Perception and Control for Connected and Automated Vehicles

Sciarretta, Antonio; Vahidi, Ardalan · 2020 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24127-8_3

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Summary

This report, prepared by Energetics Incorporated and Z, INC. for the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), analyzes the potential energy consumption impacts of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in the United States through 2050. Motivated by the transportation sector’s status as a leading energy consumer and the rapid development of autonomous technologies, the study aims to provide data and methodology for the EIA’s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). Due to the early stage of the industry and high uncertainty, the analysis primarily focuses on the 2026–2031 timeframe, covering light-, medium-, and heavy-duty on- and off-road vehicles. The research methodology combined a comprehensive literature review with telephone interviews of key stakeholders, including technology developers, researchers, and industry experts. These inputs informed an Excel-based simulation model designed to project energy consumption effects under various adoption scenarios, using the EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2017 Reference case as a baseline. The study examined CAV technology status, commercialization timelines, consumer adoption drivers, regulatory environments, and mechanisms influencing vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle efficiency, and travel costs. It also reviewed federal and state policies, noting that while no specific federal regulations governed CAV deployment at the time, several states had enacted policies encouraging testing and development. The findings indicate that CAVs could significantly alter transportation energy use through competing factors. Potential energy-saving mechanisms include vehicle lightweighting, rightsizing, powertrain electrification, platooning, and eco-driving behaviors enabled by automation. Conversely, energy consumption could increase due to reduced travel costs, higher highway speeds, longer commute distances, and the inclusion of previously underserved user groups such as the elderly and disabled. The report identifies five primary challenges to market penetration: technology capability and cybersecurity, consumer acceptance, policy and regulation, insurance and liability frameworks, and uncertainties regarding energy and economic impacts. For heavy-duty vehicles, the study highlights long-haul freight, local delivery, and transit buses as probable targets, with platooning and high-level automation expected to improve roadway throughput and operating costs. The significance of this work lies in its contribution to refining the EIA’s NEMS Transportation Demand Module. By establishing a framework for projecting CAV impacts on energy consumption, sales, ownership, and fuel economy, the report enables the integration of automated vehicle scenarios into national energy forecasts. The authors recommend further study to incorporate all five levels of autonomy, human factors affecting trust and adoption, and specific vehicle powertrain details. As technologies and regulations evolve, this foundational analysis supports more precise modeling of how CAVs will influence future U.S. energy demand and transportation infrastructure.

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• driverless ads
• acceptance adoption
• situational awareness

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• Theoretical Contribution: conceptual framework