3314 Analysis on behaviors of a driver to avoid the hazard during forming the platooning of trucks using driving simulator

YAMABE, Shigeyuki; ZHENG, Rencheng; NAKANO, Kimihiko; SUDA, Yoshihiro · 2013 · Crossref

DOI: 10.1299/jsmetld.2013.22.285

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Summary

This study investigates driver behavior and safety measures during the formation of automatic truck platooning, specifically focusing on hazard avoidance when the automated system fails. The research is motivated by the need to ensure safety in Energy-saving ITS Technology projects, where trucks travel in close proximity (e.g., 10m spacing). Since real-world testing of failure scenarios is difficult, the authors utilized a high-fidelity driving simulator equipped with an actual truck cabin to replicate the operational environment, including seat suspension and steering dynamics, to accurately assess driver reactions. The experimental design involved six male participants (average age 27) who underwent two primary scenarios. First, they simulated emergency braking during automatic platooning under worst-case conditions: the lead truck was empty while the following truck was fully loaded (22 tons), traveling at 80 km/h with a 10m gap. The lead truck performed emergency braking at varying deceleration rates (0.6G to 0.7G). Second, they simulated emergency avoidance during the platooning formation phase, where drivers had to switch modes from manual or Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) to automatic platooning, introducing potential delays due to Human-Machine Interface (HMI) interactions. The simulator allowed for manual override via steering or braking inputs exceeding specific thresholds. The results indicated that driver reaction times averaged between 0.8 and 1.1 seconds, comprising perception, foot movement, and mechanical delays. In the fully loaded scenario, manual braking alone was insufficient to avoid collisions at higher deceleration rates (0.65G and 0.7G) due to the reaction delay and the weight disparity between the empty lead and loaded following truck. Furthermore, the HMI interaction required for mode switching added an average delay of 1.9 seconds, significantly increasing collision risk. However, the study demonstrated that a brake assist system, which automatically applies braking force to cover the driver’s reaction delay, enabled safe stopping even at 0.6G deceleration, maintaining a safe distance of approximately 4 meters. The significance of this research lies in validating the necessity of redundant safety systems for automatic platooning. The findings suggest that relying solely on driver intervention is unsafe due to inherent reaction delays and the physical limitations of heavy vehicles. The implementation of a brake assist mechanism, independent of the primary control system, is identified as a critical countermeasure to prevent collisions during system failures or mode transitions. This supports the development of reliable, fail-safe architectures for future automated highway transportation systems.

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• braking response

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• Empirical Findings: behavioral performance data
• Methodological Resource: tool software
• Theoretical Contribution: computational model