visibility analysis litigation

Photometric nighttime-visibility analysis for legal cases: quantifying seeing distance, illuminance and luminance, headlamp reach, and detection distance to determine whether and when an object could be seen. About how far/well something could physically be seen under measured light conditions, distinct from whether an object stood out against its background (conspicuity_in_litigation), PRT timing (perception_reaction_time), and general reconstruction (crash_reconstruction_hf).

127 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Enhanced Night Visibility Series, Volume XVI : Phase III, Characterization of Experimental Objects · 2005 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
2. Evaluation of the Impact of Spectral Power Distribution on Driver Performance · 2015 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
3. Quantifying the Night Driver's Visual Environment · 1980 · Olsen, R. A. · archived
4. The Distribution of Visibility Levels at Target Detection in a Modified Adrian/CIE Visibility Model ↗ · 2009 · Green, Marc · indexed
5. Prototype mobile luminance measurement system and level of service for evaluating rural high-speed nighttime delineation. · 2013 · Miles, Jeffrey D. et al. · archived
6. Driver Vision: Bibliography · 1963 · NHTSA · archived
7. A Safety Evaluation of UVA Vehicle Headlights · 1998 · Nitzburg, Marsha et al. · archived
8. The Twilight Envelope: A User-Centered Approach to Describing Roadway Illumination at Night ↗ · 2001 · Andre, Jeffrey et al. · indexed
9. Nighttime Highway Construction Illumination [URTC Report] · 2014 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
10. The Effect of Expectancy on Visibility in Night Driving ↗ · 1996 · Mortimer, Rudolf G. · indexed
11. Analysis of Nighttime Vehicular Collisions and the Application of Human Factors: An Integrated Approach ↗ · 2014 · Sprague, James K. et al. · indexed
12. Assessment of headlamp glare and potential countermeasures : the effects of headlamp mounting height · 2008 · Akashi, Yukio · archived
13. Visibility Problems in Nighttime Driving ↗ · 1987 · Olson, Paul L. · indexed
14. Breakthroughs in Vision and Visibility for Highway Safety: Workshop Summary Report, August 13-14, 2014 · 2015 · McInnis, Catherine et al. · archived
15. Driver's Visibility Requirements for Roadway Delineation. Volume I: Effects of Contrast and Configuration on Driver Performance and Behavior · 1977 · Allen, R. W. et al. · archived
16. Road traffic casualties: understanding the night-time death toll · 2006 · Plainis, Sotiris et al. · archived
17. The Effect of Nighttime Lighting Systems on Workers’ Visibility and Safety [Tech Transfer Summary] · 2025 · Ho, Chun-Hsing et al. · archived
18. Age Differences in Visual Abilities in Nighttime Driving Field Conditions ↗ · 1996 · Chrysler, Susan T. et al. · indexed
19. Visibility of Road Markings as a Function of Age, Retroreflectivity Under Low-Beam and High-Beam Illumination at Night ↗ · 1999 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · indexed
20. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 51 No. 2 · 1987 · Andrews, William H. Jr. et al. · archived
21. Development of a Model to Calculate Roadway Luminance Induced by Fixed Roadway Lighting ↗ · 2006 · Aktan, Fuat et al. · indexed
22. Development of Automated Roadway Lighting Diagnosis Tools for Nighttime Traffic Safety Improvement, Phase II · 2022 · Wang, Zhenyu et al. · archived
23. Target detection and driving behaviour measurements in a driving simulator at mesopic light levels ↗ · 2006 · Alferdinck, Johan W. A. M. · indexed
24. Sign Luminance Requirements for Various Background Complexities · 1985 · Mace, D. J. et al. · archived
25. Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks · 2008 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
26. Overhead Guide Sign Visibility Factors, Volume I: Final Report · 1989 · Stein, A. C. et al. · archived
27. Screening methodology for needs of roadway lighting. · 2003 · Lambert, James Hamilton et al. · archived
28. Web-Based Training for FHWA Roadway Lighting Workshop Module 1: Roadway Lighting Design Overview · 2018 · Frering, Daniel C. et al. · archived
29. Determining the correlation between daytime and night-time road markings visibility · 2016 · Babić, Dario et al. · archived
30. Changeable Message Sign Visibility · 1996 · Garvey, Philip M. et al. · archived
31. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research, Vol. 33, No. 11 · 1965 · Michaels, Richard M. et al. · archived
32. The Effect of Differences in Day and Night Lighting Distributions on Drivers' Speed Perception ↗ · 2016 · Kim, Jonathan et al. · indexed
33. Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings · 2007 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
34. Innovative, energy-efficient lighting for New York state roadways : opportunities for incorporating mesopic visibility considerations into roadway lighting practice · 2008 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
35. Connected vehicle applications for adaptive overhead lighting (on-demand lighting) : final research report. · 2016 · Gibbons, Ronald B et al. · archived
36. Evaluation of Glare Reduction Techniques · 1975 · Raine, W. L. et al. · archived
37. Reaction times as an index of visual conspicuity when driving at night ↗ · 2002 · Plainis, Sotiris et al. · indexed
38. Driver Visibility Under Wet Pavement Conditions: Size, Shape, and Spacing of Object Markers/Delineators · 1991 · Lee, Raymond L. Jr et al. · archived
39. Effects of Age and Illumination on Night Driving: A Road Test ↗ · 2007 · Owens, D. Alfred et al. · indexed
40. Design Criteria for Adaptive Roadway Lighting · 2014 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
41. CHARACTERISTICS AND NEEDS FOR OVERHEAD GUIDE SIGN ILLUMINATION FROM VEHICULAR HEADLAMPS ↗ · 1999 · Russell, E R et al. · indexed
42. Stopping Sight Distance and Available Sight Distance: New Model and Reliability Analysis Comparison ↗ · 2017 · Wood, Jonathan et al. · indexed
43. Driver Preview Distances at Night Based on Driver Eye Scanning Recordings as a Function of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivities ↗ · 1999 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
44. The (In)Accuracy of Estimations of Our Own Visual Acuity in the Presence of Glare ↗ · 2011 · Balk, Stacy A. et al. · indexed
45. Fixed Illumination for Pedestrian Protection: Final Report · 1975 · Freedman, Mark et al. · archived
46. Light Isn’t Just for Vision Anymore: Implications for Transportation Safety (Part II) · 2009 · Figueiro, Mariana G. et al. · archived
47. A Comprehensive Investigation of Visibility Problems on Highways: Developing Real Time Monitoring and Prediction System for Reduced Visibility and Understanding Traffic and Human Factors Implications · 2015 · Abdel-Aty, M. et al. · archived
48. Traffic control device evaluation program : FY 2016. · 2017 · Brimley, Bradford K. et al. · archived
49. The Relationship between Driver Vision and Accident Involvement ↗ · 1977 · Shinar, David · indexed
50. The accuracy of observers' estimates of the effect of glare on nighttime vision: Do we exaggerate the disabling effects of glare? ↗ · 2010 · Balk, Stacy A. · indexed
51. The Relation between and Driving Behavior Discomfort Glare · 1996 · Theeuwes, Jan et al. · archived
52. Roadway Lighting Handbook · 1978 · Walton, Ned E. · archived
53. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research, Vol. 36. No. 12 · 1972 · Schwab, Richard N. et al. · archived
54. Minimum Retroreflectivity Requirements for Traffic Signs · 1993 · Paniati, Jeffery F. et al. · archived
55. Daytime and Nighttime Passing Maneuvers on a Two-Lane Rural Road in Spain ↗ · 2013 · Llorca, Carlos et al. · indexed
56. Traffic Signal Brightness: An Examination of Nighttime Dimming · 1985 · Freedman, Mark et al. · archived
57. Applying the sign luminance computation model to study the effects of other vehicles on sign luminance · 2014 · Ye, Fan et al. · archived
58. Visibility estimation from a moving vehicle using the RALPH vision system ↗ · 2002 · Pomerleau, D. · indexed
59. Light Isn’t Just for Vision Anymore: Implications for Transportation Safety · 2007 · Figueiro, Mariana G. et al. · archived
60. Examination of Reduced Visibility Crashes and Potential IVHS Countermeasures · 1995 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · archived
61. Refinement of Drivers' Visibility Needs during Wet Night Conditions ↗ · 2012 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · indexed
62. Field Evaluation of Locomotive Conspicuity Lights · 1975 · Devoe, Donald B. et al. · archived
63. Roadside Assistance Vehicle Lighting: Review of Scientific Research and State Regulations · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
64. Evaluation of warning lights on maintenance of traffic devices and development of possible alternatives. · 2013 · Theiss, LuAnn et al. · archived
65. Road Sign Detection Distance and Reading Distance at an Uncontrolled Intersection · 2018 · Priambodo, Mohamad Ihsan et al. · archived
66. Evaluation of Stopping Sight Distance Design Criteria · 1969 · Glennon, John C. · archived
67. Updates to Research on Recommended Minimum Levels for Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity to Meet Driver Night Visibility Needs ↗ · 2007 · Debaillon, Chris et al. · indexed
68. Evaluation of the Safety Performance of Continuous Mainline Roadway Lighting on Freeway Segments in Washington State · 2016 · van Schalkwyk, Ida et al. · archived
69. Minimum retroreflectivity levels for overhead guide signs and street-name signs · 2003 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · archived
70. Investigation of driver speed choice and crash characteristics during low visibility events : final report. · 2016 · McCann, Katie et al. · archived
71. Real-Time Disparity Contrast Combination for Onboard Estimation of the Visibility Distance · 2006 · Hautiere, N. et al. · archived
72. Patterns of vehicle lights: Addressing complexities of camera-based vehicle light datasets and metrics · 2024 · Greer, Ross et al. · archived
73. Use of high intensity reflective sheeting in lieu of external lighting of overhead roadway signs. · 2013 · Jackson, N. Mike et al. · archived
74. Older Driver Perception-Reaction Time for Intersection Sight Distance and Object Detection, Volume I: Final Report · 1995 · Lerner, Neil D. et al. · archived
75. Overhead guide sign retroreflectivity and illumination. · 2015 · Obeidat, Mohammed et al. · archived
76. Long lighting system for enhanced conspicuity of motorcycles ↗ · 2007 · Tsutsumi, Yojiro et al. · indexed
77. Examining Optimal Sight Distances at Rural Intersections · 2019 · Morris, Nichole L. et al. · archived
78. Continuous freeway illumination and accidents on a section of Rte. I-95. · 1978 · Hilton, Marvin H · archived
79. Effects of Environmental Lighting Conditions on Operating Speeds on Urban Arterials ↗ · 2012 · Bassani, Marco et al. · indexed
80. Review of Driver Behavior Characteristics and Hazard Perception Enhancement in Low-Illumination Environments ↗ · 2025 · Feng, Pengfei et al. · indexed
81. Improved perception-reaction time information for intersection sight distance · 2002 · Hostetter, Robert S. et al. · archived
82. Nighttime Visibility of Prototype Work Zone Markings under Dry, Wet-Recovery, and Rain Conditions ↗ · 2009 · Higgins, Laura et al. · indexed
83. DECISION SIGHT DISTANCE FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC CONTROL REQUIREMENTS ↗ · 1978 · McGee, H W et al. · indexed
84. Analysis of the impact of nighttime driving to drivers’ behavior in rural roads through a driving simulator experiment · 2020 · Pavlou, Dimosthenis et al. · archived
85. Recognition of rail car retroreflective patterns for improving nighttime conspicuity · 2001 · Multer, Jordan · archived
86. Some factors affecting motorcyclists' conspicuity ↗ · 1996 · Hole, G et al. · indexed
87. Evaluation of available sight distance estimation method on rural roads according to Croatian regulation · 2024 · Stančerić, Ivica et al. · archived
88. Nighttime Legibility of Ground-Mounted Traffic Signs as a Function of Font, Color, and Retroreflective Sheeting Type · 2002 · Chrysler, Susan T. et al. · archived
89. Assessing the visibility of raised pavement markers and alternative forms of delineation · 2020 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
90. The Role of Retinal Adaptation in Night Driving ↗ · 2005 · Plainis, Sotiris et al. · indexed
91. Testing of bicycle lighting: Method development and evaluation · 2021 · Kircher, Katja et al. · archived
92. Evaluation of Green Lights on TMAS · 2018 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
93. Relative Visibility of Increased Legend Size vs. Brighter Materials for Traffic Signs · 1994 · Mace, Douglas J. et al. · archived
94. Legibility Distances of Fluorescent Traffic Signs and Their Normal Color Counterparts ↗ · 2001 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
95. Investigating the effect of ambient light conditions on road traffic crashes: The case of Cape Town, South Africa ↗ · 2024 · Nteziyaremye, Pascal et al. · indexed
96. Impacts of LED Brightness, Flash Pattern, and Location for Illuminated Pedestrian Traffic Control Device · 2015 · Fitzpatrick, Kay et al. · archived
97. Factors Affecting Drivers' Ability to Detect Motorcycles during Daylight in a Simulated Environment ↗ · 2015 · Shaheed, Mohammad Saad et al. · indexed
98. SIGN AND PAVEMENT MARKING VISIBILITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVERS ↗ · 2002 · Finley, Melisa D. et al. · indexed
99. Hybrid dimension reduction and logit models for glare-induced crash severity · 2026 · Tusti, Anannya Ghosh et al. · archived
100. Examining the impact of different LED road stud layouts on driving performance and gaze behaviour at night-time ↗ · 2024 · Portera, Alberto et al. · indexed
101. PERCEPTUAL AND FIELD FACTORS CAUSING LATERAL DISPLACEMENT ↗ · 1963 · Michaels, Richard M et al. · indexed
102. Workshop on Field Inspection and Rehabilitation of Traffic Control Devices - Proceedings · 1990 · Russell, Phillip O. et al. · archived
103. Evaluation of Enhanced Brake Lights Using Surrogate Safety Metrics: Task 2 & 3 Report: Development of Rear Signaling Model and Work Plan for Large Scale Field Evaluation · 2010 · Llaneras, Robert E. et al. · archived
104. Effect of Vehicle Color and Background Visibility for Improving Safety on Rural Kansas Highways · 2015 · Dissanayake, Sunanda et al. · archived
105. Roadway Intersections, Lighting and Safety ↗ · 2013 · Bullough, John D. et al. · indexed
106. Detectability of relative motion as a function of exposure duration, angular separation, and background. ↗ · 1974 · Harvey, Lewis O. et al. · indexed
107. Field evaluation of unlighted overhead guide signs using older drivers : final report, August 2003. · 2003 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · archived
108. Effect of Ambient Light on the Number of Motorized Vehicles, Cyclists, and Pedestrians ↗ · 2022 · Fotios, Steve et al. · indexed
109. Road Marking Contrast Threshold Revisited ↗ · 2021 · Spieringhs, Rik Marco et al. · indexed
110. Study on Drivers’ Visual Load Features in Lighting Environments of Interior Zones of Extra-Long Tunnels over 10 km ↗ · 2022 · Zhou, Yuantao et al. · indexed
111. Safety impacts of reduced visibility in inclement weather. · 2017 · Das, Subasish et al. · archived
112. An evaluation of Halogen, HID, and LED illumination intensities in projector and reflector headlights for safe nighttime driving environment ↗ · 2025 · Nkrumah, Jacob Kwaku et al. · indexed
113. Pedestrian alertness during the evening is not affected by lighting conditions typically used for road lighting · 2026 · Alshdaifat, A et al. · archived
114. The impact of road lighting on road user alertness in the evening · 2023 · Alshdaifat, A. et al. · archived
115. Guidelines for Enhancement of Visual Conspicuity of Trains at Grade Crossings · 1975 · Hopkins, John B. et al. · archived
116. Safety of Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings: Use of Auxiliary External Alerting Devices to Improve Locomotive Conspicuity · 1995 · Carroll, Anya A. et al. · archived
117. The nature and measurement of conspicuity ↗ · 1980 · Cole, B L et al. · indexed
118. Estimating the Available Sight Distance in the Urban Environment by GIS and Numerical Computing Codes ↗ · 2019 · Bassani, Marco et al. · indexed
119. Vehicle kinematics in turns and the role of cornering lamps in driver vision. · 2010 · Sullivan, John M. et al. · archived
120. DETERMINATION OF STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCES ↗ · 1997 · Fambro, D B et al. · indexed
121. Empirical modeling of the relationship between decision sight distance and stopping sight distance based on AASHTO · 2018 · BASSAN, Shy · archived
122. Lane Departure System Design using with IR Camera for Night-time Road Conditions · 2015 · Miman, Mehmet et al. · archived
123. Application and Comparison of Deep Learning Methods to Detect Night-Time Road Surface Conditions for Autonomous Vehicles · 2022 · Zhang, Hongyi et al. · archived
124. Improving Vehicle Assistance Systems: Evaluation of Augmented Capabilities through Infrared Thermal Camera Integration · 2025 · Beg, Mohammad Sojon et al. · archived
125. Near-infrared LED system to recognize road surface conditions for autonomous vehicles · 2022 · Zhang, Hongyi et al. · archived
126. Shadow Detection Approach Combining Spectral and Geometrical Properties in Highway Video-Surveillance · 2012 · Asaidi, Hakima et al. · archived
127. Object Detection In Low-Light Environment Using YOLOv7 ↗ · 2023 · Al-refai, Ghaith et al. · indexed