DrivingResearch.

polydrug

Combined-substance impairment: two or more drugs, or alcohol plus a drug, acting together (e.g., ethanol with benzodiazepines, cannabis with opioids), and the additive or synergistic interaction effects on driving. Defined by the COMBINATION itself, distinct from every single-substance tag — alcohol, cannabis, opioids, illicit_drugs, prescription_meds — which each address one agent in isolation.

293 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

  1. The effects of cannabis and alcohol on driving performance and driver behaviour: a systematic review and meta‐analysis · 2022 · Simmons, Sarah M. et al. · archived
  2. The Combined Effects of Alcohol and Benzodiazepines on Driving-Related Neurocognitive Skills: A Systematic Review ↗ · 2021 · Aitken, Blair et al. · indexed
  3. State of Knowledge of Drug-Impaired Driving · 2003 · Jones, R. K. (Ralph K.) et al. · archived
  4. A Simulator Study of the Combined Effects of Alcohol and Marihuana on Driving Behavior–Phase II · 1983 · Stein, A. C. et al. · archived
  5. Marijuana, Alcohol and Actual Driving Performance · 1999 · Robbe, Hindrik W. J. et al. · archived
  6. Drugs and Driving: A Research Review · 1977 · Joscelyn, Kent B. et al. · archived
  7. Visual Search and Urban City Driving under the Influence of Marijuana and Alcohol · 2000 · Lamers, C. T. J. et al. · archived
  8. Drugged Driving Expert Panel Report: A Consensus Protocol for Assessing the Potential of Drugs to Impair Driving · 2011 · Logan, Barry K. et al. · archived
  9. Use of Controlled Substances and Highway Safety: A Report to Congress · 1988 · Compton, Richard P. · archived
  10. Combating the drug-impaired driver : a prescription for safer highways. · 1985 · Paltell, Eric et al. · archived
  11. Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance · 2000 · Ramaekers, Johannes G. et al. · archived
  12. Cannabis (Marijuana) - Effects on Human Performance and Behavior. ↗ · 2002 · Huestis, Marilyn A. · indexed
  13. Drug Impaired Driving : Understanding the Problem and Ways to Reduce It (a Report to Congress) · 2009 · Compton, R. et al. · archived
  14. Cannabis Effects on Driving Skills ↗ · 2012 · Hartman, Rebecca L. et al. · indexed
  15. Countermeasures Against Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug-Impaired Driving · 2018 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  16. Drugs and Driving: Information Needs and Research Requirements · 1979 · Joscelyn, Kent B. et al. · archived
  17. Evaluating Drugged Driving: Effects of Pain and Anxiety Medications · 2017 · Gaffney, Gary R. et al. · archived
  18. Rapid review of experimental studies on alcohol and cannabis use and simulated driving behaviour: What can we learn about study methods? ↗ · 2025 · Buckley, Lisa et al. · indexed
  19. THE EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA AND ALCOHOL ON ACTUAL DRIVING PERFORMANCE ↗ · 1986 · Peck, Raymond C. et al. · indexed
  20. Marijuana, Other Drugs and Their Relation to Highway Safety: A Report to Congress [1979] · 1979 · NHTSA · archived
  21. Effects of Alcohol and Other Drugs on Driver Performance ↗ · 2004 · Ogden, Edward et al. · indexed
  22. Increased collision risk among drivers who report driving after using alcohol and after using cannabis · 2014 · Sayer, Gillian et al. · archived
  23. Marijuana, Other Drugs and Their Relation to Highway Safety: A Report to Congress [1980] · 1980 · NHTSA · archived
  24. The Incidence of Driving under the Influence of Drugs 1985: An Update of the State of Knowledge · 1985 · Compton, Richard P. et al. · archived
  25. Interaction between benzodiazepines and prescription opioids on incidence of hard braking events in older drivers ↗ · 2023 · Liang, Zipei et al. · indexed
  26. Benzodiazepines, opioids and driving: An overview of the experimental research ↗ · 2011 · LEUNG, STEFANIE Y. · indexed
  27. The effects of psychoactive prescription drugs on driving. ↗ · 2017 · Beirness, DJ · indexed
  28. Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on Driver Performance · 1972 · Case, H. W. et al. · archived
  29. Braking Performance of Drivers under the Influence of Alcohol and Cannabis ↗ · 1980 · Attwood, Dennis et al. · indexed
  30. Drug Use and Highway Safety: A Review of the Literature · 1971 · Nichols, James L. · archived
  31. Drugs and Highway Safety 1980 · 1980 · Joscelyn, Kent B. et al. · archived
  32. Crash-involved THC-positive drivers in Norway have a high frequency of polysubstance use ↗ · 2023 · Gjerde, Hallvard · indexed
  33. The Culture of Driving under the Influence of Cannabis and Alcohol in Washington State ↗ · 2020 · Otto, Jay et al. · indexed
  34. Countermeasures That Work – Drug-Impaired Driving [Traffic Tech] · 2021 · Smither, Dereece D. · archived
  35. Marijuana and Driving in Real-Life Situations ↗ · 1974 · Klonoff, Harry · indexed
  36. Review of Technology to Prevent Alcohol-and-Drug Impaired Crashes: Update · 2024 · Pollard, John K. et al. · archived
  37. The Incidence and Role of Drugs in Fatally Injured Drivers · 1992 · Terhune, K. W. et al. · archived
  38. Driving impairment and altered ocular activity under the effects of alprazolam and alcohol: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study ↗ · 2023 · Aitken, Blair · indexed
  39. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving · 1974 · Perrine, M. W. · archived
  40. The Incidence and Role of Drugs in Fatally Injured Drivers · 2008 · Terhune, Kenneth W. et al. · archived
  41. Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs--An Update Part I: Epidemiological Studies. ↗ · 2015 · Gjerde, Hallvard et al. · indexed
  42. Drugs, driving and the law : a report to the governor and General Assembly of Virginia. · 1973 · Lorman, Alvin J · archived
  43. Simulated driving performance following prolonged wakefulness and alcohol consumption: separate and combined contributions to impairment ↗ · 2000 · Arnedt, J. Todd et al. · indexed
  44. Report of an International Symposium on Drugs and Driving · 1975 · Joscelyn, Kent B. et al. · archived
  45. Schedule II Opioids and Stimulants & CMV Crash Risk and Driver Performance: Evidence Report and Systematic Review · 2014 · Brittle, Christine et al. · archived
  46. The Effects of Fatigue and Alcohol on Highway Safety · 1981 · Ryder, Joan M. et al. · archived
  47. Overview of Major Issues Regarding the Impacts of Alcohol and Marijuana on Driving · 2016 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  48. Problematic substance use and implications for road safety: An investigation on psychological dysfunction and risky driving styles · 2024 · Love, Steven et al. · archived
  49. The Role of Alcohol, Marijuana, and Other Drugs in the Accidents of Injured Drivers. Volume 1, Findings · 1982 · Terhune, K. W. · archived
  50. Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets: 2024 · 2024 · Couper, Fiona J. et al. · archived
  51. Is cannabis a slippery slope? Associations between psychological dysfunctioning, other substance use, and impaired driving, in a sample of active cannabis users · 2024 · Love, Steven et al. · archived
  52. Key Information for Cannabis and DUIC Policy · 2019 · Ward, Nicholas J. et al. · archived
  53. Prescription medication use and crash risk: taking responsibility for a new global challenge ↗ · 2021 · Downey, Luke A et al. · indexed
  54. Marijuana-Impaired Driving - A Report to Congress · 2017 · Compton, Richard P. · archived
  55. A Pilot Study to Test Multiple Medication Usage and Driving Functioning · 2008 · Staplin, L. K. et al. · archived
  56. Drug Research Methodology. Volume 5, Experimentation in Drugs and Highway Safety: The Study of Drug Effects on Skills Related to Driving · 1980 · Joscelyn, Kent B. et al. · archived
  57. Drugged driving in Louisiana: quantification of its impact on public health and implications for legislation, enforcement, and prosecution : final report. · 2017 · Schneider, Helmut et al. · archived
  58. Drug Research Methodology. Volume 1, the Alcohol-Highway Safety Experience and Its Applicability to Other Drugs · 1980 · Donelson, Alan C. et al. · archived
  59. Driving high: a study of student driving behaviours and attitudes towards marijuana use and driving · 2018 · Porath-Waller, Amy · archived
  60. Driving under the Influence of Cannabis or Alcohol in a Cohort of High-frequency Cannabis Users: Prevalence and Reflections on Current Interventions ↗ · 2011 · McGuire, Fraser et al. · indexed
  61. Evidence Report: Licit Schedule II Drug Use and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review) · 2006 · NHTSA · archived
  62. Drugged Driving in Louisiana: Quantification of Its Impact on Public Health and Implications for Legislation, Enforcement and Prosecution · 2015 · Schneider, Helmut et al. · archived
  63. The Role Alcohol, Marijuana and Other Drugs in the Accidents of Injured Drivers [Conference Paper] · 1982 · Terhune, K. W. et al. · archived
  64. Drugs and Driving: A Selected Bibliography: Supplement One · 1978 · Joscelyn, Kent B. et al. · archived
  65. A Framework for “Driving Under the Influenceof Drugs” Policy for the Opioid Using Driver ↗ · 2012 · Wilhelmi, Brian G. · indexed
  66. Driving by frequent cannabis users 'the morning after' last use of smoked cannabis: an observational driving simulator study. · 2026 · Zakala, C et al. · archived
  67. A Simulator Dataset to Support the Study of Impaired Driving · 2025 · Gideon, John et al. · archived
  68. Visual search and urban driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol ↗ · 2001 · Lamers, C. T. J. et al. · indexed
  69. The Study of Possible Influences of Licit and Illicit Drugs on Driver Behavior · 1971 · Berg, S. William et al. · archived
  70. Alcohol and Drug Prevalence Among Seriously or Fatally Injured Road Users · 2022 · Thomas, F. D. et al. · archived
  71. Deterring driving under the influence of cannabis ↗ · 2015 · Huestis, Marilyn A. · indexed
  72. Longitudinal Effects of Acute Cannabis Exposure on Automobile Driving Behavior in a Naturalistic Simulated Environment · 2021 · Meda, Shashwath et al. · archived
  73. Cannabidiol (CBD) content in vaporized cannabis does not prevent tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced impairment of driving and cognition · 2019 · Arkell, Thomas R. et al. · archived
  74. Differential effects of stimulant versus opiate drugs on driving performance ↗ · 2020 · Tabibi, Zahra et al. · indexed
  75. Review of Selected 2-Phenylethylamine Derivatives and Opioids, Systematic Review of Their Effects on Psychomotor Abilities and Driving Performance: Psychopharmacology in the Context of Road Safety ↗ · 2025 · Żełabowski, Kacper et al. · indexed
  76. Driving impairment due to sleepiness is exacerbated by low alcohol intake ↗ · 2003 · Horne, James A. et al. · indexed
  77. PERCEPTION OF RISK AND DRIVING UNDER THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND MARIJUANA ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN A MULTICENTER STUDY: COLOMBIA ↗ · 2019 · Moncaleano, Juan David et al. · indexed
  78. Drug and Alcohol Crash Risk: A Case-Control Study · 2016 · Lacey, John H. et al. · archived
  79. THE PREVALENCE AND ROLE OF ALCOHOL, CANNABINOIDS, BENZODIAZEPINES AND STIMULANTS IN NON-FATAL CRASHES ↗ · 1998 · Hunter, Christine E. et al. · indexed
  80. Drug and Alcohol Crash Risk [Traffic Safety Facts]: Research Note · 2015 · Compton, Richard P. et al. · archived
  81. Driver Behavior Post-Cannabis Consumption—A Driving Simulator Study in Collaboration with Montgomery County, Maryland · 2023 · Banerjee, Snehanshu et al. · archived
  82. 2013–2014 National Roadside Study of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers: Drug Results · 2017 · Kelley-Baker, Tara et al. · archived
  83. Alcohol and Drug Prevalence Among Seriously or Fatally Injured Road Users [Traffic Tech] · 2022 · Berning, Amy · archived
  84. Empirical Profiles of Alcohol and Marijuana Use, Drugged Driving, and Risk Perceptions · 2017 · Arterberry, Brooke J. et al. · archived
  85. Cannabis, alcohol and other drug findings in fatally injured drivers in Ontario ↗ · 2020 · Beirness, D J et al. · indexed
  86. Drugs and Traffic Crash Responsibility: A Study of Injured Motorists in Colorado ↗ · 2001 · Lowenstein, Steven R. et al. · indexed
  87. Prevalence of Impairing Substance Use in Injured Drivers ↗ · 2025 · Brubacher, Jeffrey R. · indexed
  88. Drugs in fatally injured young male drivers · 1985 · Williams, A F et al. · archived
  89. Multiple Medications and Vehicle Crashes: Analysis of Databases · 2008 · LeRoy, Aida A. et al. · archived
  90. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study of cannabis-related driving impairment assessed by driving simulator and self-report ↗ · 2025 · Meda, Shashwath A et al. · indexed
  91. Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets [2014] · 2014 · Couper, Fiona J. et al. · archived
  92. Acute methamphetamine and alcohol usage alters gaze behaviour during driving: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study ↗ · 2024 · Hayley, Amie C et al. · indexed
  93. Drugs, driving, and models to measure driving impairment ↗ · 2009 · Owens, Katherine et al. · indexed
  94. Medications and Impaired Driving ↗ · 2014 · Hetland, Amanda et al. · indexed
  95. Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets [2004] · 2004 · Couper, Fiona J. et al. · archived
  96. Alcohol & drug use among drivers : British Columbia roadside survey 2008 · 2009 · Beirness, Douglas J. et al. · archived
  97. MEDICINES AND DRIVER FITNESS: FINDINGS FROM A METAANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AS BASIC INFORMATION TO PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS AND EXPERTS ↗ · 1995 · Berghaus, G et al. · indexed
  98. PERCEPTION OF RISK AND BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH DRIVING UNDER THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND MARIJUANA ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF VENEZUELA · 2019 · Amesty, Elvia et al. · archived
  99. An analysis of current Virginia statutes relating to driving under the influence of drugs. · 1972 · Ames, W. Allen · archived
  100. Antidepressants and Driver Impairment ↗ · 2003 · Ramaekers, Johannes G. · indexed
  101. The Interactive Effects of Extended Wakefulness and Low-dose Alcohol on Simulated Driving and Vigilance · 2007 · Howard, Mark E. et al. · archived
  102. Young Adult Alcohol and Cannabis Impaired Driving After the Opening of Cannabis Retail Stores in Washington State ↗ · 2024 · Hultgren, Brittney A. · indexed
  103. Drugs and Driving: A Selected Bibliography: Supplement 2 · 1980 · Veldkamp, Mary B. et al. · archived
  104. Marijuana, Other Drugs, and Alcohol Use by Drivers in Washington State · 2016 · Ramirez, Anthony et al. · archived
  105. Results of the 2013–2014 National Roadside Study of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers [Traffic Safety Facts] · 2015 · Berning, Amy et al. · archived
  106. Behavioral Effects of Driver Distraction and Alcohol Impairment ↗ · 2005 · Rakauskas, Michael et al. · indexed
  107. Investigating the Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Manual and Automated Driving: A Systematic Review · 2024 · Dong, Miaomiao et al. · archived
  108. Effects of Legalization of Marijuana on Traffic: Transportation Research Synthesis · 2024 · NHTSA · archived
  109. Marijuana and Actual Driving Performance · 1993 · Robbe, Hindrik W. J. et al. · archived
  110. A State-by-State Analysis of Laws Dealing with Driving under the Influence of Drugs · 2009 · Walsh, J. Michael · archived
  111. Effects of stimulant drugs on actual and simulated driving: perspectives from four experimental studies conducted as part of the DRUID research consortium · 2012 · Ramaekers, Johannes G. et al. · archived
  112. The prevalence of alcohol use and risky driving practises among individuals who consume sedatives nonmedically: findings from the NESARC-III ↗ · 2022 · Aitken, Blair et al. · indexed
  113. Interactions between sleepiness and moderate alcohol intake in drivers ↗ · 2006 · Horne, James A. et al. · indexed
  114. Simplifying the Process for Identifying Drug Combinations by Drug Recognition Experts ↗ · 2010 · Porath-Waller, Amy J. et al. · indexed
  115. CDOT Cognitive Roadside Device Evaluation Study · 2023 · Lyon, Craig et al. · archived
  116. Effects Of Moderate Sleep Deprivation and Low-Dose Alcohol On Driving Simulator Performance and Perception In Young Men ↗ · 2007 · Vakulin, Andrew et al. · indexed
  117. The role of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs in the accidents of injured drivers ↗ · 1982 · Terhune, Kenneth W. et al. · indexed
  118. Young adult impaired driving behaviors and perceived norms of driving under the influence of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use ↗ · 2024 · Hultgren, Brittney A. · indexed
  119. Advancing Drugged Driving Data at the State Level: Synthesis of Barriers and Expert Panel Recommendations · 2016 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  120. Alcohol, Thioridazine and Chlorpromazine Effects on Skills Related to Driving Behaviour ↗ · 1971 · Milner, Gerald et al. · indexed
  121. Driving under the influence of substances and motor vehicle fatalities among older adults in the United States ↗ · 2023 · Kedia, Satish et al. · indexed
  122. Drug and Alcohol Prevalence in Seriously and Fatally Injured Road Users Before and During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency · 2020 · Thomas, F. Dennis et al. · archived
  123. Effects of alcohol and other psychotropic drugs on eye movements: relevance to traffic safety. ↗ · 1986 · Stapleton, John et al. · indexed
  124. An Evaluation of Data from Drivers Arrested for Driving Under the Influence in Relation to Per se Limits for Cannabis · 2016 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  125. Driving after Drug or Alcohol Use: Findings from the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse · 1998 · Townsend, Tara N. et al. · archived
  126. Cycling-related crash risk and the role of cannabis and alcohol: a case-crossover study · 2014 · Asbridge, Mark et al. · archived
  127. Development and Validation of Messaging to Deter Cannabis Impaired Driving · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  128. A scoping review of motor vehicle operator performance assessments for benzodiazepine receptor agonists ↗ · 2024 · Murphy, Andrea et al. · indexed
  129. Brain-behavior relationships of simulated naturalistic automobile driving under the influence of acute cannabis intoxication: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study · 2022 · Meda, Shashwath et al. · archived
  130. Drugs and Driving ↗ · 2004 · WALSH, J. MICHAEL et al. · indexed
  131. Advancing Drugged Driving Data at the State Level: State-by-State Assessment · 2018 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  132. Drug-Impaired Driving Data Collection: Report to Congress · 2024 · Atkins, Randolph G. et al. · archived
  133. Drug driving among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia: prevalence, risk factors and risk perceptions ↗ · 2004 · Darke, Shane et al. · indexed
  134. The impact of medicinal drugs on traffic safety: a systematic review of epidemiological studies ↗ · 2009 · Orriols, Ludivine et al. · indexed
  135. Use of Potentially Impairing Medications in Relation to Driving, United States, 2021 · 2022 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  136. Role of Cannabis in Motor Vehicle Crashes ↗ · 1999 · Bates, Michael et al. · indexed
  137. Road traffic crash characteristics of drivers who take prescription medicines that carry a risk to driving · 2020 · Lu, Li et al. · archived
  138. Exploring the Predictive Validity of Drug Evaluation and Classification Program Evaluations [Traffic Tech] · 2021 · Porath-Waller, Amy et al. · archived
  139. 18-0054_AAAFTS Older Driver Marijuana Brief_v5-6 TABLE 2 · 2018 · Lohoni, M. et al. · archived
  140. Driving and cannabis use: a questionnaire about knowledge and behaviors after the legalization of recreational cannabis in California · 2025 · Baird, Sara et al. · archived
  141. Effects of acute alcohol consumption on measures of simulated driving: A systematic review and meta-analysis · 2017 · Irwin, Christopher et al. · archived
  142. Alcohol Experiments on Driving-Related Behavior: A Review of the 1972–1973 Literature–Alcohol Countermeasures Literature Review · 1974 · Perrine, M. W. · archived
  143. Results of the 2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers [Traffic Safety Facts] · 2009 · Compton, Richard et al. · archived
  144. Effects of alcohol on automated and controlled driving performances · 2013 · Berthelon, Catherine et al. · archived
  145. Driving under the influence of cannabis, alcohol, and illicit drugs among adults in the United States from 2016 to 2020 ↗ · 2023 · Myers, Matthew · indexed
  146. Effect of Cannabidiol and Δ<sup>9</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Driving Performance ↗ · 2020 · Arkell, Thomas R. et al. · indexed
  147. The Effect of Marihuana Dosage on Driver Performance · 1973 · Moskowitz, Herbert, 1925- et al. · archived
  148. Drivers’ Use of Marijuana in Washington State [Traffic Tech] · 2016 · NHTSA · archived
  149. Self-Reported Opioid Use and Driving Outcomes among Older Adults: The AAA LongROAD Study · 2020 · Betz, Marian E. et al. · archived
  150. Driving after use of alcohol and marijuana in college students. ↗ · 2007 · McCarthy, Denis M. et al. · indexed
  151. Drug driving: a secondary analysis of factors associated with driving under the influence of cannabis in Jamaica ↗ · 2024 · Lalwani, Kunal et al. · indexed
  152. Road traffic crashes and prescribed methadone and buprenorphine: A french registry-based case–control study · 2012 · Corsenac, Philippe et al. · archived
  153. The Relation Between the Use of Psychoactive Substances and the Severity of the Injury in a Group of Crash-Involved Drivers Admitted to a Regional Trauma Center · 2008 · Smink, B. E. et al. · archived
  154. Driver monitoring systems (DMS): The future of impaired driving management? ↗ · 2021 · Hayley, Amie C. et al. · indexed
  155. Drug Abuse and Driving Performance · 1972 · Blomberg, Richard D. et al. · archived
  156. The influence of alcohol and automation on drivers visual behavior during test track driving · 2023 · Tivesten, Emma · archived
  157. Cannabis and traffic collision risk: findings from a case-crossover study of injured drivers presenting to emergency departments · 2013 · Asbridge, Mark et al. · archived
  158. Ethanol‐Induced CNS depression and divided attention ↗ · 1995 · Millar, S. A. et al. · indexed
  159. Examination of Cannabis Users’ Perceptions and Self-Reported Behaviors to Inform Messaging to Deter Impaired Driving · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  160. “I drove after drinking alcohol” and other risky driving behaviours reported by young novice drivers · 2014 · Scott‐Parker, Bridie et al. · archived
  161. Drug Use among Drivers · 1975 · Glauz, William D. et al. · archived
  162. Sleepiness and Ethanol Effects on Simulated Driving ↗ · 1994 · Roehrs, Timothy et al. · indexed
  163. Identification and Testing of Countermeasures for Specific Alcohol Accident Types and Problems. Volume 2, General Driver Alcohol Problem · 1984 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · archived
  164. Alcohol impairs driver attention and prevents compensatory strategies · 2023 · Ahlstrom, Christer · archived
  165. Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol and Marijuana: Beliefs and Behaviors, United States, 2013-2015 · 2016 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  166. Alcohol Effects on Driver Risk Taking ↗ · 1978 · Allen, R. Wade et al. · indexed
  167. Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review · 2021 · McCartney, Danielle et al. · archived
  168. Marijuana-Using Drivers, Alcohol-Using Drivers, and Their Passengers ↗ · 2014 · Whitehill, Jennifer M. et al. · indexed
  169. Medicinal Δ<sup>9</sup>‐tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on‐the‐road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in <scp>S</scp>tandard <scp>F</scp>ield <scp>S</scp>obriety <scp>T</scp>ests ↗ · 2012 · Bosker, Wendy M. et al. · indexed
  170. Cannabis, Impaired Driving, and Road Safety: An Overview of Key Questions and Issues · 2021 · Brands, Bruna et al. · archived
  171. Acute Alcohol Impairment Research in Driving Simulators ↗ · 2011 · Creaser, Janet et al. · indexed
  172. Cannabis Use Among Drivers Suspected of Driving Under the Influence or Involved in Collisions: Analysis of Washington State Patrol Data · 2016 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  173. Marijuana Use in Older Drivers in Colorado: A LongROAD Study · 2018 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety et al. · archived
  174. Alcohol and Highway Safety: A Bibliography · 1976 · Flynn, Lois · archived
  175. Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis ↗ · 2012 · Asbridge, Mark et al. · indexed
  176. Effects of alcohol intoxication goggles (fatal vision goggles) with a concurrent cognitive task on simulated driving performance · 2019 · Irwin, Christopher et al. · archived
  177. Test Drives in the Daimler-Benz Driving Simulator with Drivers under Diazepam · 1990 · Friedel, B. et al. · archived
  178. Driving Performance and Cannabis Users’ Perception of Safety ↗ · 2022 · Marcotte, Thomas D. et al. · indexed
  179. Drug Use by Tractor-Trailer Drivers ↗ · 1988 · Lund, A K et al. · indexed
  180. Psychoactive Medications and Injurious Motor Vehicle Collisions Involving Older Drivers ↗ · 1994 · Leveille, Suzanne G. et al. · indexed
  181. Cannabis use in older drivers in Colorado: The LongROAD Study ↗ · 2019 · DiGuiseppi, Carolyn et al. · indexed
  182. Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug Impaired Driving* ↗ · 2007 · Farrell, Laurel J. et al. · indexed
  183. Influences of Alcohol upon Driving Behavior in an Instrumented Car · 1971 · Perrine, M. W. et al. · archived
  184. Cannabis use as a risk factor for causing motor vehicle crashes: a prospective study ↗ · 2019 · Brubacher, Jeffrey R. et al. · indexed
  185. Marijuana and Driving Impairment ↗ · 2007 · Logan, Barry K. · indexed
  186. Marijuana and Driver Behaviors: Historic and Social Observations among Fatal Accident Operators and a Control Sample · 1976 · Sterling-Smith, Robert S. et al. · archived
  187. The acute effects of vaporized cannabis on drivers' hazard perception and risk-taking behaviors ↗ · 2024 · Schiemer, Carla et al. · indexed
  188. Cognitive Skills Underlying Driving in Patients Discharged Following Self-Poisoning With Central Nervous System Depressant Drugs ↗ · 2012 · Dassanayake, Tharaka L. et al. · indexed
  189. Driver Characteristics and Impairment at Various BACs · 2000 · Moskowitz, Herbert, 1925- et al. · archived
  190. Covariability in three dimensions of teenage driving risk behavior: impaired driving, risky and unsafe driving behavior, and secondary task engagement ↗ · 2015 · Bruce G. Simons‐Morton et al. · indexed
  191. Tolerance and cross-tolerance to neurocognitive effects of THC and alcohol in heavy cannabis users · 2010 · Ramaekers, Johannes G. et al. · archived
  192. A semi-naturalistic open-label study examining the effect of prescribed medical cannabis use on simulated driving performance ↗ · 2024 · Manning, Brooke et al. · indexed
  193. Alcohol Impairment of Performance on Steering and Discrete Tasks in a Driving Simulator · 1974 · Jex, Henry R. et al. · archived
  194. Prevalence of Drug Use in Commercial Tractor-Trailer Drivers ↗ · 2002 · Couper, Fiona J. et al. · indexed
  195. Acute administration of alprazolam, alcohol and their combination on cognitive performance and mood: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study ↗ · 2023 · Aitken, Blair et al. · indexed
  196. Drivers can poorly predict their own driving impairment: a comparison between measurements of subjective and objective driving quality · 2011 · Verster, Joris C. et al. · archived
  197. Status report on Virginia&#039;s program to combat drug-impaired driving. · 1989 · Jernigan, Jack D · archived
  198. Risk Factors for Driving After and During Marijuana Use · 2016 · Aston, Elizabeth R. et al. · archived
  199. Marijuana and Actual Driving Performance · 1993 · Robbe, Hindrik W.J. et al. · archived
  200. Impact of naturalistic cannabis use on lateral control and speed: A driving simulator study. ↗ · 2025 · Brooks-Russell A et al. · indexed
  201. Effects of Different Blood Alcohol Concentrations and Post-Alcohol Impairment on Driving Behavior and Task Performance ↗ · 2010 · Liu, Yung‐Ching et al. · indexed
  202. Associations of cannabis use with motor vehicle crashes and traffic stops among older drivers: AAA LongROAD study ↗ · 2023 · Davis, Shelby et al. · indexed
  203. Trends in Cannabis Involvement and Risk of Alcohol Involvement in Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities in the United States, 2000‒2018 ↗ · 2021 · Lira, Marlene C. et al. · indexed
  204. Drug Per Se Laws: A Review of their Use in States · 2010 · Lacey, John et al. · archived
  205. A Review of the Literature on the Effects of Low Doses of Alcohol on Driving-Related Skills · 2000 · Moskowitz, Herbert, 1925- et al. · archived
  206. Alcohol Limits for Drivers: A Report on the Effects of Alcohol and Expected Institutional Responses to New Limits: Report to Congress · 1991 · NHTSA · archived
  207. Ketamine Evolving Clinical Roles and Potential Effects with Cognitive, Motor and Driving Ability ↗ · 2023 · Edinoff, Amber N. et al. · indexed
  208. Priorities and Strategies for Improving the Investigation, Use of Toxicology Results, and Prosecution of Drug-Impaired Driving Cases: Findings and Recommendations · 2007 · NHTSA · archived
  209. Recreational Drugs and Driving: Prevalence Survey ↗ · 2004 · Ingram, Deborah D. et al. · indexed
  210. Heavy Alcohol use Compared to Alcohol and Marijuana Use: Do College Students Experience a Difference in Substance use Problems? ↗ · 2006 · Shillington, Audrey M. et al. · indexed
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