Investigating comfort-oriented optimization of eco-driving cruising strategy: A driving simulator study
DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2025.101733
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Summary
This study addresses the conflict between energy efficiency and passenger comfort in electric vehicles (EVs) employing Pulse and Glide (PnG) eco-driving strategies. While PnG strategies significantly reduce energy consumption by alternating acceleration and coasting, the resulting longitudinal jerk often compromises ride comfort, hindering adoption. The research aims to develop a comfort-oriented optimization framework for PnG strategies and validate the use of dynamic driving simulators for longitudinal comfort assessment, specifically investigating the correlation between simulator-based perceptions and real-world vehicle dynamics. The methodology utilizes a 14-degree-of-freedom mathematical model of a Bolt EV, validated against reference data with errors under 3% for longitudinal dynamics. Experimental validation was conducted using a 9-degree-of-freedom cable-driven dynamic driving simulator equipped with motion cueing algorithms, active seat cushions, and visual feedback. Preliminary tests established that simulator-based comfort perceptions align with real-vehicle experiences when appropriate cueing settings are applied. The study identified three subjective jerk thresholds—noticeable, annoying, and unbearable—across velocities of 50, 80, and 130 km/h using an up-down method with human participants. These thresholds informed a two-step multi-objective optimization process using Genetic Algorithms (GA) to balance energy consumption and longitudinal comfort. Key findings confirm that dynamic driving simulators can effectively assess longitudinal comfort, with perceived comfort rankings in the simulator consistent with subjective perceptions of optimized strategies. The study identified specific jerk levels corresponding to occupant comfort preferences, validating reference jerk levels determined in preliminary tests. The optimization procedure successfully generated Pareto points representing trade-offs between energy savings and comfort. Subjective evaluations of these optimized strategies demonstrated that the comfort ranking derived from the optimization process aligned with human subjective perceptions, confirming the rationality of the selected jerk thresholds. The significance of this work lies in demonstrating that dynamic driving simulators are reliable tools for evaluating eco-driving strategies without requiring physical prototypes. By establishing a validated link between objective jerk metrics and subjective comfort, the study provides a practical framework for designing PnG strategies that maintain high energy efficiency while ensuring acceptable ride comfort. This approach supports the broader acceptance of automated and eco-driving systems by addressing the critical user experience factor of longitudinal comfort.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | OpenAlex-citations | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| archive | success | openalex | — | — | 5 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-20 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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- Methodological Resource: validation psychometrics, tool software