Real-time coaching programs for Manage-How-You-Drive insurance schemes: Analysis of retention after feedback removal
DOI: 10.1016/j.treng.2025.100338
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Summary
This study investigates the effectiveness and long-term retention of real-time coaching programs within Manage-How-You-Drive (MHYD) insurance schemes. MHYD systems calculate premiums based on driving behavior and provide contingent feedback to nudge drivers toward safer habits. While previous research has examined the short-term efficacy of such systems, there is limited evidence regarding whether behavioral improvements persist after feedback removal, particularly concerning the influence of driver characteristics and feedback design. This research addresses these gaps by expanding upon prior work to assess retention and the impact of feedback modality (auditory vs. visual) and valence (positive vs. negative). The researchers conducted a driving simulator experiment involving 100 active drivers, with a final sample of 74 participants who completed all three trials. The experimental design consisted of three sessions spaced four weeks apart: a baseline trial without feedback, an intervention trial with active real-time feedback, and a post-intervention trial without feedback. Participants were categorized into defensive or aggressive driving styles based on baseline performance and assigned to one of four feedback groups. Feedback was triggered by Elevated Gravitational-Force Events (EGFEs), defined as harsh acceleration or deceleration. The study analyzed direct metrics (EGFE count, mean acceleration/deceleration) and indirect safety behaviors (speeding, tailgating, lateral control) using generalized linear mixed models. The results demonstrated that the real-time coaching program significantly improved driving behavior, particularly among drivers identified as aggressive during the baseline. Crucially, these improvements were partially retained in the final trial after the feedback system was removed. Drivers maintained better performance in terms of acceleration/deceleration smoothness, speeding, and tailgating compared to their baseline levels, regardless of the specific feedback type received. The study found no significant differences in effectiveness or retention based on feedback modality (auditory vs. visual) or valence (positive vs. negative). The benefits were consistent across these design variations, suggesting that the mere presence of real-time contingent feedback is the primary driver of behavioral change. These findings highlight the practical potential of MHYD real-time coaching systems for enhancing road safety. The evidence that behavioral improvements persist after feedback removal suggests that such systems can serve as effective training tools, inducing lasting changes in driving habits rather than merely providing temporary corrections. This is particularly relevant for insurance schemes where users may deactivate feedback systems due to inconvenience. The study confirms that real-time feedback is superior to delayed feedback for long-term retention and that aggressive drivers, who are often at higher risk, benefit significantly from these interventions. The results support the integration of real-time coaching into UBI schemes to promote sustained safer driving behaviors.
Key finding
Drivers, especially aggressive ones, significantly improved and partially retained safer driving behaviors regarding acceleration, deceleration, speeding, and tailgating after the removal of real-time feedback, irrespective of the feedback's modality or valence.
Methodology
simulator
Sample size: 100
Provenance
The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed. Discovered via author_sweep_intake on 2026-05-28.
| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | author_sweep | — | — | 2 | 2026-05-28 |
| archive | success | openalex | — | — | 9 | 2026-06-06 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 3 | 2026-06-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| enrich | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-28 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 15 | 2026-06-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified.
Topics
Ranked by relevance to this paper. Hover a topic for its definition.
- in vehicle coaching
- telematics ubi feedback
- eco driving
- gamification driving
- driver education effectiveness
- simulator training transfer
Information type
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- Applied Guidance: countermeasure evaluation