Alcohol, Tobacco and Tramadol Daily Consumption and Road Traffic Crashes among Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in Cotonou (Benin)
DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2021.114035
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Summary
This study investigates the association between the daily consumption of psychoactive substances—specifically alcohol, tobacco, and tramadol—and the occurrence of road traffic crashes (RCs) among motorcycle taxi drivers (MTDs) in Cotonou, Benin. The research was motivated by the high prevalence of MTDs in Benin’s transport sector, their vulnerability to crashes, and the frequent use of substances to combat fatigue during long working hours. While previous studies linked alcohol to RCs, the relationship between tramadol or tobacco use and crash risk remained undocumented in this population. The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study involving 430 MTDs selected via a two-stage cluster sampling technique from motorcycle taxi stands in Cotonou during March and April 2019. Data were collected through structured interviews using an adapted version of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) to assess daily substance use over the preceding 30 days. The primary outcome was self-reported involvement in at least one RC. Multivariate binary logistic regression was employed to identify predictors of RCs, adjusting for socio-demographic and professional variables such as income, years of riding, and prior crash history. The results indicated that 27.79% of the surveyed MTDs had experienced a road crash. The prevalence of daily psychoactive substance use was 30.41% for alcohol, 28.50% for tramadol, and 4.03% for tobacco. Multivariate analysis revealed that daily alcohol consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of RCs, with drivers who consumed alcohol daily being 2.09 times more likely to be involved in a crash (95% CI = 1.27–3.45; p = 0.004). In contrast, daily consumption of tobacco and tramadol was not significantly associated with RCs in either univariate or multivariate analyses. Other significant predictors of crashes included earning a daily income of 8.9 USD or more, having ridden for 11 years or more, and having a prior history of RCs. The study concludes that daily alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for road crashes among MTDs in Cotonou. The authors recommend integrating interventions to reduce psychoactive substance use into broader road safety policies. They emphasize the need for awareness campaigns targeting behavioral changes and the effective enforcement of existing drink-driving laws. Additionally, the findings suggest a need for further research to explore the determinants of substance use and to clarify the potential link between tramadol or tobacco consumption and crash risk, which was not statistically significant in this sample.
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| enrich | success | openalex | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-19 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-20 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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- Empirical Findings: observational prevalence