sign visibility legibility

Detecting and reading traffic signs: sign detection and recognition distance, legibility distance, character height and font, retroreflective sheeting and luminance, and contrast needed to read signs day or night. Concerns the visibility and readability of signage specifically, distinct from general low-light visual function (dark_adaptation_mesopic) and the underlying contrast-detection ability (contrast_sensitivity).

311 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Nighttime Legibility of Ground-Mounted Traffic Signs as a Function of Font, Color, and Retroreflective Sheeting Type · 2002 · Chrysler, Susan T. et al. · archived
2. Relative Visibility of Increased Legend Size vs. Brighter Materials for Traffic Signs · 1994 · Mace, Douglas J. et al. · archived
3. Road Sign Detection Distance and Reading Distance at an Uncontrolled Intersection · 2018 · Priambodo, Mohamad Ihsan et al. · archived
4. Changeable Message Sign Visibility · 1996 · Garvey, Philip M. et al. · archived
5. Minimum Retroreflectivity Requirements for Traffic Signs · 1993 · Paniati, Jeffery F. et al. · archived
6. Traffic control device evaluation program : FY 2016. · 2017 · Brimley, Bradford K. et al. · archived
7. Legibility Comparison of Three Freeway Guide Sign Alphabets · 1999 · Hawkins Jr, H Gene et al. · archived
8. Minimum retroreflectivity levels for overhead guide signs and street-name signs · 2003 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · archived
9. Overhead Guide Sign Visibility Factors, Volume I: Final Report · 1989 · Stein, A. C. et al. · archived
10. Traffic Signs and Real-World Driver Interaction ↗ · 2024 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
11. Driver Vision: Bibliography · 1963 · NHTSA · archived
12. The Legibility of the Clearview Typeface System Versus Standard Highway Alphabets on Negative- and Positive-Contrast Signs · 2015 · Garvey, Philip M. et al. · archived
13. Use of high intensity reflective sheeting in lieu of external lighting of overhead roadway signs. · 2013 · Jackson, N. Mike et al. · archived
14. Sign Luminance Requirements for Various Background Complexities · 1985 · Mace, D. J. et al. · archived
15. Legibility Distances of Fluorescent Traffic Signs and Their Normal Color Counterparts ↗ · 2001 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
16. Influence of truck driver eye position on effectiveness of retroreflective traffic signs ↗ · 1993 · Sivak, M. et al. · indexed
17. Symbol Signing Design for Older Drivers · 1997 · Dewar, Robert et al. · archived
18. A determination of the appropriateness of Virginia's retroreflective sign sheeting specification for fluorescent orange construction and maintenance signs. · 2002 · Brich, Stephen C · archived
19. Field evaluation of unlighted overhead guide signs using older drivers : final report, August 2003. · 2003 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · archived
20. Effect of Driver's Age on Nighttime Legibility of Highway Signs ↗ · 1981 · Sivak, Michael et al. · indexed
21. Summary Report: Improvements In Symbol Sign Design To Aid Older Drivers · 1994 · Dewar, Robert et al. · archived
22. Legibility: Back to the Basics ↗ · 2011 · O'Day, Shannon et al. · indexed
23. SIGN AND PAVEMENT MARKING VISIBILITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVERS ↗ · 2002 · Finley, Melisa D. et al. · indexed
24. Workshop on Field Inspection and Rehabilitation of Traffic Control Devices - Proceedings · 1990 · Russell, Phillip O. et al. · archived
25. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 51 No. 2 · 1987 · Andrews, William H. Jr. et al. · archived
26. SIGN LEGIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY ↗ · 1988 · Mace, D J · indexed
27. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROVISION OF NEW STATIC INFORMATION SIGNAGE: A CASE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA, GOMBAK CAMPUS · 2012 · Sahrir, Syazwani et al. · archived
28. Applying the sign luminance computation model to study the effects of other vehicles on sign luminance · 2014 · Ye, Fan et al. · archived
29. Age Differences in the Legibility of Symbol Highway Signs as a Function of Luminance and Glare Level: A Preliminary Report ↗ · 1994 · Schieber, Frank et al. · indexed
30. Traffic control device conspicuity. · 2013 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · archived
31. Improvement of conspicuity of trailblazing signs, Phase III : evaluation of fluorescent colors. · 2001 · Neale, Vicki L · archived
32. Traffic Sign Detection and Identification ↗ · 2013 · Inman, Vaughan W et al. · indexed
33. Improving the conspicuity of trailblazing signs for incident management. · 1998 · Barker, J. A. et al. · archived
34. Rectification of legibility distance in a driving simulator ↗ · 2007 · Ting, Ping-Huang et al. · indexed
35. Overhead guide sign retroreflectivity and illumination. · 2015 · Obeidat, Mohammed et al. · archived
36. Symbol Signing Design for Older Drivers ↗ · 2013 · Dewar, R E et al. · indexed
37. The effects of damage on sign visibility: An assist in traffic sign replacement · 2016 · Khalilikhah, Majid et al. · archived
38. Evaluation of Retroreflective Sheetings for Use on Traffic Control Devices at Construction Work Zones · 1991 · Ahmed, Samir A. · archived
39. Research on Recognition and Evaluation of Traffic Guide Sign ↗ · 2015 · Li, Yuan et al. · indexed
40. DYNAMIC LANE ASSIGNMENT USING FIBER-OPTIC SIGNS ↗ · 1992 · Gisler, Wayne L et al. · indexed
41. Approach-End Treatment of Channelization: Signing and Delineation · 1962 · Rowan, Neilon J. · archived
42. Evaluation of retroreflective material on stop sign posts in Virginia. · 2009 · Cottrell, Benjamin H et al. · archived
43. Assessing the Effect of Typography on In-Vehicle Glance-Like Reading Across the Lifespan · 2017 · Reimer, Bryan et al. · archived
44. Highway Signing Research: Phase II, Characterization of Sign-Facing Materials · 1966 · Funnell, J. E. et al. · archived
45. Empirical Assessment of the Legibility of the Highway Gothic and Clearview Signage Fonts ↗ · 2017 · Dobres, Jonathan et al. · indexed
46. Enhanced Night Visibility Series, Volume XVI : Phase III, Characterization of Experimental Objects · 2005 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
47. Dynamic measurement of traffic signluminance as perceived by a driver ↗ · 2011 · Gutierrez, JA et al. · indexed
48. Creating effective variable message signs : human factors issues. · 1998 · Proffitt, Dennis R et al. · archived
49. Age Differences in Visual Abilities in Nighttime Driving Field Conditions ↗ · 1996 · Chrysler, Susan T. et al. · indexed
50. Assessment of Traffic Control Practices With Respect to Older Drivers · 2007 · Meyer, Eric et al. · archived
51. Model for Predicting Traffic Signs Functional Service Life – The Republic of Croatia Case Study · 2017 · Babić, Dario et al. · archived
52. Guidelines for Traffic Sign Symbols ↗ · 1997 · Swanson, H A et al. · indexed
53. Traffic Sign Detection and Quality Assessment Using YOLOv8 in Daytime and Nighttime Conditions ↗ · 2025 · Aldoski, Ziyad N. et al. · indexed
54. CHARACTERISTICS AND NEEDS FOR OVERHEAD GUIDE SIGN ILLUMINATION FROM VEHICULAR HEADLAMPS ↗ · 1999 · Russell, E R et al. · indexed
55. Visibility of Road Markings as a Function of Age, Retroreflectivity Under Low-Beam and High-Beam Illumination at Night ↗ · 1999 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · indexed
56. The Implications of Weather and Reflectivity Variations on Automatic Traffic Sign Recognition Performance ↗ · 2021 · Seraj, Mudasser et al. · indexed
57. The influence of modern headlamps on the recognition of portable traffic signs and warning triangles ↗ · 2023 · Rak, Martin et al. · indexed
58. An Investigation of the Design and Performance of Traffic Control Devices · 1968 · Markowitz, J. et al. · archived
59. Delineation of Hazards for Older Drivers, Volume II: Appendixes · 1997 · Lerner, Neil D. et al. · archived
60. COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR EVALUATING TRAFFIC SIGNS ↗ · 1974 · Dewar, R E et al. · indexed
61. Determining the correlation between daytime and night-time road markings visibility · 2016 · Babić, Dario et al. · archived
62. Symbolic Sign for Oversized-Truck Route Signs · 1984 · Walker, Jonathan et al. · archived
63. Assessing the visibility of raised pavement markers and alternative forms of delineation · 2020 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
64. Enhancing Conspicuity for Standard Signs and Retroreflectivity Strips on Posts [tech brief] · 2022 · Katz, Bryan et al. · archived
65. Nighttime Highway Construction Illumination [URTC Report] · 2014 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
66. Methodology for Measuring Traffic Signs Retroreflection ↗ · 2014 · Shcukanec, Andjelko et al. · indexed
67. Analysis of Market-Ready Traffic Sign Recognition Systems in Cars: A Test Field Study ↗ · 2021 · Babić, Darko et al. · indexed
68. CREATING EFFECTIVE VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNS: HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES ↗ · 1998 · Proffítt, Dennis R. et al. · indexed
69. Vision-Based Traffic Sign Detection and Analysis for Intelligent Driver Assistance Systems: Perspectives and Survey · 2012 · Mogelmose, A. et al. · archived
70. Prototype mobile luminance measurement system and level of service for evaluating rural high-speed nighttime delineation. · 2013 · Miles, Jeffrey D. et al. · archived
71. Recognition of rail car retroreflective patterns for improving nighttime conspicuity · 2001 · Multer, Jordan · archived
72. DRIVER FACTORS AFFECTING TRAFFIC SIGN DETECTION AND RECALL ↗ · 1994 · Al-Gadhi, Saad et al. · indexed
73. Drivers' awareness of traffic sign information ↗ · 1991 · Macdonald, Wendy A. et al. · indexed
74. A Study on Guide Sign Validity in Driving Simulator ↗ · 2011 · Zhonghua, Wei et al. · indexed
75. Estimation of traffic sign visibility considering local and global features in a driving environment ↗ · 2014 · Doman, Keisuke et al. · indexed
76. The Current State of Research on the Long-Term Deterioration of Traffic Signs ↗ · 2013 · Brimley, Bradford K. et al. · indexed
77. Retroreflective Material Specifications and On-Road Sign Performance ↗ · 2002 · Bible, R C et al. · indexed
78. UPDATED MINIMUM RETROREFLECTIVITY LEVELS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNS ↗ · 2003 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · indexed
79. PERCEPTION OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SIGNS ↗ · 1971 · Häkkinen, Suvi et al. · indexed
80. Driver Visibility Under Wet Pavement Conditions: Size, Shape, and Spacing of Object Markers/Delineators · 1991 · Lee, Raymond L. Jr et al. · archived
81. In-Vehicle Signing Functions of an In-Vehicle Information System · 1996 · Knee, Helmut E. et al. · archived
82. Evaluation of the Impact of Spectral Power Distribution on Driver Performance · 2015 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
83. Driver Preview Distances at Night Based on Driver Eye Scanning Recordings as a Function of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivities ↗ · 1999 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
84. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 47 No. 3 · 1983 · Rosenbaum, Merton J. et al. · archived
85. Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians · 2001 · Staplin, L. et al. · archived
86. Information as a Source of Distraction · 2015 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · archived
87. Sign Retroreflectivity Study ↗ · 2002 · Bischoff, Austin et al. · indexed
88. Fixation distance and fixation duration to vertical road signs ↗ · 2018 · Costa, Marco et al. · indexed
89. Traffic sign recognition and analysis for intelligent vehicles · 2003 · de la Escalera, A. et al. · archived
90. Traffic Signal Brightness: An Examination of Nighttime Dimming · 1985 · Freedman, Mark et al. · archived
91. Driver Eye Scanning of Warning Signs on Rural Highways ↗ · 1981 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. · indexed
92. Driver's Visibility Requirements for Roadway Delineation. Volume I: Effects of Contrast and Configuration on Driver Performance and Behavior · 1977 · Allen, R. W. et al. · archived
93. Machine Vision Based Traffic Sign Detection Methods: Review, Analyses and Perspectives · 2019 · Liu, Chunsheng et al. · archived
94. Evaluation of retroreflective markings to increase rail car conspicuity · 1998 · Ford, Robert E et al. · archived
95. Safety and Environmental Design Consideration in the Use of Commercial Electronic Variable-Message Signage · 1980 · Wachtel, Jerry et al. · archived
96. The Influence of Sign Variations on Drivers’ Comprehension ↗ · 2018 · Ben-Bassat, Tamar et al. · indexed
97. Recognition of traffic-control signs ↗ · 1972 · Dewar, R E et al. · indexed
98. How Much Space Is Required? Effect of Distance, Content, and Color on External Human–Machine Interface Size ↗ · 2020 · Rettenmaier, Michael et al. · indexed
99. On-Road Visual Sign Salience, Driver Attention Allocation, and Target Detection Accuracy ↗ · 2017 · Zahabi, Maryam et al. · indexed
100. Impact of reduced visibility from fog on traffic sign detection ↗ · 2014 · Belaroussi, Rachid et al. · indexed
101. Traffic Sign Comprehension: a Review of Influential Factors and Future Directions for Research ↗ · 2013 · Zhang, Tingru et al. · indexed
102. A Proposed Method About the Design of Road Signs · 2014 · Viganó, Roberto et al. · archived
103. Is three the magic number? The role of ergonomic principles in cross country comprehension of road traffic signs · 2016 · Jamson, Samantha et al. · archived
104. Refinement of Drivers' Visibility Needs during Wet Night Conditions ↗ · 2012 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · indexed
105. FACTORS AFFECTING SIGN RETROREFLECTIVITY ↗ · 2001 · Kirk, Alan et al. · indexed
106. OBSTACLE VISIBILITY IN RURAL NIGHT DRIVING AS RELATED TO REFLECTIVE QUALITIES OF THE ROAD SURFACE ↗ · 1973 · Elmers, G et al. · indexed
107. Proactive Evaluation of Traffic Signs Using a Traffic Sign Simulator · 2015 · De Ceunynck, Tim et al. · archived
108. Driver's visual attention to different categories of roadside advertising signs · 2019 · Costa, Marco et al. · archived
109. PW 0803 Night time visibility of crossing pedestrians ↗ · 2018 · Wickramasinghe, Vasantha et al. · indexed
110. Effects of Instrument Panel Luminance and Chromaticity on Reading Performance and Preference in Simulated Driving ↗ · 1989 · Imbeau, Daniel et al. · indexed
111. Reaction Time as an Index of Traffic Sign Perception ↗ · 1976 · Dewar, R E et al. · indexed
112. The effects of driver factors and sign design features on the comprehensibility of traffic signs ↗ · 2008 · Ng, Annie W. Y. et al. · indexed
113. Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Requirements for Older Drivers ↗ · 1996 · Graham, Johnny et al. · indexed
114. Technology Adoption and Use Across the Lifespan · 2015 · Reimer, Bryan · archived
115. Colours of retroreflective sign materials when illuminated by high-intensity-discharge headlamps ↗ · 2014 · Sivak, Michael et al. · indexed
116. Assessing Road Sign Perception: A Methodological Review ↗ · 2000 · Martens, Marieke · indexed
117. Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings · 2007 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
118. Creating Effective Graphic Changeable Dynamic Message Sign (DMS) Messaging · 2026 · Kondyli, Alexandra et al. · archived
119. Recognition Distances of Different Pavement Arrow Designs During Daytime and Nighttime ↗ · 1999 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · indexed
120. Novel Highway Signs Study to Support Infrastructure-Based Motorcycle-Crash Countermeasures: Phase II · 2021 · Weaver, Starla et al. · archived
121. Road Marking Contrast Threshold Revisited ↗ · 2021 · Spieringhs, Rik Marco et al. · indexed
122. Drivers' immediate responses to traffic signs ↗ · 1984 · Summala, Heikki et al. · indexed
123. Modern traffic control devices to improve safety at rural intersections. · 2011 · Fitzpatrick, Kay et al. · archived
124. Prediction of traffic sign vandalism that obstructs critical messages to drivers · 2017 · Khalilikhah, Majid et al. · archived
125. Guidelines and Recommendations to Accommodate Older Drivers and Pedestrians [2001-05] · 2001 · Staplin, L. et al. · archived
126. Analysis of Traffic Signs Information Volume Affecting Driver’s Visual Characteristics and Driving Safety ↗ · 2022 · Han, Lei et al. · indexed
127. Alternative information signs : an evaluation of driver comprehension and visual attention. · 2015 · Hurwitz, David S. et al. · archived
128. Highway Design and Operations Standards Affected by Driver Characteristics, Volume II: Final Technical Report · 1983 · McGee, Hugh W. et al. · archived
129. Ergonomic factors affecting comprehension levels of traffic signs: A critical review ↗ · 2023 · Berrio, Shyrle et al. · indexed
130. Space Management: An Application of Dynamic Lane Assignment · 1993 · Jella, Rohini K. et al. · archived
131. Freight car reflectorization · 1999 · Carroll, A. A. et al. · archived
132. Visibility and Conspicuity of Detectable Warnings for Pedestrians with Visual Impairments ↗ · 2008 · Jenness, James W. et al. · indexed
133. Handbook for designing roadways for the aging population. · 2014 · Brewer, Marcus et al. · archived
134. Pavement Markings and Delineation for Older Drives. Volume I: Final Report · 1996 · Pietrucha, Martin T. et al. · archived
135. Human factors opportunities to improve Ohio’s transportation system : final report, June 2005. · 2005 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · archived
136. Comprehension of Posted Highway Traffic Signs in Iraq · 2012 · Ismail, Aodai Abdul-Illah · archived
137. A system for traffic sign detection, tracking, and recognition using color, shape, and motion information · 2005 · Bahlmann, C. et al. · archived
138. Ergonomic Guidelines for Traffic Sign Design Increase Sign Comprehension ↗ · 2006 · Ben-Bassat, Tamar et al. · indexed
139. Handbook of Traffic Control Practices for Low Volume Rural Roads · 2005 · Russell, Eugene R. · archived
140. Road sign-aided estimation of visibility conditions ↗ · 2015 · Belaroussi, Rachid et al. · indexed
141. Mobile system for road sign detection and recognition with template matching · 2019 · Michał, Maćkowski et al. · archived
142. The Slash Obscures the Symbol on Prohibitive Traffic Signs ↗ · 1976 · Dewar, R E · indexed
143. Updates to Research on Recommended Minimum Levels for Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity to Meet Driver Night Visibility Needs ↗ · 2007 · Debaillon, Chris et al. · indexed
144. Presentation factors and driver characteristics affecting road-sign registration ↗ · 1986 · Milošević, Staniša et al. · indexed
145. Motorist Understanding of Alternative Designs for Traffic Signs · 1995 · Picha, Dale L. et al. · archived
146. Rapid Comprehension of Verbal and Symbolic Traffic Sign Messages ↗ · 1979 · Ells, Jerry G. et al. · indexed
147. Simulator Evaluation of Road Signs and Signals ↗ · 1994 · Allen, R. Wade et al. · indexed
148. Text Detection and Recognition on Traffic Panels From Street-Level Imagery Using Visual Appearance · 2014 · Gonzalez, Alvaro et al. · archived
149. Modeling driver distance recognition and speed perception at night for freeway speed limit selection in china ↗ · 2014 · Cheng, G.Z. et al. · indexed
150. Modern traffic control devices to improve safety at rural intersections · 2011 · Fitzpatrick, Kelly · archived
151. Evaluating the effects of bilingual traffic signs on driver performance and safety · 2005 · Jamson, Samantha et al. · archived
152. Information retrieval of LED text on electronic road sign for driver-assistance system using spatial-based feature and Nearest Cluster Neighbor classifier ↗ · 2014 · Wahyono et al. · indexed
153. Vision-Based Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition Systems: Current Trends and Challenges ↗ · 2019 · Wali, Safat B. et al. · indexed
154. Detection and classification of road signs for automatic inventory systems using computer vision ↗ · 2012 · Coronado, Gustavo A. Peláez et al. · indexed
155. Determination of Traffic Control Device Selection for Nighttime Maintenance of Traffic · 2010 · McAvoy, Deborah S. et al. · archived
156. Driver Response in Active Advanced Warning Signs at High-Speed Signalized Intersections · 1985 · Sabra, Ziad A. · archived
157. Evaluation of Sign Sheeting Service Life in Wyoming ↗ · 2014 · Pike, Adam M. et al. · indexed
158. User-centered Smart Traffic Sign Development Study · 2023 · Morris, Nichole L. et al. · archived
159. Freeway Guide Sign Performance at Complex Interchanges: Reducing Information Overload · 2024 · Li, Yingfeng (Eric) et al. · archived
160. Drivers’ Perceptions of Vertical Traffic Signs and Their Implications for Road Safety: Evidence from a Field Survey ↗ · 2026 · Durmus, Tahsin et al. · indexed
161. A System for Traffic Violation Detection · 2014 · Aliane, Nourdine et al. · archived
162. Effect of Driver Age and Distance Guide Sign Format on Driver Attention Allocation and Performance ↗ · 2018 · Zahabi, Maryam et al. · indexed
163. The effect of context and ergonomic design of traffic signs on driver comprehension – a preliminary evaluation ↗ · 2013 · Ben-Bassat, Tamar · indexed
164. Study to Understand the Influence of Emergency Vehicle Color, Reflectance, Signing/Arrow Boards, and Lighting Configurations in Reducing Responder Involved Crashes · 2025 · Agarwal, Nithin et al. · archived
165. Evaluation of warning lights on maintenance of traffic devices and development of possible alternatives. · 2013 · Theiss, LuAnn et al. · archived
166. Drivers and Road Signs: A Preliminary Investigation of the Capacity of Car Drivers to get Information from Road Signs ↗ · 1966 · Johansson, Gunnar et al. · indexed
167. An eye-tracking study of the effects of dimensions of speed limit traffic signs on a mountain highway on driverś perception ↗ · 2022 · Costa, Alex Taima et al. · indexed
168. Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks · 2008 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
169. Design and Evaluation of Signs and Pavement MarkingsUsing Driving Simulators ↗ · 2011 · Chrysler, Susan et al. · indexed
170. The Technology of Road Guide Signs Setting in Large Interchanges ↗ · 2013 · Liu, Xia et al. · indexed
171. Travel Better, Travel Longer: A Pocket Guide to Improve Traffic Control and Mobility for Our Older Population · 2003 · NHTSA · archived
172. Evaluation of ground mounted diagrammatic entrance ramp approach signs : final report, October 2000. · 2000 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · archived
173. OLDER DRIVERS SAY ... STOP SIGNS OF CONFUSION ↗ · 1992 · Jones, R. W. L. · indexed
174. Study of Road Signs in Saudi Arabia ↗ · 1993 · Abdul Jabbar, Adel S. et al. · indexed
175. Research and recommendations for a statewide sign retroreflectivity maintenance program ↗ · 2012 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · indexed
176. Manual on Real-Time Motorist Information Displays · 1986 · Dudek, Conrad L. et al. · archived
177. EVALUATION OF A ROAD SIGN PRE-DETECTION SYSTEM BY IMAGE ANALYSIS ↗ · 2009 · Foucher, Philippe et al. · indexed
178. Threshold Visibility Levels for the Adrian Visibility Model under Nighttime Driving Conditions ↗ · 2003 · Ising, Kurt W. et al. · indexed
179. Research review of potential safety effects of electronic billboards on driver attention and distraction · 2001 · Farbry, J. et al. · archived
180. Research review of potential safety effects of electronic billboards on driver attention and distraction · 2001 · Farbry, J. et al. · archived
181. Desk Reference to the Handbook for Designing Roadways for the Aging Population · 2015 · Brewer, Marcus A. et al. · archived
182. Perception of highway traffic signs and motivation ↗ · 1974 · Summala, Heikki et al. · indexed
183. Visibility of various road markings for machine vision ↗ · 2021 · Burghardt, Tomasz E. et al. · indexed
184. Identifying the safety factors over traffic signs in state roads using a panel quantile regression approach ↗ · 2018 · Šarić, Željko et al. · indexed
185. Visual Search for Traffic Signs: The Effects of Clutter, Luminance, and Aging ↗ · 2001 · Ho, Geoffrey et al. · indexed
186. Cognitive processing of bilingual traffic signs: an eye-tracking study in a driving simulator ↗ · 2026 · David, Maximilian et al. · indexed
187. Nighttime Visibility of Prototype Work Zone Markings under Dry, Wet-Recovery, and Rain Conditions ↗ · 2009 · Higgins, Laura et al. · indexed
188. Cognitive Design Features on Traffic Signs ↗ · 2006 · Ng, Annie W. Y. et al. · indexed
189. Evaluating New Technologies to Enhance Night Vision by Looking at Detection and Recognition Distances of Non-Motorists and Objects ↗ · 2001 · Blanco, Myra et al. · indexed
190. BETTER SIGNS FOR BETTER ROAD SAFETY ↗ · 2001 · Al-Yousifi, Adel Easa · indexed
191. Real-Time Speed Sign Detection Using the Radial Symmetry Detector ↗ · 2008 · Barnes, N. et al. · indexed
192. Motorist Comprehension of Traffic Control Devices: Statewide Survey Results · 1993 · Womack, Katie N. et al. · archived
193. Compendium of Student Papers: 2007 Undergraduate Transportation Scholars Program · 2007 · Ciarkowski, Matthew et al. · archived
194. Simulation Analysis on Driving Behavior during Traffic Sign Recognition ↗ · 2011 · Sun, Lishan et al. · indexed
195. Effects of Age and Illumination on Night Driving: A Road Test ↗ · 2007 · Owens, D. Alfred et al. · indexed
196. Effects of driver behavior and road sign design features on road sign comprehension: an international study ↗ · 2025 · Su, Hao-Jie et al. · indexed
197. The guessability of traffic signs: Effects of prospective-user factors and sign design features ↗ · 2007 · Ng, Annie W. Y. et al. · indexed
198. Warrants for major traffic generator guide signing. · 2009 · Qiao, Fengxiang et al. · archived
199. Motorist Understanding of Traffic Control Devices: Study Results and Recommendations · 1995 · Hawkins Jr, H Gene et al. · archived
200. Traffic control device evaluation program: simulator evaluation of sponsored changeable message signs and in-situ evaluation of rumble strip alternatives. · 2016 · Pike, Adam M. et al. · archived
201. Guide Sign's Visual Interference Experiment on Urban Road ↗ · 2011 · Du, Zhigang et al. · indexed
202. Evaluation of Michigan’s engineering improvements for older drivers. · 2015 · Kwigizile, Valerian et al. · archived
203. Traffic Sign Recognition Using Sparse Representations and Active Contour Models ↗ · 2014 · Okyere, Adu-Gyamfi Yaw et al. · indexed
204. Traffic Sign Recognition and Distance Estimation with YOLOv3 model ↗ · 2021 · Nath, Gokul S R et al. · indexed
205. Effect of Environmental Conditions on Performance of Image Recognition-Based Lane Departure Warning System ↗ · 2007 · Hadi, Mohammed et al. · indexed
206. Evaluation of Driver Comprehension of Word versus Symbol Highway Signs ↗ · 1974 · Plummer, Ralph W. et al. · indexed
207. Review and Development of Recommended Minimum Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Levels ↗ · 2008 · Debaillon, Chris et al. · indexed
208. A Study on Light Source Characteristics of Nighttime Highway Foggy Section Based on Driving Visual Cognition Demand ↗ · 2018 · Hu, Jiangbi et al. · indexed
209. Driver Needs on Two-Lane Rural Highways. Volume 2. Simplified Location of Information Deficiencies (SLIDE) – A Procedure · 1985 · NHTSA · archived
210. Vision-Based Traffic Conflict Detection of Signalized Intersections · 2018 · Sharma, Anuj · archived
211. UNECE transport review : first edition--November 2008. · 2008 · NHTSA · archived
212. Improved business driveway delineation in urban work zones. · 2015 · Theiss, LuAnn et al. · archived
213. The ergonomics of road signs: explicit and embedded speed limits ↗ · 1996 · Lajunen, Timo et al. · indexed
214. Investigation of Driver Comprehension of Traffic Information on Graphical Congestion Display Panels using a Driving Simulator · 2004 · Richards, Andy et al. · archived
215. Impacts of LED Brightness, Flash Pattern, and Location for Illuminated Pedestrian Traffic Control Device · 2015 · Fitzpatrick, Kay et al. · archived
216. A road sign detection and the recognition for Driver Assistance Systems ↗ · 2015 · Kale, Amol Jayant et al. · indexed
217. Intelligent Recognition Technology for the Segmentation of Traffic Indication Images Concerning Different Pavement Materials ↗ · 2022 · Xie, Juanhong et al. · indexed
218. Investigating Improvements to Pedestrian Crossings With An Emphasis on The Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacon [Tech Brief] · 2015 · NHTSA · archived
219. Effect of Road Markings and Traffic Signs Presence on Young Driver Stress Level, Eye Movement and Behaviour in Night-Time Conditions: A Driving Simulator Study ↗ · 2020 · Babić, Darko et al. · indexed
220. Effect of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity on the Performance of Vision-Based Lane Departure Warning Systems ↗ · 2011 · Hadi, Mohammed et al. · indexed
221. Assess Driver Distraction in an Era of Rapid Technological Change for Digital Advertising Billboards: Technical Report · 2025 · Pike, Adam et al. · archived
222. Traffic sign symbol comprehension: a cross-cultural study ↗ · 2003 · Shinar, David et al. · indexed
223. Condition Assessment of Road Markings in Denmark, Norway and Sweden—A Comparison Between Retroreflectivity, Visibility and Preview Time ↗ · 2025 · Vadeby, Anna et al. · indexed
224. Effects of Chinese Text Size on the In-Vehicle Text Legibility and Driver Distraction: A Simulator Study ↗ · 2025 · Zhong, Qi et al. · indexed
225. Road Sign Detection in Images: A Case Study ↗ · 2010 · Belaroussi, Rachid et al. · indexed
226. Traffic Sign Life Expectancy ↗ · 2014 · Preston, Howard et al. · indexed
227. Road-Sign Detection and Recognition Based on Support Vector Machines ↗ · 2007 · Maldonado-Bascon, Saturnino et al. · indexed
228. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 41 No. 3 · 1977 · Breen, John E. et al. · archived
229. Use of Graphics and Symbols on Dynamic Message Signs: Technical Report · 2009 · Ullman, Brooke R. et al. · archived
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231. Driver behavior in use of guide and logo signs under distraction and complex roadway conditions ↗ · 2014 · Kaber, David B. et al. · indexed
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