visibility analysis litigation

Photometric nighttime-visibility analysis for legal cases: quantifying seeing distance, illuminance and luminance, headlamp reach, and detection distance to determine whether and when an object could be seen. About how far/well something could physically be seen under measured light conditions, distinct from whether an object stood out against its background (conspicuity_in_litigation), PRT timing (perception_reaction_time), and general reconstruction (crash_reconstruction_hf).

249 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Enhanced Night Visibility Series, Volume XVI : Phase III, Characterization of Experimental Objects · 2005 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
2. Threshold Visibility Levels for the Adrian Visibility Model under Nighttime Driving Conditions ↗ · 2003 · Ising, Kurt W. et al. · indexed
3. Evaluation of the Impact of Spectral Power Distribution on Driver Performance · 2015 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
4. HEADLIGHT FACTORS AND NIGHTTIME VISION ↗ · 1976 · Graf, Carl et al. · indexed
5. Quantifying the Night Driver's Visual Environment · 1980 · Olsen, R. A. · archived
6. The Distribution of Visibility Levels at Target Detection in a Modified Adrian/CIE Visibility Model ↗ · 2009 · Green, Marc · indexed
7. Driver Visibility and Pedestrian Detection Distance in Nighttime Traffic Accident Reconstruction ↗ · 2026 · Savova-Mratsenkova, Milena et al. · indexed
8. Prototype mobile luminance measurement system and level of service for evaluating rural high-speed nighttime delineation. · 2013 · Miles, Jeffrey D. et al. · archived
9. Driver Vision: Bibliography · 1963 · NHTSA · archived
10. A Safety Evaluation of UVA Vehicle Headlights · 1998 · Nitzburg, Marsha et al. · archived
11. An Analysis of Driver Perception of Nighttime Visibility Using Fuzzy Set Theory ↗ · 2015 · LEE, Dong Min et al. · indexed
12. The Twilight Envelope: A User-Centered Approach to Describing Roadway Illumination at Night ↗ · 2001 · Andre, Jeffrey et al. · indexed
13. Nighttime Highway Construction Illumination [URTC Report] · 2014 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
14. Evaluating New Technologies to Enhance Night Vision by Looking at Detection and Recognition Distances of Non-Motorists and Objects ↗ · 2001 · Blanco, Myra et al. · indexed
15. The Effect of Expectancy on Visibility in Night Driving ↗ · 1996 · Mortimer, Rudolf G. · indexed
16. Analysis of Nighttime Vehicular Collisions and the Application of Human Factors: An Integrated Approach ↗ · 2014 · Sprague, James K. et al. · indexed
17. Assessment of headlamp glare and potential countermeasures : the effects of headlamp mounting height · 2008 · Akashi, Yukio · archived
18. IMPROVED MOTORCYCLE AND MOPED HEADLAMPS ↗ · 1982 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
19. Assessing the visibility of raised pavement markers and alternative forms of delineation · 2020 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
20. Visibility Problems in Nighttime Driving ↗ · 1987 · Olson, Paul L. · indexed
21. Breakthroughs in Vision and Visibility for Highway Safety: Workshop Summary Report, August 13-14, 2014 · 2015 · McInnis, Catherine et al. · archived
22. Driver's Visibility Requirements for Roadway Delineation. Volume I: Effects of Contrast and Configuration on Driver Performance and Behavior · 1977 · Allen, R. W. et al. · archived
23. The Effect of Nighttime Lighting Systems on Workers’ Visibility and Safety [Tech Transfer Summary] · 2025 · Ho, Chun-Hsing et al. · archived
24. Simulated driving performance and peripheral detection at mesopic and low photopic light levels ↗ · 2000 · Bullough, J.D. et al. · indexed
25. Age Differences in Visual Abilities in Nighttime Driving Field Conditions ↗ · 1996 · Chrysler, Susan T. et al. · indexed
26. Visibility of Road Markings as a Function of Age, Retroreflectivity Under Low-Beam and High-Beam Illumination at Night ↗ · 1999 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · indexed
27. OBSTACLE VISIBILITY IN RURAL NIGHT DRIVING AS RELATED TO REFLECTIVE QUALITIES OF THE ROAD SURFACE ↗ · 1973 · Elmers, G et al. · indexed
28. Road traffic casualties: understanding the night-time death toll · 2006 · Plainis, Sotiris et al. · archived
29. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 51 No. 2 · 1987 · Andrews, William H. Jr. et al. · archived
30. IMPROVED LOW-BEAM PHOTOMETRICS ↗ · 1983 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
31. Development of a Model to Calculate Roadway Luminance Induced by Fixed Roadway Lighting ↗ · 2006 · Aktan, Fuat et al. · indexed
32. INTERACTION BETWEEN FIXED AND VEHICULAR ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS ↗ · 1972 · Gallagher, V P et al. · indexed
33. Development of Automated Roadway Lighting Diagnosis Tools for Nighttime Traffic Safety Improvement, Phase II · 2022 · Wang, Zhenyu et al. · archived
34. Target detection and driving behaviour measurements in a driving simulator at mesopic light levels ↗ · 2006 · Alferdinck, Johan W. A. M. · indexed
35. Methodology to Assess Headlamp Performance in Virtual Environment and its Correlation with Real World Driving Conditions ↗ · 2021 · Joshi, Vivek S. et al. · indexed
36. PW 0803 Night time visibility of crossing pedestrians ↗ · 2018 · Wickramasinghe, Vasantha et al. · indexed
37. Pedestrians' estimates of their own nighttime conspicuity are unaffected by severe reductions in headlight illumination ↗ · 2013 · Borzendowski, Stephanie A. Whetsel et al. · indexed
38. A Study on Light Source Characteristics of Nighttime Highway Foggy Section Based on Driving Visual Cognition Demand ↗ · 2018 · Hu, Jiangbi et al. · indexed
39. Sign Luminance Requirements for Various Background Complexities · 1985 · Mace, D. J. et al. · archived
40. Applying the sign luminance computation model to study the effects of other vehicles on sign luminance · 2014 · Ye, Fan et al. · archived
41. Determining the correlation between daytime and night-time road markings visibility · 2016 · Babić, Dario et al. · archived
42. Drivers' judgments of the effect of headlight glare on their ability to see pedestrians at night ↗ · 2015 · Borzendowski, Stephanie A. Whetsel et al. · indexed
43. Modeling driver distance recognition and speed perception at night for freeway speed limit selection in china ↗ · 2014 · Cheng, G.Z. et al. · indexed
44. Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks · 2008 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
45. Overhead Guide Sign Visibility Factors, Volume I: Final Report · 1989 · Stein, A. C. et al. · archived
46. Screening methodology for needs of roadway lighting. · 2003 · Lambert, James Hamilton et al. · archived
47. Web-Based Training for FHWA Roadway Lighting Workshop Module 1: Roadway Lighting Design Overview · 2018 · Frering, Daniel C. et al. · archived
48. Testing of bicycle lighting: Method development and evaluation · 2021 · Kircher, Katja et al. · archived
49. Changeable Message Sign Visibility · 1996 · Garvey, Philip M. et al. · archived
50. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research, Vol. 33, No. 11 · 1965 · Michaels, Richard M. et al. · archived
51. The Effect of Differences in Day and Night Lighting Distributions on Drivers' Speed Perception ↗ · 2016 · Kim, Jonathan et al. · indexed
52. STUDY OF TARGET VISIBILITY ON THE ROAD WITH DRIVING AS WORKLOAD ↗ · 2019 · CAO, DEWEI et al. · indexed
53. Quantifying the Pedestrian Detection Benefits of the General Motors Night Vision System ↗ · 2005 · Hankey, Jonathan M. et al. · indexed
54. Light where it matters: IIHS headlight ratings are correlated with nighttime crash rates ↗ · 2022 · Brumbelow, Matthew L. · indexed
55. Innovative, energy-efficient lighting for New York state roadways : opportunities for incorporating mesopic visibility considerations into roadway lighting practice · 2008 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
56. Connected vehicle applications for adaptive overhead lighting (on-demand lighting) : final research report. · 2016 · Gibbons, Ronald B et al. · archived
57. Evaluation of Glare Reduction Techniques · 1975 · Raine, W. L. et al. · archived
58. Visual motion perception and driving hazard visibility at night-time ↗ · 2025 · Kennon, Catherine et al. · indexed
59. Reaction times as an index of visual conspicuity when driving at night ↗ · 2002 · Plainis, Sotiris et al. · indexed
60. Measuring the Quality of Drivers’ Night Vision ↗ · 1981 · Sturgis, Samuel P. et al. · indexed
61. Driver Visibility Under Wet Pavement Conditions: Size, Shape, and Spacing of Object Markers/Delineators · 1991 · Lee, Raymond L. Jr et al. · archived
62. Effects of Age and Illumination on Night Driving: A Road Test ↗ · 2007 · Owens, D. Alfred et al. · indexed
63. More Light on the Headlighting Problem ↗ · 1965 · Roper, Val J et al. · indexed
64. Design Criteria for Adaptive Roadway Lighting · 2014 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
65. CHARACTERISTICS AND NEEDS FOR OVERHEAD GUIDE SIGN ILLUMINATION FROM VEHICULAR HEADLAMPS ↗ · 1999 · Russell, E R et al. · indexed
66. Mesopic and glare driving performance in a driving simulator ↗ · 2025 · Kerwin, Thomas et al. · indexed
67. Stopping Sight Distance and Available Sight Distance: New Model and Reliability Analysis Comparison ↗ · 2017 · Wood, Jonathan et al. · indexed
68. Real-Time Disparity Contrast Combination for Onboard Estimation of the Visibility Distance · 2006 · Hautiere, N. et al. · archived
69. Driver Preview Distances at Night Based on Driver Eye Scanning Recordings as a Function of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivities ↗ · 1999 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
70. Drivers’ detection of roadside targets when driving vehicles with three headlight systems during high beam activation ↗ · 2017 · Reagan, Ian J. et al. · indexed
71. The (In)Accuracy of Estimations of Our Own Visual Acuity in the Presence of Glare ↗ · 2011 · Balk, Stacy A. et al. · indexed
72. Light Isn’t Just for Vision Anymore: Implications for Transportation Safety (Part II) · 2009 · Figueiro, Mariana G. et al. · archived
73. Fixed Illumination for Pedestrian Protection: Final Report · 1975 · Freedman, Mark et al. · archived
74. Influence of truck driver eye position on effectiveness of retroreflective traffic signs ↗ · 1993 · Sivak, M. et al. · indexed
75. A Comprehensive Investigation of Visibility Problems on Highways: Developing Real Time Monitoring and Prediction System for Reduced Visibility and Understanding Traffic and Human Factors Implications · 2015 · Abdel-Aty, M. et al. · archived
76. Traffic control device evaluation program : FY 2016. · 2017 · Brimley, Bradford K. et al. · archived
77. Traffic Signs and Real-World Driver Interaction ↗ · 2024 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
78. EVALUATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A SINGLE-BEAM HEADLIGHTING SYSTEM ↗ · 1979 · Halstead-Nussloch, Richard et al. · indexed
79. Errors in judging the approach rate of motorcycles in nighttime conditions and the effect of an improved lighting configuration ↗ · 2011 · Gould, M. et al. · indexed
80. VEHICLE FOG LIGHTING: AN ANALYTICAL EVALUATION ↗ · 1978 · Koth, B W et al. · indexed
81. The Relationship between Driver Vision and Accident Involvement ↗ · 1977 · Shinar, David · indexed
82. The accuracy of observers' estimates of the effect of glare on nighttime vision: Do we exaggerate the disabling effects of glare? ↗ · 2010 · Balk, Stacy A. · indexed
83. Influence of Tinted Windshield Glass and its Orientation on Visual Performance of Driver During Night Time and its Effect on Road Safety ↗ · 2013 · Shamsundara, B. V. et al. · indexed
84. THE EFFECT OF WIDE-ANGLE HEADLIGHT ILLUMINATION ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE ↗ · 1979 · Merritt, John O. et al. · indexed
85. The Relation between and Driving Behavior Discomfort Glare · 1996 · Theeuwes, Jan et al. · archived
86. Roadway Lighting Handbook · 1978 · Walton, Ned E. · archived
87. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research, Vol. 36. No. 12 · 1972 · Schwab, Richard N. et al. · archived
88. Minimum Retroreflectivity Requirements for Traffic Signs · 1993 · Paniati, Jeffery F. et al. · archived
89. Light Isn’t Just for Vision Anymore: Implications for Transportation Safety · 2007 · Figueiro, Mariana G. et al. · archived
90. Daytime and Nighttime Passing Maneuvers on a Two-Lane Rural Road in Spain ↗ · 2013 · Llorca, Carlos et al. · indexed
91. Driver Behavior as a Function of Ambient Light and Road Geometry ↗ · 2003 · Flannagan, Michael J et al. · indexed
92. Traffic Signal Brightness: An Examination of Nighttime Dimming · 1985 · Freedman, Mark et al. · archived
93. Evaluation of High-Intensity Discharge Automotive Forward Lighting ↗ · 2001 · Van Derlofske, John et al. · indexed
94. Visibility estimation from a moving vehicle using the RALPH vision system ↗ · 2002 · Pomerleau, D. · indexed
95. Influence of Roadside Safety Barriers on Available Sight Distance ↗ · 2025 · Stančerić, Ivica et al. · indexed
96. Examination of Reduced Visibility Crashes and Potential IVHS Countermeasures · 1995 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · archived
97. Pedestrian alertness during the evening is not affected by lighting conditions typically used for road lighting · 2026 · Alshdaifat, A et al. · archived
98. Research on the classification for road traffic visibility based on the characteristics of driving behaviour – a driving simulator experiment ↗ · 2020 · Wang, Kun et al. · indexed
99. The impact of road lighting on road user alertness in the evening · 2023 · Alshdaifat, A. et al. · archived
100. Coupling mechanism of nighttime lighting glare and driver cognitive load based on visual-physiological parameters ↗ · 2025 · Xu, Mingwei et al. · indexed
101. Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings · 2007 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
102. Effect of Driver's Age on Nighttime Legibility of Highway Signs ↗ · 1981 · Sivak, Michael et al. · indexed
103. Refinement of Drivers' Visibility Needs during Wet Night Conditions ↗ · 2012 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · indexed
104. Field Evaluation of Locomotive Conspicuity Lights · 1975 · Devoe, Donald B. et al. · archived
105. Roadside Assistance Vehicle Lighting: Review of Scientific Research and State Regulations · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
106. Investigation of flashing and intensity characteristics for vehicle-mounted warning beacons · 2018 · Kersavage, Kristin et al. · archived
107. The locations of headlamps and driver eye positions in vehicles sold in the USA ↗ · 1997 · SAK, MICHAEL et al. · indexed
108. Road Sign Detection Distance and Reading Distance at an Uncontrolled Intersection · 2018 · Priambodo, Mohamad Ihsan et al. · archived
109. SOME RESULTS OF COOPERATIVE VEHICLE LIGHTING RESEARCH ↗ · 1960 · Kilgour, Thomas R · indexed
110. Evaluation of warning lights on maintenance of traffic devices and development of possible alternatives. · 2013 · Theiss, LuAnn et al. · archived
111. Evaluation of Stopping Sight Distance Design Criteria · 1969 · Glennon, John C. · archived
112. Analysis of driver speeds under night driving conditions using a driving simulator ↗ · 2014 · Bella, Francesco et al. · indexed
113. Updates to Research on Recommended Minimum Levels for Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity to Meet Driver Night Visibility Needs ↗ · 2007 · Debaillon, Chris et al. · indexed
114. The influence of modern headlamps on the recognition of portable traffic signs and warning triangles ↗ · 2023 · Rak, Martin et al. · indexed
115. Evaluation of the Safety Performance of Continuous Mainline Roadway Lighting on Freeway Segments in Washington State · 2016 · van Schalkwyk, Ida et al. · archived
116. Minimum retroreflectivity levels for overhead guide signs and street-name signs · 2003 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · archived
117. Investigation of driver speed choice and crash characteristics during low visibility events : final report. · 2016 · McCann, Katie et al. · archived
118. Computer Simulation Evaluation of Current U.S. and European Headlamp Meeting Beams, and a Proposed Mid Beam ↗ · 1974 · Mortimer, Rudolf G. et al. · indexed
119. A Novel Way of Optimizing Headlight Distributions Based on Real-Life Traffic and Eye Tracking Data Part 3: Driver Gaze Behaviour on Real Roads and Optimized Light Distribution ↗ · 2023 · Kobbert, Jonas et al. · indexed
120. The effect of lighting conditions and use of headlights on drivers’ perception and appraisal of approaching vehicles at junctions ↗ · 2017 · Lee, Yee Mun et al. · indexed
121. Characterizing luminous efficiency functions for a simulated mesopic night driving task based on reaction time ↗ · 2006 · Szalmas, Attila et al. · indexed
122. An investigation of headlight glare as related to lateral separation of vehicles ↗ · 1968 · Webster, Lee A. et al. · indexed
123. Assessment of road-lighting parameters using camera based systems ↗ · 1999 · Dodds, G. · indexed
124. THE INFLUENCE BY SIZE OF HEADLAMP ON DISCOMFORT GLARE ↗ · 2001 · Manz, Karl · indexed
125. Use of high intensity reflective sheeting in lieu of external lighting of overhead roadway signs. · 2013 · Jackson, N. Mike et al. · archived
126. Older Driver Perception-Reaction Time for Intersection Sight Distance and Object Detection, Volume I: Final Report · 1995 · Lerner, Neil D. et al. · archived
127. Overhead guide sign retroreflectivity and illumination. · 2015 · Obeidat, Mohammed et al. · archived
128. Influence of Oncoming Light Exposure on Safety Outcomes in a Naturalistic Driving Study ↗ · 2018 · Bullough, John D. · indexed
129. Examining Optimal Sight Distances at Rural Intersections · 2019 · Morris, Nichole L. et al. · archived
130. Long lighting system for enhanced conspicuity of motorcycles ↗ · 2007 · Tsutsumi, Yojiro et al. · indexed
131. Evaluation of available sight distance estimation method on rural roads according to Croatian regulation · 2024 · Stančerić, Ivica et al. · archived
132. Perception of Approaching Motorcycles by Distracted Drivers May Depend on Auxiliary Lighting Treatments: A Field Experiment ↗ · 2011 · Jenness, James et al. · indexed
133. Pedestrian Detection with near and far Infrared Night Vision Enhancement ↗ · 2007 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
134. Continuous freeway illumination and accidents on a section of Rte. I-95. · 1978 · Hilton, Marvin H · archived
135. Effects of Illuminance Levels on Driver Comfort: Evidence from a High-Fidelity Simulator Study ↗ · 2025 · Abdalla, Shene et al. · indexed
136. Influence of Vertical Illuminance on Pedestrian Visibility in Crosswalks ↗ · 2006 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · indexed
137. Effects of Environmental Lighting Conditions on Operating Speeds on Urban Arterials ↗ · 2012 · Bassani, Marco et al. · indexed
138. Review of Driver Behavior Characteristics and Hazard Perception Enhancement in Low-Illumination Environments ↗ · 2025 · Feng, Pengfei et al. · indexed
139. Improved perception-reaction time information for intersection sight distance · 2002 · Hostetter, Robert S. et al. · archived
140. Performance investigation of different headlights used in vehicles under foggy conditions ↗ · 2023 · Sefer, Taylan et al. · indexed
141. Nighttime Visibility of Prototype Work Zone Markings under Dry, Wet-Recovery, and Rain Conditions ↗ · 2009 · Higgins, Laura et al. · indexed
142. Legal Blindness Can Be Compatible with Safe Driving ↗ · 1989 · Fonda, Gerald · indexed
143. Route Ahead Visibility Mapping: A method to model how far ahead a motorist may view a designated route ↗ · 2010 · Bartie, Phil et al. · indexed
144. DECISION SIGHT DISTANCE FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC CONTROL REQUIREMENTS ↗ · 1978 · McGee, H W et al. · indexed
145. Analysis of the impact of nighttime driving to drivers’ behavior in rural roads through a driving simulator experiment · 2020 · Pavlou, Dimosthenis et al. · archived
146. Discomfort and Disability Glare from Halogen and HID Headlamp Systems ↗ · 2002 · Bullough, John D. et al. · indexed
147. Patterns of vehicle lights: Addressing complexities of camera-based vehicle light datasets and metrics · 2024 · Greer, Ross et al. · archived
148. Understanding the Safety Effects of Vehicle Lighting Through Naturalistic Driving Data ↗ · 2015 · Bullough, John D. · indexed
149. The danger of poor visibility – the Nigerian experience ↗ · 2010 · Adenusi, P · indexed
150. SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE ASPECTS OF HEADLAMP GLARE: EFFECTS OF SIZE AND SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION ↗ · 1999 · Flannagan, Michael J. · indexed
151. The influence of photoluminescent road markings on driver’s stationary gaze entropy: a driving simulation study ↗ · 2025 · Di Stasi, Leandro L. et al. · indexed
152. Dynamic measurement of traffic signluminance as perceived by a driver ↗ · 2011 · Gutierrez, JA et al. · indexed
153. Recognition of rail car retroreflective patterns for improving nighttime conspicuity · 2001 · Multer, Jordan · archived
154. An Evaluation of Glare in Nighttime Driving Caused by Headlights Reflected from Rearview Mirrors ↗ · 1974 · Miller, Norma D. et al. · indexed
155. Target Detection Distances and Driver Performance with Swiveling HID Headlamps ↗ · 2004 · McLaughlin, Shane et al. · indexed
156. Association of Photopic and Mesopic Contrast Sensitivity in older drivers with risk of motor vehicle collision using naturalistic driving data ↗ · 2020 · Owsley, Cynthia et al. · indexed
157. Some factors affecting motorcyclists' conspicuity ↗ · 1996 · Hole, G et al. · indexed
158. Performance of the First Generation of HID Headlamps in the U.S. ↗ · 2005 · Sivak, Michael et al. · indexed
159. Nighttime Legibility of Ground-Mounted Traffic Signs as a Function of Font, Color, and Retroreflective Sheeting Type · 2002 · Chrysler, Susan T. et al. · archived
160. Adaptive Driving Beam - Visibility Improvement versus Glare ↗ · 2014 · Neumann, Rainer · indexed
161. CRITICAL SPEED IN PEDESTRIANS’ RELATIVE MOTION REGARDING LIMITED VISIBILITY ZONE FROM DRIVER SEAT ↗ · 2023 · Uzunov, Hristo et al. · indexed
162. The Role of Retinal Adaptation in Night Driving ↗ · 2005 · Plainis, Sotiris et al. · indexed
163. Evaluation of Green Lights on TMAS · 2018 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
164. Relative Visibility of Increased Legend Size vs. Brighter Materials for Traffic Signs · 1994 · Mace, Douglas J. et al. · archived
165. Legibility Distances of Fluorescent Traffic Signs and Their Normal Color Counterparts ↗ · 2001 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
166. To illuminate or not to illuminate: Roadway lighting as it affects traffic safety at intersections ↗ · 2013 · Bullough, John D. et al. · indexed
167. The Study of Characteristic of Drivers Visual Attention Based on Driving Simulation Device ↗ · 2013 · Xia, Ru Ting et al. · indexed
168. Age Differences in the Legibility of Symbol Highway Signs as a Function of Luminance and Glare Level: A Preliminary Report ↗ · 1994 · Schieber, Frank et al. · indexed
169. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON DISABILITY GLARE ↗ · 1977 · Cole, B L · indexed
170. Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings ↗ · 2005 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · indexed
171. Investigating the effect of ambient light conditions on road traffic crashes: The case of Cape Town, South Africa ↗ · 2024 · Nteziyaremye, Pascal et al. · indexed
172. Impacts of LED Brightness, Flash Pattern, and Location for Illuminated Pedestrian Traffic Control Device · 2015 · Fitzpatrick, Kay et al. · archived
173. Factors Affecting Drivers' Ability to Detect Motorcycles during Daylight in a Simulated Environment ↗ · 2015 · Shaheed, Mohammad Saad et al. · indexed
174. Video analysis of bicyclist and pedestrian movement on shared-use paths under daylight and electric lighting conditions—Method exploration · 2024 · Yastremska-Kravchenko, Oksana et al. · archived
175. The effect of rear bicycle light configurations on drivers' perception of cyclists' presence and proximity · 2024 · Bishop, Daniel T. et al. · archived
176. SIGN AND PAVEMENT MARKING VISIBILITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVERS ↗ · 2002 · Finley, Melisa D. et al. · indexed
177. On-road experiment to assess drivers’ detection of roadside targets as a function of headlight system, target placement, and target reflectance ↗ · 2015 · Reagan, Ian J. et al. · indexed
178. The role of ambient light level in fatal crashes: inferences from daylight saving time transitions ↗ · 2002 · Sullivan, John M. et al. · indexed
179. Driving in the Rain: A Survey toward Visibility Estimation through Windshields · 2023 · Morden, Jarrad et al. · archived
180. Empirical modeling of the relationship between decision sight distance and stopping sight distance based on AASHTO · 2018 · BASSAN, Shy · archived
181. Road sign-aided estimation of visibility conditions ↗ · 2015 · Belaroussi, Rachid et al. · indexed
182. Assessment of discomfort glare in motor vehicle lighting ↗ · 1974 · Schmidt-Clausen, H.-J. et al. · indexed
183. Pedestrians’ perception and response towards vehicles during road-crossing at nighttime ↗ · 2018 · Balasubramanian, Venkatesh et al. · indexed
184. Examining the impact of different LED road stud layouts on driving performance and gaze behaviour at night-time ↗ · 2024 · Portera, Alberto et al. · indexed
185. PERCEPTUAL AND FIELD FACTORS CAUSING LATERAL DISPLACEMENT ↗ · 1963 · Michaels, Richard M et al. · indexed
186. Nighttime Speed Negotiation on Rural Road S-Shaped Curves: Discussion of an Experimental Case-Study ↗ · 2009 · Pasetto, Marco et al. · indexed
187. Workshop on Field Inspection and Rehabilitation of Traffic Control Devices - Proceedings · 1990 · Russell, Phillip O. et al. · archived
188. Analysis of the injury severity of crashes by considering different lighting conditions on two-lane rural roads ↗ · 2015 · Anarkooli, Alireza Jafari et al. · indexed
189. Depth and Collision Judgment Using Night Vision Goggles ↗ · 1995 · DeLucia, Patricia R. et al. · indexed
190. Discomfort Glare from Automobile Headlights ↗ · 1984 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
191. Nighttime driver detection distances for Tasmanian fauna: informing speed limits to reduce roadkill ↗ · 2010 · Hobday, Alistair J. · indexed
192. Evaluation of Enhanced Brake Lights Using Surrogate Safety Metrics: Task 2 & 3 Report: Development of Rear Signaling Model and Work Plan for Large Scale Field Evaluation · 2010 · Llaneras, Robert E. et al. · archived
193. Highway Safety with an Intelligent Headlight System for Improved Nighttime Driving · 2024 · Nkrumah, Jacob Kwaku et al. · archived
194. Can light emitting diode-based road studs improve vehicle control in curves at night? A driving simulator study · 2016 · Shahar, A et al. · archived
195. Effect of Vehicle Color and Background Visibility for Improving Safety on Rural Kansas Highways · 2015 · Dissanayake, Sunanda et al. · archived
196. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMOTIVE REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS ↗ · 1975 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
197. Roadway Intersections, Lighting and Safety ↗ · 2013 · Bullough, John D. et al. · indexed
198. Driver Performance and Workload Using a Night Vision System ↗ · 2007 · Sullivan, John M et al. · indexed
199. Detectability of relative motion as a function of exposure duration, angular separation, and background. ↗ · 1974 · Harvey, Lewis O. et al. · indexed
200. Field evaluation of unlighted overhead guide signs using older drivers : final report, August 2003. · 2003 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · archived
201. The Effect of Improvements in Motorcycle/Motorcyclist Conspicuity on Driver Behavior ↗ · 1981 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
202. Effect of Ambient Light on the Number of Motorized Vehicles, Cyclists, and Pedestrians ↗ · 2022 · Fotios, Steve et al. · indexed
203. Can Headway Reduction in Fog Be Explained by Impaired Perception of Relative Motion? ↗ · 2009 · Caro, Stéphane et al. · indexed
204. Road Marking Contrast Threshold Revisited ↗ · 2021 · Spieringhs, Rik Marco et al. · indexed
205. A virtual reality evacuation experiment on driving behavior in reduced visibility ↗ · 2026 · Berthiaume, Maxine et al. · indexed
206. Critique of "Distance Estimation with Night Vision Goggles: A Little Feedback Goes a Long Way" ↗ · 1999 · DeLucia, Patricia R. · indexed
207. Study on Drivers’ Visual Load Features in Lighting Environments of Interior Zones of Extra-Long Tunnels over 10 km ↗ · 2022 · Zhou, Yuantao et al. · indexed
208. High-Beam and Low-Beam Headlighting Patterns in the U.S. and Europe at the Turn of the Millennium ↗ · 2002 · Schoettle, Brandon et al. · indexed
209. Naturalistic measurement of driver eye height and object height using photogrammetry ↗ · 2021 · Llewellyn, Richard et al. · indexed
210. “Ease of Driving” Road Classification for Night-time Driving Conditions ↗ · 2016 · Pillai, Preeti J. et al. · indexed
211. Safety impacts of reduced visibility in inclement weather. · 2017 · Das, Subasish et al. · archived
212. Development and validation of a vision and night driving questionnaire ↗ · 2016 · Kimlin, Janessa A et al. · indexed
213. An evaluation of Halogen, HID, and LED illumination intensities in projector and reflector headlights for safe nighttime driving environment ↗ · 2025 · Nkrumah, Jacob Kwaku et al. · indexed
214. Analysis of Sources of Error in Headlamp Aim ↗ · 1974 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
215. Guidelines for Enhancement of Visual Conspicuity of Trains at Grade Crossings · 1975 · Hopkins, John B. et al. · archived
216. Safety of Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings: Use of Auxiliary External Alerting Devices to Improve Locomotive Conspicuity · 1995 · Carroll, Anya A. et al. · archived
217. The nature and measurement of conspicuity ↗ · 1980 · Cole, B L et al. · indexed
218. Effects of Simulated Day and Night Driving on the Speed Differential in Tangent–Curve Transition: A Pilot Study Using Driving Simulator ↗ · 2013 · Bella, Francesco et al. · indexed
219. Estimating the Available Sight Distance in the Urban Environment by GIS and Numerical Computing Codes ↗ · 2019 · Bassani, Marco et al. · indexed
220. Vehicle kinematics in turns and the role of cornering lamps in driver vision. · 2010 · Sullivan, John M. et al. · archived
221. Determining the Best Method for Measuring No-Passing Zones ↗ · 2000 · Brown, Richard L. et al. · indexed
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