braking response

How and when the driver decelerates: brake onset timing, brake reaction time to a lead-vehicle or hazard event, pedal-application dynamics, and deceleration magnitude. This is the discrete braking action and its timing, distinct from steady-state speed selection (speed_choice) and from the gap maintained to the vehicle ahead (following_distance).

140 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Modeling Driver Response to Lead Vehicle Decelerating · 2004 · Najm, Wassim et al. · archived
2. "How Long Does It Take to Stop?" Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times ↗ · 2000 · Green, Marc · indexed
3. How Long Does It Take to Stop? Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times ↗ · 2000 · Green, Marc · indexed
4. The Influence of Lead Vehicle Behavior and Vehicle Rates of Closure on a Driver's Braking Behavior ↗ · 2007 · Kelling, Nicholas et al. · indexed
5. Brake Reaction Times and Driver Behavior Analysis ↗ · 2000 · Summala, Heikki · indexed
6. "How Long Does It Take to Stop?" Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times ↗ · 2000 · Green, Marc · indexed
7. A field study on braking responses during driving. II. Minimum driver braking times ↗ · 1995 · SCHWEITZER, N. et al. · indexed
8. Forward collision warning requirements project : refining the CAMP crash alert timing approach by examining "last second" braking and lane change maneuvers under various kinematic conditions · 2003 · Kiefer, Raymond J. et al. · archived
9. Lay Driver Technique for Crash Avoidance Brake Application ↗ · 2014 · Carr, Lee et al. · indexed
10. Effects and Evaluation of the Graded Deceleration Display on Driver Braking Performance ↗ · 2011 · Hope, Rowdy J. et al. · indexed
11. Drivers' Brake Reaction Times ↗ · 1971 · Johansson, Gunnar et al. · indexed
12. Braking Response Times for 100 Drivers in the Avoidance of an Unexpected Obstacle as Measured in a Driving Simulator ↗ · 1996 · Broen, N L et al. · indexed
13. NADS versus CAMP Closed-Course Comparison Examining “Last-Second” Braking and Steering Maneuvers under Various Kinematic Conditions · 2005 · Curry, R. C. et al. · archived
14. Back to the future: Brake reaction times for manual and automated vehicles ↗ · 2006 · Young, Mark S. et al. · indexed
15. Driver brake response to sudden unintended acceleration while parking ↗ · 2019 · Gaspar, John G. et al. · indexed
16. Drivers and Passengers: Are the Perceptions of Braking Time the Same? ↗ · 2008 · Kelling, Nicholas et al. · indexed
17. Event Data Recorder Duration Study [Appendix to a Report to Congress. Report No. DOT HS 813 082B] · 2022 · Chen, Rong Jackey et al. · archived
18. Analyzing the Effects of Driving Experience on Prebraking Behaviors Based on Data Collected by Motion Capture Devices · 2020 · Wu, Bo et al. · archived
19. Empirical Approach to Risk Factors in Rear End Collisions at Intersections - Effect of Lead Vehicle Behaviour on Premature Decisions of the Following Driver - ↗ · 2010 · Tagawa, Takashi et al. · indexed
20. Surprise Braking Trials, Time-to-Collision Judgments, and “First Look” Maneuvers Under Realistic Rear-End Crash Scenarios · 2005 · Kiefer, R. J. et al. · archived
21. Drivers’ Responses to Lead Vehicles: Thresholds for Triggering an Emergency Response, Age Differences, Crash Risks, and Influence of Secondary Task Engagement ↗ · 2021 · Muttart, Jeffrey et al. · indexed
22. Driver Perception–Brake Response in Stopping Sight Distance Situations ↗ · 1998 · Fambro, D B et al. · indexed
23. Driving Simulator Evaluation of a Vehicle Rear-MountedHeavy Braking Light With and Without Distraction · 2007 · Regan, Michael et al. · archived
24. Active Deceleration Support in Car Following ↗ · 2010 · Abbink, David A. · indexed
25. Brake Perception-Reaction Times of Older and Younger Drivers ↗ · 1993 · Lerner, Neil · indexed
26. A Theory of Visual Control of Braking Based on Information about Time-to-Collision ↗ · 1976 · Lee, David N. · indexed
27. 3112 Driving behavior due to the difference of control algorithm of collision-prevention braking · 2011 · Suzuki, Keisuke et al. · archived
28. Toward Human-Centered Design of Automated Vehicles: A Naturalistic Brake Policy · 2021 · Rahmati, Yalda et al. · archived
29. NHTSA light vehicle antilock brake systems research program task 5, part 1 : examination of drivers' collision avoidance behavior using conventional and antilock brake systems on the Iowa driving simulator · 2000 · McGehee, D. V. et al. · archived
30. Role of Peripheral Vision in Brake Reaction Time During Safety Critical Events ↗ · 2021 · Sarkar, Abhijit et al. · indexed
31. IVHS Countermeasures For Rear-End Collisions, Task 1 Volume Vi: Human Factors Studies, Interim Report · 1994 · NHTSA · archived
32. IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collision, Task 1 Vol. VI: Human Factors Studies · 1994 · Wilson, Terry · archived
33. IVHS Countermeasures For Rear-End Collisions, Task 1 Volume V: 1985 Nass Case Analysis, Interim Report · 1994 · WILSON, TERRY · archived
34. Understanding Driver Cognition and Decision-Making Behaviors in High-Risk Scenarios: A Drift Diffusion Perspective · 2025 · Huang, Heye et al. · archived
35. Field Study of Light-Vehicle Crash Avoidance Systems: Automatic Emergency Braking and Dynamic Brake Support · 2018 · Flannagan, Carol A. et al. · archived
36. Modeling driver control behavior in both routine and near-accident driving · 2014 · Markkula, Gustav · archived
37. Driver Response to Phase Termination at Signalized Intersections at Signalized Intersections: Are Driving Simulator Results Valid? · 2013 · Swake, Joshua et al. · archived
38. Perception/Reaction Time Values for Accident Reconstruction ↗ · 1989 · Sens, Michael J. et al. · indexed
39. Evaluation of Enhanced Brake Lights Using Surrogate Safety Metrics: Task 2 & 3 Report: Development of Rear Signaling Model and Work Plan for Large Scale Field Evaluation · 2010 · Llaneras, Robert E. et al. · archived
40. Assessing the Effect of Test Target Offset on Forward Collision Warning and Automatic Braking Onset Timing · 2025 · Snyder, Andrew C. et al. · archived
41. Characterizing Driver Behavior on Signalized Intersection Approaches at the Onset of a Yellow-Phase Trigger ↗ · 2007 · Rakha, Hesham et al. · indexed
42. Development of a framework for evaluating yellow timing at signalized intersections. · 2011 · Rakha, Hesham et al. · archived
43. Simulator Study of Effects of Alternative Distraction Mitigation Strategies in Driver Workload Manager ↗ · 2011 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · indexed
44. Putting the Brakes on Autonomous Vehicle Control ↗ · 2016 · Funkhouser, Kelly et al. · indexed
45. Preventing Crashes in Mixed Traffic With Automated and Human-Driven Vehicles · 2020 · Talebpour, Alireza et al. · archived
46. Driver workload at higher speeds. · 2010 · Fitzpatrick, Kay et al. · archived
47. Driver Performance at High Speeds Using a Simulator ↗ · 2012 · Fitzpatrick, Kay et al. · indexed
48. Modeling Driver Behavior during Automated Vehicle Platooning Failures · 2021 · McDonald, Anthony D et al. · archived
49. Driver Behavior and Situation Aware Brake Assistance for Intelligent Vehicles ↗ · 2007 · McCall, J.C. et al. · indexed
50. Analysis of Driver Behavior in Dilemma Zones at Signalized Intersections ↗ · 2007 · Gates, Timothy J. et al. · indexed
51. Influence of Pedestrian Collision Warning Systems on Driver Behavior—A Driving Simulator Study · 2023 · Banerjee, Snehanshu et al. · archived
52. Proposal of Non-dimensional Parameter Indices to Evaluate Safe Driving Behavior · 2013 · Hiraoka, Toshihiro et al. · archived
53. Cognitive Attention Models for Driver Engagement in Intelligent and Semi-autonomous Vehicles · 2018 · Lee, John D. et al. · archived
54. STEM Lessons for Pedestrian Safety: Need for Speed? · 2020 · NHTSA · archived
55. Vehicle Braking is Slower under Dual-Task Conditions: Evidence for “Central” Interference · 2004 · Levy, Jonathan et al. · archived
56. Using distributed simulations to investigate driver-pedestrian interactions and kinematic cues: Implications for automated vehicle behaviour and communication · 2024 · Yang, Yue et al. · archived
57. Central Interference in Driving · 2006 · Levy, Jonathan et al. · archived
58. Responses to deceleration during car following: Roles of optic flow, warnings, expectations, and interruptions. ↗ · 2009 · DeLucia, Patricia R. et al. · indexed
59. Engineering Factors Affecting Traffic Signal Yellow Time · 1984 · Chang, Myung-Soon et al. · archived
60. Response times in drivers' gap acceptance decisions during overtaking · 2023 · Abbink, David A. · archived
61. Potential safety effects of a frontal brake light for motor vehicles ↗ · 2018 · Petzoldt, Tibor et al. · indexed
62. Driver model for the analysis of pre-accident situations ↗ · 2009 · Jurecki, R. et al. · indexed
63. Deceleration parameters as implicit communication signals for pedestrians’ crossing decisions and estimations of automated vehicle behaviour · 2023 · Tian, Kai et al. · archived
64. Minimum and Comfortable Driving Headways: Reality versus Perception ↗ · 2001 · Meirav Taieb‐Maimon et al. · indexed
65. Assessing the Effectiveness of Connected Vehicle Technologies based on Driving Simulator Experiments · 2019 · Wu, Yina et al. · archived
66. Evaluating Harsh Braking Events as a Surrogate Measure of Crash Risk Using Connected-Vehicle Telematics ↗ · 2026 · Hossain, Md Tufajjal et al. · indexed
67. Vehicle Behavior on Deceleration Lanes ↗ · 1988 · Livneh, Moshe et al. · indexed
68. Driver's Interactions with Advanced Vehicles in Various Traffic Mixes and Flows (Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), Electric Vehicles (EVs), V2X, Trucks, Bicycles and Pedestrians) - Phase I: Driver Behavior Study and Parameters Estimation · 2020 · Jeihani, Mansoureh et al. · archived
69. DETECTION TIME OF A LEADING VEHICLE'S MOTION: EFFECTS OF DRIVING SPEED AND ROAD LAYOUT. ↗ · 1997 · Santos, Jorge A. · indexed
70. Results of Event Data Recorders Pre-Crash Duration Study: A Report to Congress · 2022 · NHTSA · archived
71. Visual and Cognitive Predictors of Performance on Brake Reaction Test: Salisbury Eye Evaluation Driving Study ↗ · 2007 · Zhang, Lei et al. · indexed
72. Collision Risk Evaluation Based on Deceleration for Collision Avoidance · 2011 · Hiraoka, Toshihiro et al. · archived
73. The effects of in-vehicle and infrastructure-based collision warnings at signalized intersections · 2009 · Inman, Vaughn W. et al. · archived
74. Improvement of Evaluation Indices for Rear-End Collision Risk ↗ · 2017 · Hiraoka, Toshihiro et al. · indexed
75. Driver behaviour in unexpected critical events and in repeated exposures – a comparison · 2013 · Benderius, Ola et al. · archived
76. Should I stay or should I go? Evidence accumulation drives decision making in human drivers · 2020 · Abbink, David A. · archived
77. Brake testing methodology study : driver effects testing · 1999 · Johnston, S. A. et al. · archived
78. Older-Driver Foot Movements · 2017 · Lococo, Kathy H. et al. · archived
79. Use of Limits Method to Characterize Individual Driver Responses to Yellow Change Interval at Signalized Intersections ↗ · 2010 · Inman, Vaughan W. · indexed
80. Estimation of Driver Reaction Time from Car-Following Data ↗ · 2006 · Ma, Xiaoliang et al. · indexed
81. Effects of Working Memory Load and Repeated Scenario Exposure on Emergency Braking Performance ↗ · 2010 · Engström, Johan et al. · indexed
82. An Implementation of a Graded Deceleration Display in Brake Light Warning Systems ↗ · 2011 · Stanton, Nash et al. · indexed
83. Preferred time-headway of highway drivers ↗ · 2002 · Ayres, Thomas J. et al. · indexed
84. Exploring the Influence of Signal Countdown Timers on Driver Behavior: An Analysis of Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflicts at Signalized Intersections · 2023 · Das, Subasish · archived
85. The Role of Situation Criticality in Affecting the Effect of Cognitive Load on Drivers’ Brake responses: A Driving Simulator Based Study ↗ · 2020 · Xue, Qingwan et al. · indexed
86. Haptic car-following support with deceleration control ↗ · 2009 · Abbink, David A. · indexed
87. Subtle motion cues by automated vehicles can nudge human drivers’ decisions: Empirical evidence and computational cognitive model · 2023 · Zgonnikov, Arkady et al. · archived
88. How do drivers negotiate intersections with pedestrians? The importance of pedestrian time-to-arrival and visibility ↗ · 2020 · Dozza, Marco et al. · indexed
89. Stopping Performance in Familiar and Unfamiliar Vehicles ↗ · 1987 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · indexed
90. A comparative simulator study of reaction times to yellow traffic light under manual and automated driving · 2021 · Rossi, Riccardo et al. · archived
91. User evaluation of comfortable deceleration profiles for highly automated driving: Findings from a test track study · 2024 · Figalova, Nikol et al. · archived
92. Driving simulator study for the effects of autonomous vehicles on drivers behaviour under car-following conditions · 2022 · Calvi, Alessandro et al. · archived
93. Drivers’ Psychomotor Reaction Times Tested with a Test Station Method ↗ · 2021 · Szydłowski, Tomasz et al. · indexed
94. Emergency Braking in Adults versus Novice Teen Drivers: Response to Simulated Sudden Driving Events ↗ · 2015 · Loeb, Helen S. et al. · indexed
95. Analysis of Driver Evasive Maneuvering Prior to Intersection Crashes Using Event Data Recorders ↗ · 2015 · Scanlon, John M. et al. · indexed
96. Evaluating Traffic Safety and Performance Effects of Countdown Timers on Signalized Intersections: A Driving Simulator Study ↗ · 2015 · van Haperen, Wouter et al. · indexed
97. Test track and driving simulator evaluations of warnings to prevent right-angle crashes at signalized intersections · 2008 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · archived
98. Predictors of Rapid Deceleration Events among Older Drivers: AAA LongROAD Study · 2020 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
99. Initial Driver Avoidance Behavior and Reaction Time to an Unalerted Intersection Incursion ↗ · 1996 · Hankey, Jonathan M. et al. · indexed
100. IntelliDrive Technology Based Yellow Onset Decision Assistance System for Trucks · 2012 · Sharma, Anuj et al. · archived
101. HMI Design for Chain-Braking Event Based on V2V Communication · 2023 · Yan, Song et al. · archived
102. Preliminary Studies in Haptic Displays for Rear-End Collision Avoidance System and Adaptive Cruise Control System Applications · 2000 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · archived
103. An examination of sudden acceleration · 1989 · Pollard, John K. et al. · archived
104. Examination of Drivers' Collision Avoidance Behavior Using Conventional and Antilock Brake Systems on the Iowa Driving Simulator ↗ · 1999 · McGehee, Daniel V. et al. · indexed
105. ARE YOU USED TO IT YET? BRAKING PERFORMANCE AND ADAPTATION IN A FIXED BASE DRIVING SIMULATOR ↗ · 2003 · Jamson, Hamish et al. · indexed
106. 3314 Analysis on behaviors of a driver to avoid the hazard during forming the platooning of trucks using driving simulator · 2013 · YAMABE, Shigeyuki et al. · archived
107. A Simulation Environment for Analysis and Optimization of Driver Models · 2011 · Benderius, Ola et al. · archived
108. Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Human Factors Study : Experiment 3 : The Role of Automated Braking and Auditory Alert in Collision Avoidance Response · 2016 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · archived
109. U14: Field Testing & Analysis of Braking Performance of In-Service Trucks · 2009 · Shaffer, Steven J. et al. · archived
110. Decision-making on when to brake and when to steer to avoid a collision ↗ · 2013 · Brännström, Mattias et al. · indexed
111. Brake Reaction Time — Effects of Age, Sex, and Carbon Monoxide ↗ · 1978 · Wright, G. R. et al. · indexed
112. Development of an Emergency Braking Training Research Program Using a Driving Simulator with Haptic Pedal Feedback ↗ · 2023 · Mims, Lauren et al. · indexed
113. Drivers' decision-making at signalised intersections: an optimisation of the yellow timing ↗ · 1986 · Van Der Horst, R et al. · indexed
114. Decision Sight Distance Review and Evaluation ↗ · 2011 · Bassan, Shy · indexed
115. Automatic Emergency Braking: Realistic Analysis of Car Dynamics and Network Performance ↗ · 2013 · Segata, Michele et al. · indexed
116. Clamping force control of electro-mechanical brakes based on driver intentions. · 2020 · Li, Jing et al. · archived
117. Comparisonal analysis of manuevering and braking · 2010 · Žukas, Artūras et al. · archived
118. Statistical and mathematical modeling of temperature dynamics in automotive brake components: A systematic review · 2025 · K. AGRAWAL, Vikash · archived
119. Performance and cost-effectiveness of air disc brakes and air drum brakes for truck semi-trailers in different road and speed conditions · 2023 · Ampadu, Vincent Michael et al. · archived
120. The Freight Train Emergency Brake System and a Method to Calculate Stop Distance and Time ↗ · 2007 · Bentley, John M. et al. · indexed
121. Reaction time to the onset and offset of electrocutaneous stimuli as a function of rise and decay time · 1966 · Sticht, Thomas G. et al. · archived
122. The Electronic Wedge Brake - EWB ↗ · 2006 · Ho, Lok Man et al. · indexed
123. Technology review for electronically controlled braking systems · 1998 · Wiss, G. R. et al. · archived
124. Improvements to a five-phase ABS algorithm for experimental validation ↗ · 2012 · Gerard, Mathieu et al. · indexed
125. THE RESEARCH ON AGEING OF GLYCOL-BASED BRAKE FLUIDS OF VEHICLES IN OPERATION · 2016 · Caban, Jacek et al. · archived
126. Algorithm performance study pulse suppression of auto-oscillation phenomena in the electromechanical system of the electric traction drive in braking mode electric traction drive system in braking mode by methods of simulation modeling ↗ · 2025 · Klimov, A. V. · indexed
127. A Simple Mono-Dimensional Approach for Lap Time Optimisation · 2020 · Lenzo, Basilio et al. · archived
128. Reaction time to electrocutaneous onset and offset stimulation · 1966 · Sticht, Thomas G. et al. · archived
129. Comparing Grade Severity Rating System Models for Trucks Fitted with Drum Brakes versus Disc Brakes ↗ · 2022 · Ampadu, Vincent Michael et al. · indexed
130. MODELING AND VALIDATION OF ELECTRONIC WEDGE BRAKE MECHANISM FOR VEHICLE SAFETY SYSTEM ↗ · 2015 · Aparow, Vimal Rau et al. · indexed
131. Hardware-In-the-Loop to Evaluate Active Braking Systems Performance ↗ · 2005 · Velardocchia, Mauro et al. · indexed
132. Hybrid modeling and limit cycle analysis for a class of five-phase anti-lock brake algorithms · 2005 · Pasillas-Lépine, William · archived
133. Functional Model of an Automatic Vehicle Hold Based on an Electro-Hydraulic Braking System ↗ · 2023 · Zhou, Yufeng et al. · indexed
134. Development of Antilock Braking System Based on Various Intelligent Control System ↗ · 2012 · Aparow, Vimal Rau et al. · indexed
135. Integrated regenerative braking control strategy for the accelerator pedal of mine trackless electric vehicle for auxiliary transportation ↗ · 2024 · Zhongbin, WU et al. · indexed
136. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of regenerative braking for a hybrid electric vehicle ↗ · 2002 · Yeo, H et al. · indexed
137. Target Oil Pressure Recognition Algorithm for Oil Pressure Following Control of Electronic Assisted Brake System ↗ · 2023 · Chen, Lei et al. · indexed
138. A Comparative Analysis of Brake-by-Wire Smart Actuators Using Optimization Strategies ↗ · 2022 · Arasteh, Ehsan et al. · indexed
139. Nonlinear Backstepping Control of Electro-Hydraulic Brake System Based on Bond Graph Model · 2020 · Zhao, Jian et al. · archived
140. An experimental and analytical study of the ultra-capacitor storage unit used in regenerative braking systems ↗ · 2019 · Alamili, Adnan et al. · indexed