Study on Construction of Driving Simulator for Personal Mobility Vehicle

NANJO, Genki; KAGEYAMA, Ichiro · 2018 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1299/jsmetld.2018.27.3112

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Summary

This study addresses the driver acceptability of Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) equipped with a leaning mechanism, a feature designed to prevent rollover during turns due to the vehicles' high center of gravity. While PMVs offer benefits such as reduced carbon emissions and efficient urban space usage, the driver's subjective response to the vehicle's roll motion during cornering has not been sufficiently investigated. To bridge this gap, the authors constructed a driving simulator capable of reproducing roll motion and conducted subjective evaluation experiments to determine which reproduction method is most suitable for drivers. The researchers built a driving simulator using a motion platform and a spherical screen with a 270° horizontal field of view. Because the simulator’s roll axis was fixed, it could not physically reproduce centrifugal forces safely; instead, it employed a control strategy where the physical seat tilted briefly at the start of a turn and then returned to horizontal, while the projected image tilted inward to simulate the continuous roll. The system utilized equations of motion derived from a two-wheel model to calculate target roll angles based on steering angle and speed. A preliminary experiment confirmed that the simulator could reproduce roll angles closely matching simulation results, despite minor discrepancies attributed to sensor errors. The main experiment involved six male participants in their twenties with standard driver’s licenses. Participants drove at a constant speed of 20 km/h on two courses: one with good visibility and one with obstructed views. They experienced two roll reproduction methods: visual-only (image tilt) and motion-only (physical tilt). Subjective evaluations were conducted using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) to measure nausea, oculomotor discomfort, and disorientation, alongside questionnaires assessing driving style and workload sensitivity. The results indicated that simulator sickness scores generally decreased as participants progressed from the high-visibility course to the low-visibility course, though it remained unclear whether this was due to course characteristics or habituation. Crucially, no significant trend emerged linking specific roll reproduction methods to lower sickness scores, suggesting that driver preference for roll reproduction involves individual differences. However, the total sickness scores confirmed that none of the participants experienced sickness severe enough to prevent operation. The study concludes that while the simulator effectively reproduces roll motion, future research should include combined visual and motion reproduction methods and quantitative measurement metrics to further refine driver acceptability assessments.

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Topics

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• simulator sickness
• simulator validity fidelity
• passenger motion sickness comfort

Information type

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• Methodological Resource: tool software, validation psychometrics