O mal-estar em condução simulada: comparação entre simuladores imersivos de direção com plataforma estática e dinâmica Simulator sickness: a comparison between static and dynamic motion platforms in immersive driving simulators
DOI: 10.58922/transportes.v33.e2744
archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified
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Summary
This study investigates simulator sickness (SS) in immersive driving simulators, specifically comparing the severity of discomfort between static and dynamic motion platforms. Motivated by the increasing use of virtual reality (VR) in transportation research and the need to mitigate participant discomfort, the authors aimed to evaluate how simulator configuration, driver characteristics, and experimental design influence SS. A secondary objective was to compare the efficacy of the traditional Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) against the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ) in capturing symptoms within immersive environments. The experiment involved 36 licensed drivers (18 men and 18 women) across three age groups (19–30, 31–60, and over 60). Using a fractional factorial design, participants underwent simulated driving sessions on either a static or dynamic platform for durations of 6 or 11 minutes. The scenarios varied by the presence or absence of road edge markings. Discomfort was measured using pre- and post-test SSQ and VRSQ scores, which assess nausea, oculomotor, and disorientation symptoms. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests to evaluate symptom changes and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the impact of controllable factors. Results indicated that static simulators caused significantly greater sickness severity than dynamic ones. ANOVA revealed that platform type significantly affected oculomotor symptoms in the SSQ and total scores, as well as oculomotor and disorientation constructs, in the VRSQ. The VRSQ proved more sensitive than the SSQ, detecting significant differences in disorientation and total discomfort linked to platform type that the SSQ missed. Additionally, the absence of road edge lines intensified symptoms on static platforms. Women reported more severe oculomotor symptoms, particularly in scenarios without edge lines, likely due to differences in postural stability. Longer immersion times increased discomfort in conventional scenarios but reversed this pattern in unmarked scenarios. The study concludes that dynamic motion platforms effectively reduce simulator sickness by mitigating the sensory conflicts inherent in static VR environments. The findings suggest that the VRSQ is a superior tool for assessing discomfort in immersive VR contexts compared to the traditional SSQ. These results have practical implications for designing simulator-based experiments, recommending the use of dynamic platforms and tailored measurement instruments to minimize participant dropout and improve data reliability. The authors note limitations regarding sample size and suggest future research explore individual characteristics like video game familiarity.
Key finding
Static immersive driving simulators cause significantly greater simulator sickness severity than dynamic motion platforms, as evidenced by higher oculomotor and disorientation symptom scores.
Methodology
simulator
Sample size: 36
Provenance
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-05 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-06 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 3 | 2026-06-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-07 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-07 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-07 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-05 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 15 | 2026-06-11 |
| verify | partial | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified_with_issues.
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- Methodological Resource: tool software, validation psychometrics