Determining the correlation between daytime and night-time road markings visibility
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Summary
This study addresses the limitations of current road marking quality control methods, specifically the inability of dynamic retroreflectometers to measure daytime visibility. While dynamic testing offers a more objective and comprehensive evaluation of night-time visibility (retroreflection) along entire road sections, it fails to assess daytime visibility, which is mandated by European and national directives. The authors aimed to determine the correlation between daytime and night-time visibility to develop a predictive model, allowing authorities to estimate daytime visibility from dynamic night-time measurements, thereby streamlining quality assessment. The research utilized static measurement data collected between 2012 and 2014 on state roads in three counties of Croatia. A total of 1,182 measurements of daytime visibility ($Q_d$) and night-time visibility ($R_L$) were conducted using hand-held retroreflectometers following the European standard EN 1436:2009 and the German ZTV M02 methodology. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The authors first tested for data normality and homogeneity, finding the samples non-homogenous, which necessitated the use of the non-parametric Spearman correlation test. Subsequently, a unique coefficient was derived from the ratio of retroreflection to daytime visibility values to formulate a predictive model. The correlation analysis revealed a relatively weak but statistically significant relationship between daytime and night-time visibility, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.353. The authors attributed this weak correlation to the distinct physical mechanisms governing each metric: night-time visibility depends heavily on retroreflective glass beads, while daytime visibility relies on diffuse scattered light. Despite the weak correlation, a predictive model was developed: $Q_d = R_L / 1.60 \pm AD$, where 1.60 is the mean unique coefficient and $AD$ is the average absolute deviation. The model was validated using a separate sample of 50 measurements. The Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) was 24.93 mcd/lx/m², and a t-test confirmed no statistically significant difference between actual and predicted daytime visibility values ($p = 0.106$). The study concludes that while the correlation is weak, the developed model provides a statistically satisfactory method for estimating daytime visibility from night-time retroreflection data. This approach allows road authorities to utilize efficient dynamic testing for night-time visibility while still complying with daytime visibility requirements, improving the objectivity and efficiency of road asset management and safety evaluations.
Provenance
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-26 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-25 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-20 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 6 | 2026-06-25 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-26 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-26; verification: verified.
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