Empirical Findings
behavioral performance data
Primary empirical findings about driver behavior and task performance: reaction times, brake response, lane-keeping variability, speed choice, headway, glance patterns and eyes-off-road time, secondary-task engagement, takeover time. New behavioral data collected from human participants and statistically analyzed. This is reporting measured performance outcomes, NOT a description of how to measure them (measurement_protocol) and NOT pooled results from other studies (quantitative_synthesis).
1639 paper(s) · newest first · see also all information types
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Naturalistic Driving Performance During Secondary Tasks · 2007 · Sayer, James et al. · archived
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Eye Glance Analysis of the Surrogate Tests for Driver Distraction · 2015 · Hsieh, Li et al. · archived
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Effects of Distraction in On-Road Level 2 Automated Driving: Impacts on Glance Behavior and Takeover Performance ↗ · 2021 · Yang, Shiyan et al. · indexed
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Driver's lane keeping ability with eyes off road: Insights from a naturalistic study ↗ · 2012 · Peng, Yiyun et al. · indexed
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Driver Workload Metrics Project: Task 2 Final Report ↗ · 2006 · U.S. Department of Transportation · indexed
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"How Long Does It Take to Stop?" Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times ↗ · 2000 · Green, Marc · indexed
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How Long Does It Take to Stop? Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times ↗ · 2000 · Green, Marc · indexed
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Evaluating the Effects of Secondary Tasks on Driver Gaze Duration: A Duration Modeling Approach ↗ · 2025 · Ali, Yasir et al. · indexed
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Take-Over Performance and Safety Analysis Under Different Scenarios and Secondary Tasks in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2019 · Wu, Chaozhong et al. · archived
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Detection Response Task Evaluation for Driver Distraction Measurement for Auditory-Vocal Tasks: Experiment 2 · 2019 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · archived
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Prediction of take-over time in highly automated driving by two psychometric tests · 2015 · Körber, Moritz et al. · archived
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Toward Computational Simulations of Behavior During Automated Driving Takeovers: A Review of the Empirical and Modeling Literatures · 2019 · McDonald, Anthony D et al. · archived
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Identifying Deviations from Normal Driving Behavior · 2022 · Hananeh Alambeigi, H et al. · archived
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Modeling Driver Behavior and Aggressiveness Using Biobehavioral Methods – Phase II · 2020 · Kondyli, Alexandra et al. · archived
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Modeling Driver Behavior and Aggressiveness Using Biobehavioral Methods –Phase III · 2022 · Kondyli, Alexandra et al. · archived
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In-Vehicle Voice Control Interface Evaluation: Preliminary Driver Workload and Risk Analysis · 2020 · Jenness, James et al. · archived
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Coming back into the loop: Drivers’ perceptual-motor performance in critical events after automated driving · 2017 · Louw, Tyron et al. · archived
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Effects of Visual Demand and In-Vehicle Task Complexity on Driving and Task Performance as Assessed by Visual Occlusion ↗ · 1999 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
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Predicting driver distraction using computed occlusion task times : estimation of task element times and distributions. · 2015 · Elwart, Tessa et al. · archived
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Driver workload at higher speeds. · 2010 · Fitzpatrick, Kay et al. · archived
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Off-Road Glance Behavior, Response Time to a Forward Collision Hazard, and Engagement Strategy Effects in Automated Driving ↗ · 2017 · Blommer, Mike et al. · indexed
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Event Detection: The Second Dimension of Driver Performance for Visual-Manual Tasks ↗ · 2012 · Young, Richard A. · indexed
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Modeling Drivers’ Takeover Behavior Depending on the Criticality of Driving Situations and the Complexity of Secondary Tasks ↗ · 2019 · Tanshi, Foghor et al. · indexed
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Your Interface, Your Control: Adapting Takeover Requests for Seamless Handover in Semi-Autonomous Vehicles · 2025 · Gomaa, Amr et al. · archived
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An Empirically Based Suggestion for Reformulating the Glance Duration Criteria in NHTSA's Visual-Manual Interaction Guidelines ↗ · 2013 · Ljung Aust, Mikael et al. · indexed
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The effects of a mobile telephone task on driver behaviour in a car following situation · 1995 · Alm, Håkan et al. · archived
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Analysis of the distraction impact on driving performance across driving styles: A driving simulator study in various speed conditions · 2025 · Faqani, Mobina et al. · archived
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Decoding Driver Takeover Behaviour in Conditional Automation with Immersive Virtual Reality · 2024 · Ansar, Muhammad Sajjad et al. · archived
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Time-Sharing of a Visual In-Vehicle Task while Driving: Findings from the Task Occlusion Method ↗ · 2003 · Tsimhoni, Omer · indexed
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Takeover performance evaluation using driving simulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2021 · Soares, Sónia et al. · archived
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The Effect of Driving Automation on Drivers' Anticipatory Glances · 2021 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
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Modeling Driver Behavior during Automated Vehicle Platooning Failures · 2021 · McDonald, Anthony D et al. · archived
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Evaluating driver eye glance behavior and secondary task engagement while using driving automation systems ↗ · 2020 · Noble, Alexandria M. et al. · indexed
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Central Interference in Driving · 2006 · Levy, Jonathan et al. · archived
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Vehicle Automation Field Test: Impact on Driver Behavior and Trust · 2020 · Morales-Alvarez, Walter et al. · archived
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Measures and Methods Used to Assess the Safety and Usability of Driver Information Systems · 1995 · Green, Paul · archived
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Radio tuning effects on visual and driving performance measures : simulator and test track studies. · 2013 · Perez, Miguel et al. · archived
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Driver Distraction: Eye Glance Analysis and Conversation Workload · 2015 · Hickman, Jeffrey S. et al. · archived
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Psychophysiological responses to takeover requests in conditionally automated driving · 2020 · Du, Na et al. · archived
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The Effects of Age and Distraction on Reaction Time in a Driving Simulator · 2001 · Owens, Justin M et al. · archived
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Takeover performance according to the level of disengagement during automated driving · 2022 · Gallouin, Evan et al. · archived
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Exploratory Analysis of the Effect of Distraction on Driving Behaviour Through a Driving Simulator Experiment · 2017 · Papantoniou, Panagiotis et al. · archived
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Surprise Braking Trials, Time-to-Collision Judgments, and “First Look” Maneuvers Under Realistic Rear-End Crash Scenarios · 2005 · Kiefer, R. J. et al. · archived
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How Long <i>Can</i> a Driver (Safely) Glance at an Augmented-Reality Head-Up Display? · 2020 · Faria, Nayara de Oliveira et al. · archived
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Detecting driver distraction · 2018 · Liang, Yulan · archived
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Exploring Naturalistic Driving Data for Distracted Driving Measures · 2017 · Ishak, Sherif S. et al. · archived
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Measuring Distraction: Task Duration and the Lane-Change Test (LCT) ↗ · 2005 · Burns, Peter C. et al. · indexed
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Field and Simulator Evaluations of a PC-Based Attention Maintenance Training Program · 2011 · Thomas, F. Dennis et al. · archived
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Towards Safe and Comfortable Vehicle Control Transitions: A Systematic Review of Takeover Time, Time Budget, and Takeover Performance · 2025 · Liang, Kexin et al. · archived
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Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations · 2009 · Olson, R.L. et al. · archived
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Driving context influences drivers' decision to engage in visual–manual · 2015 · Tivesten, Emma et al. · archived
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SPIDER 2.0: Driver Distraction and Visual Attention · 2025 · Strayer, David L. · archived
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Drivers’ Psychomotor Reaction Times Tested with a Test Station Method ↗ · 2021 · Szydłowski, Tomasz et al. · indexed
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The Effect of External Distractions on Novice and Experienced Drivers' Anticipation of Hazards and Vehicle Control · 2023 · Divekar, Gautam · archived
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Distracted driving and associated crash risks. · 2014 · Ishak, Sherif et al. · archived
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Using SHRP2-Nds Data to Investigate Freeway Operations, Human Factors, and Safety: Final Report · 2018 · Avelar, Raul Eduardo et al. · archived
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Glances That Matter: Applying Quantile Regression to Assess Driver Distraction from Off-Road Glances ↗ · 2018 · Liu, Shu-Yuan et al. · indexed
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Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control ↗ · 2017 · Eriksson, Alexander et al. · indexed
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Distracted Driving: It is not always a choice · 2016 · Hunter, Michael P. et al. · archived
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How do distracted and normal driving differ : an analysis of the ACAS naturalistic driving data · 2007 · Green, Paul E. et al. · archived
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Individual Differences in Glance Patterns under Distraction in Level 2 Automated Driving ↗ · 2020 · Yang, Shiyan et al. · indexed
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Multidimensional Assessment of Takeover Performance in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2025 · Liang, Kexin et al. · archived
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Multi-Modal Vehicle Display Design and Analysis [Driving with Distractions] · 2004 · Cohen, J. et al. · archived
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Age-related effects of executive function on takeover performance in automated driving · 2022 · Peng, Qijia et al. · archived
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Distracted when Using Driving Automation: A Quantile Regression Analysis of Driver Glances Considering Task Type · 2022 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
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Description of the Integrated Driver Model · 1995 · Levinson, William H. et al. · archived
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Determination of Takeover Time Budget Based on Analysis of Driver Behavior · 2022 · Tanshi, Foghor et al. · archived
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Toward Computational Simulations of Behavior During Automated Driving Takeovers: A Review of the Empirical and Modeling Literatures · 2019 · McDonald, Anthony D. et al. · archived
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Visual demand of curves and fog-limited sight distance and its relationship to brake response time. · 2006 · Cullinane, Brian et al. · archived
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Assessing Driver Distraction Due to In-Vehicle Video Systems through Field Testing at the Pecos Research and Testing Center · 2007 · Funkhouser, Dillon et al. · archived
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The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-Crash/Crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data · 2006 · Klauer, S. G. et al. · archived
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Effects of Non-Driving Related Task Modalities on Takeover Performance in Highly Automated Driving ↗ · 2018 · Wandtner, Bernhard et al. · indexed
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Evaluation of Eyes Off Road During L2 Activation on Uncontrolled Access Roadways · 2024 · Anderson, Gabrial T et al. · archived
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Driver Distraction Analysis on Naturalistic Heavy Vehicle Data: Task 2: Analysis of Sleeper Berth Data for Distraction Events – Draft Final Report · 2001 · Hanowski, Richard J. et al. · archived
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The multitasking motorist and the attention economy · 2021 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
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Analysis of Naturalistic Driving Data to Assess Distraction and Drowsiness in Drivers of Commercial Motor Vehicles · 2021 · Hammond, Rebecca L. et al. · archived
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Reaction Times When Switching From Autonomous to Manual Driving Control ↗ · 2016 · Funkhouser, Kelly et al. · indexed
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Dissociating eye movements and workload on lateral lane position variability · 2010 · Medeiros-Ward, N et al. · archived
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Minimum Time to Situational Awareness During Transfer of Control Under Varying Levels of Task Load · 2020 · Knodler, Michael A. et al. · archived
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Measuring and Predicting Drivers’ Takeover Readiness and Supporting Takeover Transitions in Automated Driving · 2023 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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The reaction times of drivers aged 20 to 80 during a divided attention driving ↗ · 2016 · Svetina, Matija · indexed
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Development of a Human Performance Simulation Model to Evaluate In-Vehicle Information and Control Systems in Commercial Trucking Operations · 2007 · Griffin, Meredith J. et al. · archived
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Field Measurement of Naturalistic Backing Behavior · 1997 · Huey, R. et al. · archived
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Impact of Smart Phones’ Interaction Modality on Driving Performance for Conventional and Autonomous Vehicles · 2020 · Favaro, Francesca M · archived
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Comparison of driver distraction evaluations across two simulator platforms and an instrumented vehicle · 2013 · Chrysler, ST et al. · archived
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Highly automated driving: the role of visuo-attentional and executive abilities in take-over success · 2025 · Schnebelen, Damien et al. · archived
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A Systematic Review of Profiles of Speed and Lane Keeping for Driving Simulator Data · 2023 · Brown, Timothy et al. · archived
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Investigating the Impact of Distracted Driving among Different Socio-Demographic Groups · 2019 · Jeihani, Mansoureh et al. · archived
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Frequency of distracting tasks people do while driving : an analysis of the ACAS FOT data. · 2007 · Oberholtzer, Jessica et al. · archived
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Examining the Role of Driver Perception in Takeover Time: Application of Task-Capability Interface Theory ↗ · 2024 · Liang, Kexin et al. · indexed
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Strategic changes in task performance in simulated car driving as an adaptive response to task demands · 2000 · Cnossen, Fokie et al. · archived
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Vehicle Braking is Slower under Dual-Task Conditions: Evidence for “Central” Interference · 2004 · Levy, Jonathan et al. · archived
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Guiding Driver Responses During Manual Takeovers from Automated Vehicles · 2023 · Greatbatch, Richard et al. · archived
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Simulator Study of Effects of Alternative Distraction Mitigation Strategies in Driver Workload Manager ↗ · 2011 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · indexed
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Older Driver Perception-Reaction Time for Intersection Sight Distance and Object Detection, Volume I: Final Report · 1995 · Lerner, Neil D. et al. · archived
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A quantitative model of takeover request time budget for conditionally automated driving · 2024 · Tanshi, Foghor et al. · archived
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The Effect of Urgency of Take-Over Requests During Highly Automated Driving Under Distraction Conditions · 2021 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · archived
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Distraction and Drowsiness in Motorcoach Drivers · 2016 · Hammond, Rebecca, L. et al. · archived
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Older driver distraction: A naturalistic study of behaviour at intersections ↗ · 2013 · Charlton, Judith L. et al. · indexed
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Drivers’ Responses to Lead Vehicles: Thresholds for Triggering an Emergency Response, Age Differences, Crash Risks, and Influence of Secondary Task Engagement ↗ · 2021 · Muttart, Jeffrey et al. · indexed
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Minimum and Comfortable Driving Headways: Reality versus Perception ↗ · 2001 · Meirav Taieb‐Maimon et al. · indexed
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A comprehensive examination of naturalistic lane-changes · 2004 · Lee, Suzanne E. et al. · archived
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Effects of Traffic Conditions on Driver Takeover Performance and Situational Awareness ↗ · 2023 · Jia, Lesong et al. · indexed
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Take-over performance in evasive manoeuvres · 2017 · Happee, Riender et al. · archived
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Mining patterns of near-crash events with and without secondary tasks ↗ · 2021 · Das, Subasish · indexed
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Using naturalistic and driving simulator data to model driver responses to unintentional lane departures · 2024 · Svärd, Malin et al. · archived
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The power and sensitivity of four core driver workload measures for benchmarking the distraction potential of new driver vehicle interfaces · 2021 · McDonnell, AS et al. · archived
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"How Long Does It Take to Stop?" Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times ↗ · 2000 · Green, Marc · indexed
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Designing for the Extremes: Modeling Drivers’ Response Time to Take Back Control From Automation Using Bayesian Quantile Regression ↗ · 2021 · DinparastDjadid, Azadeh et al. · indexed
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Autonomous Vehicles that Alert Humans to Take-Over Controls: Modeling with Real-World Data · 2021 · Rangesh, Akshay et al. · archived
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Examining Distracted Drivers' Underestimation of Time and Overestimation of Speed · 2017 · Knodler, Michael A. et al. · archived
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Effects of Quantity and Size of Buttons of In-Vehicle Touch Screen on Drivers’ Eye Glance Behavior ↗ · 2017 · Feng, Fred et al. · indexed
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Effects of In-Vehicle Distracter Complexity on Driving and Emergency Response Performance · 2002 · Manser, Michael P. et al. · archived
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Visual gaze and engagement with non-driving related tasks: a driving simulator study with automated vehicles ↗ · 2025 · Pradhan, Anuj K. · indexed
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Measuring Inhibitory Control in Driver Distraction ↗ · 2014 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
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Glance strategies for using an in-vehicle touch-screen monitor. · 2009 · Fuller, Helen et al. · archived
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Human Factors of Driving Automation: Evasive Maneuver Event Response Evaluation · 2023 · Britten, Nicholas N et al. · archived
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Impact of information bandwidth of in-vehicle technologies on drivers' attention maintenance performance: A driving simulator study ↗ · 2018 · Yamani, Yusuke et al. · indexed
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Dissociating Eye Movements and Workload on Lateral Lane Position Variability ↗ · 2010 · Medeiros-Ward, Nathan et al. · indexed
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The impact of road traffic context on secondary task engagement while driving · 2023 · Cuentas-Hernandez, Sandra et al. · archived
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Response times in drivers' gap acceptance decisions during overtaking · 2023 · Abbink, David A. · archived
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Role of Peripheral Vision in Brake Reaction Time During Safety Critical Events ↗ · 2021 · Sarkar, Abhijit et al. · indexed
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Measuring the Effects of Driver Distraction · 2008 · Young, Kristie et al. · archived
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Systematic review and meta-analysis of take-over time from automated driving at SAE levels 2 and 3 to manual control ↗ · 2025 · Sekadakis, Marios et al. · indexed
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Comparison of Older and Younger Driver Responses to Emergency Driving Events · 1995 · Kloeppel, Esther et al. · archived
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Effects of Reading Text While Driving: A Driving Simulator Study · 2020 · Prevedouros, Panos D et al. · archived
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Impact of duration of monitoring before takeover request on takeover time with insights into eye tracking data ↗ · 2023 · Huang, Chao et al. · indexed
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Predicting Changes in Driving Safety Performance on an Individualized Level Under Naturalistic Driving Conditions · 2019 · Cavuoto, Lora et al. · archived
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Insights for the Future of Car Rental and Ridesharing: Driving Behavior Across Different Levels of Automation · 2025 · Meda, Pranav et al. · archived
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The impact of eye movements and cognitive workload on lateral position variability in driving · 2013 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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Modeling Driver Response to Lead Vehicle Decelerating · 2004 · Najm, Wassim et al. · archived
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Identifying Mind-wandering behind the Wheel · 2009 · He, Jibo et al. · archived
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Profiles in driver distraction : effects of cell phone conversations on younger and older drivers · 2004 · Drews, Frank A. et al. · archived
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Test Drivers in the Daimler-Benz Driving Simulator with Drivers under Diphenhydramine · 1991 · Friedel, B. et al. · archived
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Cognitive distraction impairs drivers' anticipatory glances: An on-road study · 2015 · Biondi, F et al. · archived
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Distracted driving and associated crash risks : tech summary. · 2014 · NHTSA · archived
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Cognitive Distraction While Multitasking in the Automobile ↗ · 2011 · Strayer, David L. et al. · indexed
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Driving performance after an extended period of travel in an automated highway system · 1998 · Bloomfield, John R. et al. · archived
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Drivers’ Response to Scenarios when Driving Connected and Automated Vehicles Compared to Vehicles with and without Driver Assist Technology · 2022 · Gouribhatla, Raghuveer et al. · archived
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Driver Distraction with Wireless Telecommunications and Route Guidance Systems · 2000 · Tijerina, L. et al. · archived
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Human-Machine Interfaces and Vehicle Automation: The Effect of HMI Design on Driver Performance and Behavior · 2023 · Wang, Meng et al. · archived
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Driver behaviour in unexpected critical events and in repeated exposures – a comparison · 2013 · Benderius, Ola et al. · archived
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Perception-Response Speed and Driving Capabilities of Brain-Damaged and Older Drivers ↗ · 1990 · Korteling, J.E. · indexed
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The role of take-over cue informativity in interrupted take-over requests in a semi-automated driving scenario · 2026 · Berger, Alexander et al. · archived
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Evaluating Driver Performance on Rural Two-Lane Horizontal Curved Roadways Using a Driving Simulator · 2012 · Bertola, Mary Anne et al. · archived
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Changes in driver behaviour as a function of handsfree mobile phones— A simulator study · 1994 · Alm, Håkan et al. · archived
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Which accuracy levels of positioning technologies do drivers really need in connected vehicle settings for safety? · 2021 · Du, Na et al. · archived
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Countermeasures To Detect and Combat Inattention While Driving Partially Automated Systems · 2023 · Paras, Carolina Rodriguez et al. · archived
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Driving Performance while Engaged in MP-3 Player Interaction: Effects of Practice and Task Difficulty on PRT and Eye Movements · 2007 · Chisholm, Susan et al. · archived
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Effects of Auditory Working Memory Tasks while Switching between Autonomous and Manual Driving ↗ · 2016 · McCarty, Madeleine M. et al. · indexed
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Attention Allocation in Gaze of Young, Middle-Aged and Elderly Drivers During Driving Simulations · 2025 · Poll, Anamarija et al. · archived
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Predicting Takeover Performance and Identifying Behavioral Patterns in Autonomous Vehicles Based on Readiness State and Scenario Complexity ↗ · 2025 · Lai, Hsueh-Yi et al. · indexed
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Changes in glance and hands-on-wheel behaviors when engaging with non-driving-related tasks while using Tesla Autopilot ↗ · 2025 · Pipkorn, Linda et al. · indexed
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The role of self-regulation in the context of driver distraction: A simulator study ↗ · 2016 · Wandtner, Bernhard et al. · indexed
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The Influence of Visual-Manual Distractions on Anticipatory Driving · 2022 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
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Perception/Reaction Time Values for Accident Reconstruction ↗ · 1989 · Sens, Michael J. et al. · indexed
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DeepTake: Prediction of Driver Takeover Behavior using Multimodal Data · 2020 · Pakdamanian, Erfan et al. · archived
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Lifestyle and demographic characteristics linked to driving simple reaction time · 2026 · Asadamraji, Morteza et al. · archived
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Exploring driving anger-caused impairment of takeover performance among professional taxi drivers · 2024 · Pan, Hengyan et al. · archived
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Focal and Ambient Visual Contributions and Driver Visual Scanning in Lane Keeping and Hazard Detection ↗ · 2004 · Horrey, William J. et al. · indexed
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Glass half-full: On-road glance metrics differentiate crashes from near-crashes in the 100-car data ↗ · 2017 · Seppelt, Bobbie et al. · indexed
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Keep Your Eyes on the Road: Young Driver Crash Risk Increases According to Duration of Distraction ↗ · 2014 · Simons-Morton, Bruce G. et al. · indexed
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Determining Fixed Glance Duration for Visual Occlusion Research ↗ · 2011 · Chen, Huei-Yen Winnie et al. · indexed
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Predicting Driver Takeover Performance in Conditional Automation (Level 3) through Physiological Sensing · 2024 · Deng, Min et al. · archived
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Where drivers are looking at during takeover: Implications for safe takeovers during conditionally automated driving ↗ · 2023 · Huang, Chao et al. · indexed
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Functional Assessments, Safety Outcomes, and Driving Exposure Measures for Older Drivers · 2012 · Staplin, Loren et al. · archived
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Understanding the impacts of mobile phone distraction on driving performance: A systematic review · 2016 · Oviedo-Trespalacios, Óscar et al. · archived
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NADS versus CAMP Closed-Course Comparison Examining “Last-Second” Braking and Steering Maneuvers under Various Kinematic Conditions · 2005 · Curry, R. C. et al. · archived
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Development of a personal computer-based secondary task procedure as a surrogate for a driving simulator · 2007 · Schrock, Steve (Steven Dale) · archived
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Driving performance analysis of the ACAS FOT data and recommendations for a driving workload manager. · 2006 · Eoh, Hong et al. · archived
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Assessing Text Reading and Text Entry while Driving Using the Visual Occlusion Technique · 2013 · Ghazizadeh, Mahtab et al. · archived
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Task Interruption and Control Recovery Strategies After Take-Over Requests Emphasize Need for Measures of Situation Awareness ↗ · 2020 · Vogelpohl, Tobias et al. · indexed
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Driver Response to Phase Termination at Signalized Intersections at Signalized Intersections: Are Driving Simulator Results Valid? · 2013 · Swake, Joshua et al. · archived
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A field study on braking responses during driving. II. Minimum driver braking times ↗ · 1995 · SCHWEITZER, N. et al. · indexed
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Speed maintenance under cognitive load – Implications for theories of driver behaviour · 2011 · Lewis-Evans, Ben et al. · archived
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An Assessment of Driver Drowsiness, Distraction, and Performance in a Naturalistic Setting · 2011 · Barr, Lawrence et al. · archived
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The Interrelationships between Speed Limits, Geometry, and Driver Behavior · 2018 · Savolainen, Peter T. et al. · archived
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The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-Crash/Crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data · 2006 · Klauer, Sheila G. et al. · archived
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Utilization of Drivetime – Performing Non-Driving Related Tasks While Driving Highly Automated ↗ · 2015 · Gold, Christian et al. · indexed
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Driver Distraction: A Naturalistic Observation of Secondary Behaviors With the Use of Driver Assistance Systems · 2005 · Sayer, James R et al. · archived
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Driver Distraction: Eye Glance Analysis and Conversation Workload [Research Brief] · 2015 · NHTSA · archived
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Driver strategies for engaging in distracting tasks using in-vehicle technologies · 2008 · Lerner, Neil et al. · archived
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Driver Expectations for System Control Errors, Driver Engagement, and Crash Avoidance in Level 2 Driving Automation Systems · 2021 · Russell, Sheldon M. et al. · archived
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How do Environmental Factors Affect Drivers' Gaze and Head Movements? · 2021 · Tavakoli, Arash et al. · archived
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Comparing the responses and visual behaviors of older and younger drivers in car-to-cyclist collisions using a driving simulator · 2025 · Zhao, Yuqing et al. · archived
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“Take over!” How long does it take to get the driver back into the loop? ↗ · 2013 · Gold, Christian et al. · indexed
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Impact of Temporary Browsing Restrictions on Drivers’ Situation Awareness When Interacting with In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems · 2022 · Meyer, Jason et al. · archived
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THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE DISTRACTION ON DRIVER VISUAL BEHAVIOUR AND VEHICLE CONTROL ↗ · 2002 · Harbluk, Joanne L. et al. · indexed
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Effects of Secondary Task Demands on Drivers’ Responses to Events During Driving: Surrogate Methods and Issues · 2007 · Angell, Linda S · archived
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Comparing the driving performance of average and older drivers: The effect of surrogate in-vehicle information systems · 2005 · Merat, Natasha et al. · archived
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A Comprehensive Review of Driver’s Attention and the Evaluation Methods · 2021 · Abbasi, Elahe et al. · archived
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An Investigation of the Effects of Reading and Writing Text-Based Messages While Driving · 2011 · Yager, CE et al. · archived
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Driver Performance While Texting: Even a Little is Too Much ↗ · 2013 · McKeever, Joshua D. et al. · indexed
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Driver inattention and highway safety · 1985 · Sussman, E. D. et al. · archived
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Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed · 2019 · Schnebelen, Damien et al. · archived
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Effects of a PC-Based Attention Maintenance Training Program on Driver Behavior Can Last Up to Four Months: Simulator Study ↗ · 2016 · Divekar, Gautam et al. · indexed
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Assessing Response Time Effects of Forward Collision Warning HMIs with Central Tendency, Variance, and Dominance Tests ↗ · 2014 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · indexed
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Comparison of Static and Driving Simulator Venues for the Tactile Detection Response Task · 2013 · Engström, Johan et al. · archived
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The effect of cognitive load on Detection-Response Task (DRT) performance during day- and night-time driving: A driving simulator study · 2023 · Öztürk, İbrahim et al. · archived
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A multi-method approach to understanding drivers' experiences and behavior under partial vehicle automation · 2023 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
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Back to the future: Brake reaction times for manual and automated vehicles ↗ · 2006 · Young, Mark S. et al. · indexed
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Understanding the Impact of Technology: Do Advanced Driver Assistance and Semi-Automated Vehicle Systems Lead to Improper Driving Behavior? · 2019 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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Training Novice Drivers to Shorten Distraction Time [Traffic Tech] · 2010 · NHTSA · archived
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After Vehicle Automation Fails: Analysis of Driver Steering Behavior after a Sudden Deactivation of Control · 2018 · DinparastDjadid, Azadeh et al. · archived
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The Effects of Visual and Cognitive Distraction on Driver Situation Awareness · 2011 · Rogers, Meghan L. et al. · archived
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Typology of Behavioral and Emotional Reactions to Uncomfortable Automated Driving Operations · 2024 · Beggiato, Matthias et al. · archived
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Evaluation of Driver’s Reaction Time Measured in Driving Simulator ↗ · 2022 · Čulík, Kristián et al. · indexed
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Self-Perception Versus Objective Driving Behavior: Subject Study of Lateral Vehicle Guidance · 2024 · Haselberger, Johann et al. · archived
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An empirical assessment of driver motivation and emotional states in perceived safety margins under varied driving conditions · 2012 · Zhang, Yu et al. · archived
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A Surrogate Test for Cognitive Demand: Tactile Detection Response Task (TDRT) ↗ · 2015 · Hsieh, Li et al. · indexed
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Considerations When Calculating Percent Road Centre From Eye Movement Data in Driver Distraction Monitoring · 2009 · Ahlstrom, Christer et al. · archived
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Examining Driver Situation Awareness in the Takeover Process of Conditionally Automated Driving With the Effect of Age ↗ · 2024 · Ding, Wen et al. · indexed
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Optimal Time Intervals in Two-Stage Takeover Warning Systems With Insight Into the Drivers’ Neuroticism Personality ↗ · 2021 · Zhang, Wei et al. · indexed
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Signal-Adaptive and Uninhibited Driver Distraction During Crosswalk Approach: Evidence from the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study ↗ · 2026 · Douglas, Grace et al. · indexed
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Educating Younger Drivers in the Pacific Northwest Regarding the Dangers of Distracted Driving (Phase II) · 2015 · Hurwitz, David et al. · archived
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Strategies for Improved Driver Behavior within Work Zones · 2025 · Mishra, Sabyasachee et al. · archived
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Analysis of Driver Behavior in Mixed Autonomous and Non-autonomous Traffic Flows · 2022 · Liu, Jundi et al. · archived
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Post-Takeover Proficiency in Conditionally Automated Driving: Understanding Stabilization Time with Driving and Physiological Signals ↗ · 2024 · Gruden, Timotej et al. · indexed
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Using eye-tracking to investigate the effects of pre-takeover visual engagement on situation awareness during automated driving ↗ · 2021 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
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Effectiveness of Entertaining, Non-Traffic-Related Messages on Dynamic Message Signs · 2021 · Kondyli, Alexandra et al. · archived
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Effects of Passenger and Cellular Phone Conversations on Driver Distraction ↗ · 2004 · Laberge, Jason et al. · indexed
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Investigating the Effects of Cooperative Driving for CAVs in Different Driving Scenarios Using Multi-Driver Simulator Experiments · 2022 · Yue, Lishengsa et al. · archived
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Effect of Driving Simulation Parameters Related to Ego-Motion on Speed Perception ↗ · 2011 · Durkee, Shaun Michael. et al. · indexed
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Effects of Alcohol on Performance on a Distraction Task During Simulated Driving ↗ · 2009 · Allen, Allyssa J. et al. · indexed
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From Initial to Situational Automation Trust: The Interplay of Personality, Interpersonal Trust, and Trust Calibration in Young Males · 2026 · Tang, Menghan et al. · archived
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Optical pavement treatments and their impact on speed and lateral position at transition zones: A driving simulator study · 2021 · Hussain, Qinaat et al. · archived
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Comparative analysis of drivers' start‐up time of the first two vehicles at signalized intersections ↗ · 2015 · Li, Zhenlong et al. · indexed
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Traffic Light Displays and Driver Behaviors: A Case Study ↗ · 2015 · Felicio, Geraldine P. et al. · indexed
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Sharing Control Between Humans and Automation Using Haptic Interface: Primary and Secondary Task Performance Benefits ↗ · 2005 · Griffiths, Paul G. et al. · indexed
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Supervising the self-driving car: Situation awareness and fatigue during highly automated driving ↗ · 2023 · McKerral, Angus et al. · indexed
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Exploring the Effects of Vehicle Automation and Cooperative Messaging on Mixed Fleet Eco-Drive Interactions · 2024 · Sanchez, Robert et al. · archived
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Extending Analysis of Older Drivers’ Scanning Patterns at Intersections ↗ · 2016 · Yamani, Yusuke et al. · indexed
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The effects of a dual task on gaze behavior examined during a simulated flight in low-time pilots · 2024 · Ayala, Naila et al. · archived
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The Effects of Head-Up Display Clutter and In-Vehicle Display Separation on Concurrent Driving Performance ↗ · 2003 · Wickens, C. D. et al. · indexed
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Human Factors Issues Related to Truck Platooning Operations · 2024 · Chao, Szu-Fu et al. · archived
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Investigating the impact of driving automation systems on distracted driving behaviors ↗ · 2021 · Dunn, Naomi et al. · indexed
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Assessing Driving Risk at the Second Phase of Overtaking on Two-Lane Highways for Young Novice Drivers Based on Driving Simulation ↗ · 2022 · Pan, Jie et al. · indexed
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Safety and Lane Configuration at Toll Plazas · 2016 · Knodler, Michael A. et al. · archived
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Driver's Arms' Time-Variant Neuromuscular Admittance During Real Car Test-Track Driving ↗ · 2013 · Katzourakis, Diomidis et al. · indexed
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Haptic Lane-Keeping Assistance for Truck Driving: A Test Track Study ↗ · 2020 · Abbink, David A. · indexed
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Driving Under Involuntary Distraction and Varied Perceptual Loads ↗ · 2016 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
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Cell-phone use diminishes self-awareness of impaired driving · 2015 · Strayer, David L. · archived
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The impact of rural expressway environments: drivers’ attention allocation to variable message signs ↗ · 2022 · Reinolsmann, Nora et al. · indexed
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Frequently Used Vehicle Controls While Driving: A Real-World Driving Study Assessing Internal Human–Machine Interface Task Frequencies and Influencing Factors ↗ · 2025 · Harms, Ilse M. et al. · indexed
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Evaluating the Impact of Sight Distance and Geometric Alignment on Driver Performance in Freeway Exits Diverging Area Based on Simulated Driving Data ↗ · 2021 · Zhou, Xizhen et al. · indexed
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Unraveling Spatial–Temporal Patterns and Heterogeneity of On-Ramp Vehicle Merging Behavior: Evidence from the exiD Dataset ↗ · 2024 · Wang, Yiqi et al. · indexed
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Allocation of Driver Attention for Varying In-Vehicle System Modalities ↗ · 2020 · Li, Ning et al. · indexed
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Simulator Study of Primary and Precipitating Factors in Work Zone Crashes ↗ · 2011 · McAvoy, Deborah S. et al. · indexed
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Handsfree Cellphone Use Has Lingering Negative Effects on Driving Performance ↗ · 2020 · Hill, Linda et al. · indexed
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Digital Advertising Billboards and Driver Distraction · 2015 · Sisiopiku, Virginia P. et al. · archived
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Innovative countermeasures for red light running prevention at signalized intersections: A driving simulator study · 2020 · Hussain, Qinaat et al. · archived
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Motion Sickness and Human Performance – Exploring the Impact of Driving Simulator User Trials · 2019 · Smyth, Joseph et al. · archived
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Quantifying the Effect of On-Street Parking Information on Congestion Mitigation using a Driving Simulator ↗ · 2018 · Ahangari, Samira et al. · indexed
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Evaluating Traffic Safety and Performance Effects of Countdown Timers on Signalized Intersections: A Driving Simulator Study ↗ · 2015 · van Haperen, Wouter et al. · indexed
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Driving Behavior at Intersections Equipped with Red Light Cameras – A Monte Carlo Simulation Based on Driving Simulator Data · 2021 · Joris, Cornu et al. · archived
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The Influence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems on Fatigue Development Among Long-Haul Truck Drivers · 2025 · Huang, Chunxi et al. · archived
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Visual Feedback Effectiveness in Reducing Over Speeding of Moped-Riders · 2021 · Tagliabue, Mariaelena et al. · archived
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Modeling and Analysis of the Lane-Changing Execution in Longitudinal Direction ↗ · 2016 · Yang, Da et al. · indexed
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Passing Zone Behavior and Sight Distance on Rural Highways: Evaluation of Crash Risk and Safety under Different Geometric Conditions · 2018 · Belz, Nathan et al. · archived
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The Effects of Voice Technology on Test Track Driving Performance: Implications for Driver Distraction ↗ · 2002 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · indexed
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Self-Reported Risky Driving in Relation to Changes in Amount of Driving During the COVID-19 Pandemic · 2022 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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Interactive merging behavior in a coupled driving simulator: Experimental framework and case study · 2022 · Abbink, David A. · archived
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The Quality of Response Time Data Inference: A Blinded, Collaborative Assessment of the Validity of Cognitive Models · 2018 · Dutilh, Gilles et al. · archived
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Age Differences in Visual Search for Traffic Signs During a Simulated Conversation ↗ · 2004 · McPhee, Lisa et al. · indexed
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Haptic Lane-Keeping Assistance for Truck Driving: A Test Track Study ↗ · 2021 · Roozendaal, Jeroen et al. · indexed
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Traffic Safety Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters Used for Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Calibration ↗ · 2023 · Miqdady, Tasneem et al. · indexed
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Considering Conspicuity for North Carolina Department of Transportation Light Trucks Final Report · 2022 · Sylcott, Brian · archived
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Multimodal Coordination and Attention Capture: The Challenge of Inattentional Blindness for AR-HUD on Complex Roads ↗ · 2025 · Zhu, Qi et al. · indexed
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Examining Self-Reported Young Novice and Young Experienced Drivers’ Speeding Behavior: An Exploratory Study ↗ · 2023 · Molloy, Oleksandra et al. · indexed
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Reducing passive driver fatigue through a suitable secondary motor task by means of an interactive seating system ↗ · 2022 · Lampe, Dario et al. · indexed
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The Influence of Aggressive Driving Behavior and Impulsiveness on Traffic Accidents · 2018 · Antić, Boris et al. · archived
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The Association Between Visual Abilities and Objectively Measured Driving Space, Exposure, and Avoidance Among Older Drivers: A Preliminary Analysis ↗ · 2018 · Eby, David et al. · indexed
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The Association Between Visual Abilities and Objectively Measured Driving Space, Exposure, and Avoidance Among Older Drivers: A Preliminary Analysis ↗ · 2018 · Eby, David et al. · indexed
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Human-machine cooperation strategies in game-theoretic scenarios within mixed traffic: A simulator study on driving styles ↗ · 2025 · Du, Na et al. · indexed
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An investigation of older driver freeway needs and capabilities : summary report · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
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A Driving Simulator Study of the Performance Effects of Low Blood Alcohol Concentration ↗ · 1996 · Allen, R. Wade et al. · indexed
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Effect of road surface deformations on lateral lane utilization and longitudinal driving behaviours · 2016 · Aydin, Metin Mutlu et al. · archived
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Exploring False Warnings and Modalities for Emergency Vehicle Alerts and Their Impact on Driver Behavior · 2026 · Weibull, Kajsa et al. · archived
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Signing, in Combination with Lane Markings, in Advance of Lane-Reduction Transitions · 2022 · Marchese, Matthew et al. · archived
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Trial-level sequence modeling reveals hidden dynamics of dual-task interference · 2026 · den Otter, Rick et al. · archived
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Comparison of Glancing Behaviors of Riders and Drivers at Unsignalized Intersections Involving Right Turns ↗ · 2017 · Muttart, Jeffrey et al. · indexed
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The effect of stimulus availability on task choice in voluntary task switching · 2008 · Arrington, Catherine M. · archived
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Temporal dynamics in barrier-involved crashes: Determining shifts in driving behavior and injury risk across multi-year periods. · 2026 · Barua, S et al. · archived
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The relationship of driving skills of students driving with their individual psychological features · 2019 · Bebinov S.E. et al. · archived
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A Novel Hierarchical LATER Process Model: Evaluating Latent Sources of Variation in Reaction Times of Adult Daily Smokers ↗ · 2019 · Roberts, Nicole J. et al. · indexed
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Study of the Effects of Alcohol on Drivers and Driving Performance on Straight Road ↗ · 2014 · Zhao, Xiaohua et al. · indexed
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Multi-vehicle anticipation-based driver behavior models: a synthesis of existing research and future research directions ↗ · 2024 · Nirmale, Sangram et al. · indexed
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Using Simulation to Assess Conflicts Between Bicyclists and Right-Turning Vehicles · 2019 · Christofa, Eleni et al. · archived
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The effect of single dot movement on reaction time · 2013 · YAMAMURA, Kaiji et al. · archived
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Laboratory Evaluation of Alcohol Safety Interlock Systems, Volume I - Summary Report · 1974 · Abernethy, Charles N., III et al. · archived
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Target detection and driving behaviour measurements in a driving simulator at mesopic light levels ↗ · 2006 · Alferdinck, Johan W. A. M. · indexed
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Opportunities and Limitations of a Gaze-Contingent Display to Simulate Visual Field Loss in Driving Simulator Studies ↗ · 2022 · Biebl, Bianca et al. · indexed
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Young Driver Survey [Traffic Tech] · 2019 · NHTSA · archived
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A task-interruption study on the activation of the primary task during the processing of the secondary task ↗ · 2024 · Hirsch, Patricia et al. · indexed
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Driver's visual attention to different categories of roadside advertising signs · 2019 · Costa, Marco et al. · archived
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Benefits of Redundant Visual In-Vehicle Information in Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict Scenarios ↗ · 2019 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
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2019 Traffic Safety Culture Index · 2020 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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The Effect of Insight and Error-Based Feedback on Young Drivers' following Behavior and Confidence ↗ · 2004 · Creaser, Janet I. et al. · indexed
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Response-Time Dynamics: Evidence for Linear and Low-Dimensional Nonlinear Structure in Human Choice Sequences ↗ · 2001 · Kelly, Alice et al. · indexed
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Honking Helps Overcome the Driving Too Slowly Problem in Driving Simulators ↗ · 2015 · Jeong, Heejin et al. · indexed
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Evaluating the Impact of Detour Messaging on Actual Driver Detour Behavior · 2022 · Acharya, Sailesh et al. · archived
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Examining reaction time variability on the stop-signal task in the ABCD study · 2022 · Epstein, Jeffery N. et al. · archived
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Assessing the Effect of Test Target Offset on Forward Collision Warning and Automatic Braking Onset Timing · 2025 · Snyder, Andrew C. et al. · archived
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Experimental Investigation into Driver Behavior along Curved and Parallel Diverging Terminals of Exit Interchange Ramps ↗ · 2021 · Portera, Alberto et al. · indexed
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“I drove after drinking alcohol” and other risky driving behaviours reported by young novice drivers · 2014 · Scott‐Parker, Bridie et al. · archived
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Chronometric Evidence for Central Postponement in Temporally Overlapping Tasks · 1989 · Pashler, Harold et al. · archived
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An Adaptive Class-wise Leader-Follower Pair Identification Framework and Behavioural Regimes in Heterogeneous Traffic ↗ · 2026 · Eldhose, Susan et al. · indexed
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Identifying Mental Frameworks Underlying Driver Behavior in Urban Contexts [Summary] · 2024 · Carver, DeWayne et al. · archived
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Correct and faulty driver support from shared haptic control during evasive maneuvers ↗ · 2011 · Mulder, Mark et al. · indexed
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Prediction of destination entry and retrieval times using keystroke-level models · 1998 · Manes, Daniel et al. · archived