Phone Use “on the Road”: A Self-Report Study on Young Drivers · 2021 · Fraschetti, Angelo et al. · archived
122. PSYCHOLOGY AND THE HIGHWAY ENGINEER ↗ · 2002 · Fuller, Joanne M. · indexed
123. Personality traits as behavioral determinants of road traffic injury risk: a mechanism-informed cross-sectional analysis. · 2026 · Cheong A et al. · archived
124. Review of Risk Communication Strategies And Existing Alcohol-Impaired and Distracted Driving Safety Messages: Technical Report · 2023 · Zakrajsek, Jennifer et al. · archived
125. Traffic Risk Perception, Risky Road Use Behaviors among Vietnamese People · 2020 · Van Luot, Nguyen et al. · archived
126. Investigating the decision-making processes that contribute to impaired driving. · 2015 · Duckworth, M. P. et al. · archived
127. Life satisfaction, risky and aggressive driving, and crash involvement: Evidence within a contextual-mediated framework ↗ · 2025 · Pérez, Jorge Eduardo Martínez et al. · indexed
128. The effects of driver fatigue, gender, and distracted driving on perceived and observed aggressive driving behavior: A correlated grouped random parameters bivariate probit approach · 2019 · Fountas, Grigorios et al. · archived
129. Drivers’ Evaluation of Different Automated Driving Styles: Is It both Comfortable and Natural? ↗ · 2021 · Peng, Chen et al. · indexed
130. Evaluating Drivers’ Response to Road Hazard: A Simulation Study ↗ · 2024 · Javanbakht, Navid et al. · indexed
131. 650 – The Psychological Distress and Aggressive Driving: Age and Gender Differences in Voluntary Risk-taking Behavior in Road Traffic Crashes · 2013 · Bener, A. · archived
132. Human Decision-Making in High-Risk Driving Scenarios: A Cognitive Modeling Perspective ↗ · 2024 · Li, Zheng et al. · indexed
133. The Theory of Risk Homeostasis: Implications for Safety and Health ↗ · 1982 · Wilde, Gerald J.S. · indexed
134. Repeat Traffic Offenders Improve Their Performance in Risky Driving Situations and Have Fewer Accidents Following a Mindfulness-Based Intervention · 2021 · Baltruschat, Sabina et al. · archived
135. Drivers' gap acceptance and time to arrival judgements when confronted with approaching bicycles and e-bicycles ↗ · 2020 · Schleinitz, Katja et al. · indexed
136. Behavioral decision‐making model of the intelligent vehicle based on driving risk assessment ↗ · 2019 · Zheng, Xunjia et al. · indexed
137. Modifying Risk Perception Through Emotion: An Experimental Study Using a Fear Appeal Video Intervention in a Driving Context ↗ · 2026 · Ramos-Moreno, María Ángeles et al. · indexed
138. Driving with intelligent vehicles: driving behaviour with Adaptive Cruise Control and the acceptance by individual drivers ↗ · 1999 · Hoedemaeker, D.M. · indexed
139. Accident-Related Risk Behaviors Associated with Motivations for Motorcycle Use in Iran: A Country with Very High Traffic Deaths ↗ · 2009 · Zamani‐Alavijeh, Fereshteh et al. · indexed
140. Risk homeostasis theory and traffic accidents: propositions, deductions and discussion of dissension in recent reactions ↗ · 1988 · Wilde, Gerald J.S. · indexed
141. Exploring pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour using immersive CAVE experiments: A multilevel logit regression ↗ · 2026 · Zhu, Manman et al. · indexed
142. A Study on the Relationship Between Personality and Driving Styles ↗ · 2012 · Poó, Fernando Martín et al. · indexed
143. Effects of hazard type and confidence level on hazard perception in young male drivers: an ERP study ↗ · 2024 · Sun, Long et al. · indexed
144. Social and Behavioral Characteristics of Young Adult Drink/Drivers Adjusted for Level of Alcohol Use ↗ · 2007 · Bingham, C. Raymond et al. · indexed
145. Duty or safety? Exploring emergency service personnel's perceptions of risk and decision-making when driving through floodwater ↗ · 2020 · Ahmed, Mozumdar Arifa et al. · indexed
146. The Zero Effect: An Eye‐Tracking Study of Affect and Motivation in Risky Choices · 2024 · Ludwig, Jonas et al. · archived
147. The Teenage Brain ↗ · 2013 · Luna, Beatriz et al. · indexed
148. Decisions from experience: adaptive information search and choice in younger and older adults ↗ · 2021 · Spaniol, Julia et al. · indexed
149. What Predicts Intention-Behavior Discordance? A Review of the Action Control Framework ↗ · 2013 · Rhodes, Ryan E. et al. · indexed
150. Understanding patch foraging strategies across development · 2023 · Lloyd, Alex et al. · archived
151. Perceived weight discrimination and high‐risk health‐related behaviors ↗ · 2017 · Sutin, Angelina R. et al. · indexed