DrivingResearch.

vehicle conspicuity

Making motor vehicles (cars, trucks, trailers) visible to other drivers: rear and side retroreflective conspicuity tape, daytime running lights, marker and brake lighting, vehicle color and contrast against the road scene. The object being made visible is a vehicle, NOT a pedestrian or cyclist (vru_conspicuity) and NOT a responder or work zone (emergency_work_zone_conspicuity).

Relevant standards

  • ADR 13/00 — Australian Design Rule 13/00 – Installation of Lighting and Light Signalling Devices on other than L-Group Vehicles
  • ADR 19/02 — Australian Design Rule 19/02 – Installation of Lighting and Light Signalling Devices on L-Group Vehicles
  • ADR 76/00 — Australian Design Rule 76/00 – Daytime Running Lamps
  • CIE 074-1988 — Road signs
  • CMVSS 108 — Lighting Systems and Reflective Devices
  • IIHS Vehicle-to-Vehicle Front Crash Prevention 2.0 Test Protocol — Vehicle-to-Vehicle Front Crash Prevention 2.0 Test Protocol (Version II)
  • ISO 20901:2020 — Intelligent transport systems — Emergency electronic brake light systems (EEBL) — Performance requirements and test procedures
  • SAE J3134 — Automated Driving System (ADS) Marker Lamp
  • UN ECE R104 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of retro-reflective markings for vehicles of categories M, N and O
  • UN ECE R148 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of light-signalling devices (lamps) for power-driven vehicles and their trailers
  • UN ECE R150 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of retro-reflective devices and markings for power-driven vehicles and their trailers
  • UN ECE R23 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of reversing lamps and manoeuvring lamps for power-driven vehicles and their trailers
  • UN ECE R38 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of rear fog lamps for power-driven vehicles and their trailers
  • UN ECE R48 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices
  • UN ECE R6 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of direction indicators for power-driven vehicles and their trailers
  • UN ECE R65 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of special warning lamps for power-driven vehicles and their trailers
  • UN ECE R69 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of rear marking plates for slow-moving vehicles (by construction) and their trailers
  • UN ECE R7 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of front and rear position lamps, stop-lamps and end-outline marker lamps for power-driven vehicles and their trailers
  • UN ECE R70 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of rear marking plates for heavy and long vehicles
  • UN ECE R87 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of daytime running lamps for power-driven vehicles

Also in Visibility & Lighting

All of Visibility & Lighting →

Related elsewhere in the corpus

Topics that co-occur with this one far more than chance predicts — these sit in other categories, so the hierarchy would not have shown them to you.

Narrow by how the study was done

Counts are papers in this topic that declare the facet — these facets are sparsely declared, so a small number means few papers said, not few papers did. All facets.

Method 45 of 226 declare it
Instruments & Measures 8 of 226 declare it
Automation level 10 of 226 declare it
Dataset 12 of 226 declare it

226 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

  1. Evaluation of retroreflective markings to increase rail car conspicuity · 1998 · Ford, Robert E et al. · archived
  2. Study to Understand the Influence of Emergency Vehicle Color, Reflectance, Signing/Arrow Boards, and Lighting Configurations in Reducing Responder Involved Crashes · 2025 · Agarwal, Nithin et al. · archived
  3. Recognition of rail car retroreflective patterns for improving nighttime conspicuity · 2001 · Multer, Jordan · archived
  4. Considering Conspicuity for North Carolina Department of Transportation Light Trucks Final Report · 2022 · Sylcott, Brian · archived
  5. Roadside Assistance Vehicle Lighting: Review of Scientific Research and State Regulations · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  6. Freight car reflectorization · 1999 · Carroll, A. A. et al. · archived
  7. Reflective Tape Applied to Bicycle Frame and Conspicuity Enhancement at Night ↗ · 2016 · Costa, Marco et al. · indexed
  8. Driver Vision: Bibliography · 1963 · NHTSA · archived
  9. Assessing the visibility of raised pavement markers and alternative forms of delineation · 2020 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
  10. The Effect of Improvements in Motorcycle/Motorcyclist Conspicuity on Driver Behavior ↗ · 1981 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
  11. Evaluation of retroreflective material on stop sign posts in Virginia. · 2009 · Cottrell, Benjamin H et al. · archived
  12. Work vehicle warning lights : color options and effectiveness. · 2015 · Howell, Brian et al. · archived
  13. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMOTIVE REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS ↗ · 1975 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
  14. Determining the correlation between daytime and night-time road markings visibility · 2016 · Babić, Dario et al. · archived
  15. Influence of truck driver eye position on effectiveness of retroreflective traffic signs ↗ · 1993 · Sivak, M. et al. · indexed
  16. Visibility of Road Markings as a Function of Age, Retroreflectivity Under Low-Beam and High-Beam Illumination at Night ↗ · 1999 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · indexed
  17. Minimum Retroreflectivity Requirements for Traffic Signs · 1993 · Paniati, Jeffery F. et al. · archived
  18. Size Isn't Everything: The Effects of Size and Brightness of Retroreflective Materials on Nighttime Conspicuity ↗ · 2005 · Cassidy, Paul E. et al. · indexed
  19. Improvement of conspicuity of trailblazing signs, Phase III : evaluation of fluorescent colors. · 2001 · Neale, Vicki L · archived
  20. Updates to Research on Recommended Minimum Levels for Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity to Meet Driver Night Visibility Needs ↗ · 2007 · Debaillon, Chris et al. · indexed
  21. Enhancing Conspicuity for Standard Signs and Retroreflectivity Strips on Posts [tech brief] · 2022 · Katz, Bryan et al. · archived
  22. Effect of Vehicle Color and Background Visibility for Improving Safety on Rural Kansas Highways · 2015 · Dissanayake, Sunanda et al. · archived
  23. Breakthroughs in Vision and Visibility for Highway Safety: Workshop Summary Report, August 13-14, 2014 · 2015 · McInnis, Catherine et al. · archived
  24. Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings · 2007 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
  25. Evaluation of Retroreflective Sheetings for Use on Traffic Control Devices at Construction Work Zones · 1991 · Ahmed, Samir A. · archived
  26. Improving the conspicuity and safety of pedestrians and cyclists on night-time roads ↗ · 2023 · Wood, Joanne M. · indexed
  27. Guidelines for Enhancement of Visual Conspicuity of Trains at Grade Crossings · 1975 · Hopkins, John B. et al. · archived
  28. Applying the sign luminance computation model to study the effects of other vehicles on sign luminance · 2014 · Ye, Fan et al. · archived
  29. SOME RESULTS OF COOPERATIVE VEHICLE LIGHTING RESEARCH ↗ · 1960 · Kilgour, Thomas R · indexed
  30. Cyclist conspicuity: A review of the literature and the role of clothing color · 2012 · Wood, Joanne et al. · archived
  31. Improving the conspicuity of trailblazing signs for incident management. · 1998 · Barker, J. A. et al. · archived
  32. Use of high intensity reflective sheeting in lieu of external lighting of overhead roadway signs. · 2013 · Jackson, N. Mike et al. · archived
  33. Workshop on Field Inspection and Rehabilitation of Traffic Control Devices - Proceedings · 1990 · Russell, Phillip O. et al. · archived
  34. Enhanced Night Visibility Series, Volume XVI : Phase III, Characterization of Experimental Objects · 2005 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · archived
  35. Recommendations for Highway Construction, Maintenance, and Service Equipment Warning Lights and Pavement Data Collection System Safety · 1998 · Ullman, Gerald et al. · archived
  36. SIGN AND PAVEMENT MARKING VISIBILITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVERS ↗ · 2002 · Finley, Melisa D. et al. · indexed
  37. Driver Preview Distances at Night Based on Driver Eye Scanning Recordings as a Function of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivities ↗ · 1999 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
  38. Improving Work Zone Safety for Freight Vehicles: Effective Design Patterns for Vehicle Mounted Attenuators · 2010 · Bham, Ghulam H. et al. · archived
  39. Nighttime Legibility of Ground-Mounted Traffic Signs as a Function of Font, Color, and Retroreflective Sheeting Type · 2002 · Chrysler, Susan T. et al. · archived
  40. Nighttime Highway Construction Illumination [URTC Report] · 2014 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
  41. Minimum retroreflectivity levels for overhead guide signs and street-name signs · 2003 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · archived
  42. Field Evaluation of Locomotive Conspicuity Lights · 1975 · Devoe, Donald B. et al. · archived
  43. Driver's Visibility Requirements for Roadway Delineation. Volume I: Effects of Contrast and Configuration on Driver Performance and Behavior · 1977 · Allen, R. W. et al. · archived
  44. Impacts of Coordinating the Colors of Flashing Warning Lights and Vehicle Markings on Driver Perception ↗ · 2023 · Bullough, John D. et al. · indexed
  45. A determination of the appropriateness of Virginia's retroreflective sign sheeting specification for fluorescent orange construction and maintenance signs. · 2002 · Brich, Stephen C · archived
  46. High visibility safety apparel and nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians in work zones ↗ · 2004 · Sayer, James R. et al. · indexed
  47. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 51 No. 2 · 1987 · Andrews, William H. Jr. et al. · archived
  48. Evolution of an Enhanced Rear Signaling System ↗ · 2003 · Lee, Suzanne E. et al. · indexed
  49. Some factors affecting motorcyclists' conspicuity ↗ · 1996 · Hole, G et al. · indexed
  50. Overhead Guide Sign Visibility Factors, Volume I: Final Report · 1989 · Stein, A. C. et al. · archived
  51. Factors Affecting Drivers' Ability to Detect Motorcycles during Daylight in a Simulated Environment ↗ · 2015 · Shaheed, Mohammad Saad et al. · indexed
  52. The influence of modern headlamps on the recognition of portable traffic signs and warning triangles ↗ · 2023 · Rak, Martin et al. · indexed
  53. Approach-End Treatment of Channelization: Signing and Delineation · 1962 · Rowan, Neilon J. · archived
  54. Evaluation of Green Lights on TMAS · 2018 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
  55. Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Requirements for Older Drivers ↗ · 1996 · Graham, Johnny et al. · indexed
  56. A driving simulator study : evaluation of vehicle mounted attenuator markings in work zones during different times of the day. · 2010 · Bham, Ghulam H. et al. · archived
  57. The effects of motor vehicle window tinting on traffic safety and enforcement : final report : a report to the Governor and General Assembly in response to Senate Joint Resolution 293, 1993 Session. · 1994 · Proffitt, Dennis R · archived
  58. Evaluation of warning lights on maintenance of traffic devices and development of possible alternatives. · 2013 · Theiss, LuAnn et al. · archived
  59. Attention and search conspicuity of motorcycles as a function of their visual context ↗ · 2012 · Gershon, Pnina et al. · indexed
  60. Protecting Roadside Workers: Field Evaluation of Flares, Cones, and Tow Truck Light Patterns · 2023 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  61. A Safety Evaluation of UVA Vehicle Headlights · 1998 · Nitzburg, Marsha et al. · archived
  62. OBSTACLE VISIBILITY IN RURAL NIGHT DRIVING AS RELATED TO REFLECTIVE QUALITIES OF THE ROAD SURFACE ↗ · 1973 · Elmers, G et al. · indexed
  63. Expanded Research and Development of an Enhanced Rear Signaling System for Commercial Motor Vehicles · 2014 · Schaudt, William A. et al. · archived
  64. Visibility of various road markings for machine vision ↗ · 2021 · Burghardt, Tomasz E. et al. · indexed
  65. Review and Development of Recommended Minimum Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Levels ↗ · 2008 · Debaillon, Chris et al. · indexed
  66. Refinement of Drivers' Visibility Needs during Wet Night Conditions ↗ · 2012 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · indexed
  67. Relative Visibility of Increased Legend Size vs. Brighter Materials for Traffic Signs · 1994 · Mace, Douglas J. et al. · archived
  68. Effect of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity on the Performance of Vision-Based Lane Departure Warning Systems ↗ · 2011 · Hadi, Mohammed et al. · indexed
  69. A review of present requirements for road vehicle lighting and signalling ↗ · 1969 · Judd, D.L. · indexed
  70. PW 0803 Night time visibility of crossing pedestrians ↗ · 2018 · Wickramasinghe, Vasantha et al. · indexed
  71. Colours of retroreflective sign materials when illuminated by high-intensity-discharge headlamps ↗ · 2014 · Sivak, Michael et al. · indexed
  72. Overhead guide sign retroreflectivity and illumination. · 2015 · Obeidat, Mohammed et al. · archived
  73. Investigation of Longitudinal Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity and Safety ↗ · 2013 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · indexed
  74. Retroreflective Material Specifications and On-Road Sign Performance ↗ · 2002 · Bible, R C et al. · indexed
  75. Safety Aspects of Using Vehicle Hazard Warning Lights: Volume 2. Final Report · 1980 · Knoblauch, Richard L. et al. · archived
  76. An Evaluation of Retro-Reflective Screens to Aid Conspicuity of Freight Trains at Passive-Control Level Crossings · 2021 · Thompson, James et al. · archived
  77. Analysis of the Dismounted Motorist and Road-Worker Model Pedestrian Safety Regulations · 1982 · Ulmer, Robert G. et al. · archived
  78. Prototype mobile luminance measurement system and level of service for evaluating rural high-speed nighttime delineation. · 2013 · Miles, Jeffrey D. et al. · archived
  79. Improving the effectiveness of nighttime temporary traffic control warning devices, volume 2 : evaluation of nighttime mobile warning lights. · 2013 · Steele, Douglas A. et al. · archived
  80. Sign Luminance Requirements for Various Background Complexities · 1985 · Mace, D. J. et al. · archived
  81. INTERACTION BETWEEN FIXED AND VEHICULAR ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS ↗ · 1972 · Gallagher, V P et al. · indexed
  82. Link between Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity and Night Crashes on Michigan Two-Lane Highways ↗ · 2014 · Avelar, Raul et al. · indexed
  83. Driver Visibility Under Wet Pavement Conditions: Size, Shape, and Spacing of Object Markers/Delineators · 1991 · Lee, Raymond L. Jr et al. · archived
  84. Increasing motorcycles attention and search conspicuity by using Alternating-Blinking Lights System (ABLS) ↗ · 2013 · Gershon, Pnina et al. · indexed
  85. Analysis of Effects of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity on Traffic Crash Frequency on Highways in North Carolina ↗ · 2009 · Donnell, Eric T. et al. · indexed
  86. The Design and Assessment of Attention-Getting Rear Brake Light Signals ↗ · 2009 · Neurauter, M Lucas et al. · indexed
  87. Highway Signing Research: Phase II, Characterization of Sign-Facing Materials · 1966 · Funnell, J. E. et al. · archived
  88. VEHICLE FOG LIGHTING: AN ANALYTICAL EVALUATION ↗ · 1978 · Koth, B W et al. · indexed
  89. The effect of lighting conditions and use of headlights on drivers’ perception and appraisal of approaching vehicles at junctions ↗ · 2017 · Lee, Yee Mun et al. · indexed
  90. Patterns of vehicle lights: Addressing complexities of camera-based vehicle light datasets and metrics · 2024 · Greer, Ross et al. · archived
  91. The Effect of Mirror Color on Driver Performance ↗ · 1992 · Helder, Dorothy J. · indexed
  92. The effects of damage on sign visibility: An assist in traffic sign replacement · 2016 · Khalilikhah, Majid et al. · archived
  93. Pavement markings role in enhancing road safety strategies ↗ · 2009 · Thurston, Paul W. · indexed
  94. Investigation of flashing and intensity characteristics for vehicle-mounted warning beacons · 2018 · Kersavage, Kristin et al. · archived
  95. Dynamic measurement of traffic signluminance as perceived by a driver ↗ · 2011 · Gutierrez, JA et al. · indexed
  96. Increasing Motorcycle Conspicuity ↗ · 2017 · Rößger, Lars et al. · indexed
  97. The Impact of Directionality on Paint Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity ↗ · 2008 · Rasdorf, William et al. · indexed
  98. ROADWAY DELINEATION PRACTICES HANDBOOK ↗ · 1994 · Migletz, J et al. · indexed
  99. Impacts of Dynamic Rear Lighting on Driver Response ↗ · 2014 · Skinner, Nicholas P. et al. · indexed
  100. Can Highlighting a Pedestrian’s Biological Motion at Night Mitigate the Negative Effect of Driver Distraction? ↗ · 2019 · Szubski, Ellen et al. · indexed
  101. Human Factors Study on the Use of Colors for Express Lane Delineators · 2019 · Abou-Senna, Hatem et al. · archived
  102. Evaluation of Enhanced Brake Lights Using Surrogate Safety Metrics: Task 2 & 3 Report: Development of Rear Signaling Model and Work Plan for Large Scale Field Evaluation · 2010 · Llaneras, Robert E. et al. · archived
  103. Horizontal road markings for human and machine vision ↗ · 2020 · Burghardt, Tomasz E. et al. · indexed
  104. Traffic Sign Detection and Identification ↗ · 2013 · Inman, Vaughan W et al. · indexed
  105. Traffic control device evaluation program : FY 2016. · 2017 · Brimley, Bradford K. et al. · archived
  106. Automated Vehicle and Pavement Marking Evaluation in Connecticut · 2024 · Shaon, Mohammad Razuar et al. · archived
  107. Exploration of Color Patterns for Improving Work Zone Safety and Perception · 2025 · Wu, Hongyue et al. · archived
  108. The danger of poor visibility ↗ · 2010 · Adenusi, P · indexed
  109. Motorcycle Conspicuity and the Effect of Fleet DRL: Analysis of Two-Vehicle Fatal Crashes in Canada and the United States 2001-2007 ↗ · 2011 · Jenness, James W. et al. · indexed
  110. Effects of Reduced Transmittance Film on Automobile Rear Window Visibility ↗ · 1993 · Freedman, Mark S. et al. · indexed
  111. UPDATED MINIMUM RETROREFLECTIVITY LEVELS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNS ↗ · 2003 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · indexed
  112. Passenger vehicle crashes into stationary large trucks : incidence and possible countermeasures. · 2003 · Roberts, Gary L et al. · archived
  113. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research, Vol. 36. No. 12 · 1972 · Schwab, Richard N. et al. · archived
  114. Vehicle guidance by delineation systems at night ↗ · 1985 · Blaauw, Gerard J. · indexed
  115. Safety of Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings: Use of Auxiliary External Alerting Devices to Improve Locomotive Conspicuity · 1995 · Carroll, Anya A. et al. · archived
  116. Test Road Experiment on Imminent Warning Rear Lighting and Signaling ↗ · 2006 · Wierwille, Walter W. et al. · indexed
  117. Long lighting system for enhanced conspicuity of motorcycles ↗ · 2007 · Tsutsumi, Yojiro et al. · indexed
  118. Methodology for Measuring Traffic Signs Retroreflection ↗ · 2014 · Shcukanec, Andjelko et al. · indexed
  119. Recommended Laboratory Test for Predicting the Initial Retroreflectivity of Pavement Markings from Glass Bead Quality ↗ · 2014 · Smadi, Omar et al. · indexed
  120. Changeable Message Sign Visibility · 1996 · Garvey, Philip M. et al. · archived
  121. Intelligent Warning Lights and Driving Safety ↗ · 2015 · Bullough, John D. · indexed
  122. Testing and evaluation of graduated driver license marker : summary report. · 2008 · Krechmer, Daniel et al. · archived
  123. Influence of Contrasting Colors on the Drivers’ Ability to Detect E-Scooter Riders ↗ · 2025 · Komova, Galina et al. · indexed
  124. UNECE transport review : first edition--November 2008. · 2008 · NHTSA · archived
  125. REFLECTOR POSTS--SIGNS OF DANGER? ↗ · 1993 · Kallberg, Veli-Pekka · indexed
  126. Effect of Bead Gun Angle and Paint Truck Speed on Longitudinal Nighttime Pavement Marking Visibility ↗ · 2010 · Sasidharan, Lekshmi et al. · indexed
  127. Perception of Approaching Motorcycles by Distracted Drivers May Depend on Auxiliary Lighting Treatments: A Field Experiment ↗ · 2011 · Jenness, James et al. · indexed
  128. Lane markings in night driving: a review of past research and of the present situation ↗ · 1998 · Rumar, K et al. · indexed
  129. Field evaluation of unlighted overhead guide signs using older drivers : final report, August 2003. · 2003 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · archived
  130. Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings ↗ · 2005 · Gibbons, Ronald B. et al. · indexed
  131. A Comparison of Vehicle Speed at Day and Night Rural Horizontal Curves ↗ · 2010 · Quaium, Ridwan B. · indexed
  132. Legibility Distances of Fluorescent Traffic Signs and Their Normal Color Counterparts ↗ · 2001 · Schnell, Thomas et al. · indexed
  133. Pavement Markings and Delineation for Older Drives. Volume I: Final Report · 1996 · Pietrucha, Martin T. et al. · archived
  134. Assessment of Traffic Control Practices With Respect to Older Drivers · 2007 · Meyer, Eric et al. · archived
  135. Threshold Visibility Levels for the Adrian Visibility Model under Nighttime Driving Conditions ↗ · 2003 · Ising, Kurt W. et al. · indexed
  136. Orange Work Zone Pavement Marking Midwest Field Test · 2018 · Shaw, John W et al. · archived
  137. Modeling rear-end collisions including the role of driver’s visibility and light truck vehicles using a nested logit structure ↗ · 2004 · Abdel-Aty, Mohamed et al. · indexed
  138. Model for Predicting Traffic Signs Functional Service Life – The Republic of Croatia Case Study · 2017 · Babić, Dario et al. · archived
  139. SIGN LEGIBILITY AND CONSPICUITY ↗ · 1988 · Mace, D J · indexed
  140. CHARACTERISTICS AND NEEDS FOR OVERHEAD GUIDE SIGN ILLUMINATION FROM VEHICULAR HEADLAMPS ↗ · 1999 · Russell, E R et al. · indexed
  141. Condition Assessment of Road Markings in Denmark, Norway and Sweden—A Comparison Between Retroreflectivity, Visibility and Preview Time ↗ · 2025 · Vadeby, Anna et al. · indexed
  142. Report of the Committee on the Motor Vehicle · 1924 · NHTSA · archived
  143. Cambridge Safer Truck Initiative : Vehicle-Based Strategies to Protect Pedestrians and Bicyclists · 2016 · Epstein, Alexander K. et al. · archived
  144. Predicting Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity Using Artificial Neural Networks: Exploratory Analysis ↗ · 2011 · Karwa, Vishesh et al. · indexed
  145. The evaluation of decorated camera housings – A driving simulator study ↗ · 2023 · Ross, Veerle et al. · indexed
  146. Hardware Evaluation Of Heavy Truck Side And Rear Object Detection Systems · 1995 · Garrott, W. Riley et al. · archived
  147. Research and recommendations for a statewide sign retroreflectivity maintenance program ↗ · 2012 · Carlson, Paul J. et al. · indexed
  148. The locations of headlamps and driver eye positions in vehicles sold in the USA ↗ · 1997 · SAK, MICHAEL et al. · indexed
  149. The locations of signaling and lighting equipment on passenger vehicles sold in the U.S. ↗ · 2007 · Schoettle, Brandon et al. · indexed
  150. An evaluation of some recent (1988-1992) reports on the effects of car side and rear window film tinting on the visual performance of drivers ↗ · 1992 · White, Matt · indexed
  151. Orange Contrasted Temporary Pavement Delineation in Construction Zones · 2025 · Linke, Barbara et al. · archived
  152. The effect of rear bicycle light configurations on drivers' perception of cyclists' presence and proximity · 2024 · Bishop, Daniel T. et al. · archived
  153. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 41 No. 3 · 1977 · Breen, John E. et al. · archived
  154. Durable, cost-effective pavement markings phase I : synthesis of current research. · 2001 · Thomas, Gary B. et al. · archived
  155. Traffic Signal Brightness: An Examination of Nighttime Dimming · 1985 · Freedman, Mark et al. · archived
  156. Sign Retroreflectivity Study ↗ · 2002 · Bischoff, Austin et al. · indexed
  157. A Rural Road Accident Probability Model Based on Single-Vehicle Hazard Properties including Hazard Color and Mobility: A Driving Simulator Study · 2020 · Sheikholeslami, Sina et al. · archived
  158. Influence of Tinted Windshield Glass and its Orientation on Visual Performance of Driver During Night Time and its Effect on Road Safety ↗ · 2013 · Shamsundara, B. V. et al. · indexed
  159. Application of Innovative Time Series Methodology to Relationship between Retroreflectivity of Pavement Markings and Crashes ↗ · 2007 · Masliah, Maurice et al. · indexed
  160. Light-Based External Human Machine Interface: Color Evaluation for Self-Driving Vehicle and Pedestrian Interaction · 2019 · Faas, Stefanie M. et al. · archived
  161. The influence of LED road stud color on driver behavior and perception along horizontal curves at nighttime · 2023 · Portera, Alberto et al. · archived
  162. Wet-reflective pavement marking demonstration project. · 2011 · Hawkins, Neal et al. · archived
  163. Evaluation of potential benefits of wider and brighter edge line pavement markings. · 2010 · Miles, Jeffrey D. et al. · archived
  164. Improving Night Work Zone Traffic Control · 1999 · Cottrell, Benjamin H., Jr. · archived
  165. Road Marking Contrast Threshold Revisited ↗ · 2021 · Spieringhs, Rik Marco et al. · indexed
  166. Examination of a Prototype Camera Monitor System for Light Vehicle Outside Mirror Replacement · 2018 · Mazzae, Elizabeth N. et al. · archived
  167. Determination of Traffic Control Device Selection for Nighttime Maintenance of Traffic · 2010 · McAvoy, Deborah S. et al. · archived
  168. Evaluation of Glare Reduction Techniques · 1975 · Raine, W. L. et al. · archived
  169. Does the Conspicuity of Automated Vehicles with Visible Sensor Stacks Influence the Car-Following Behavior of Human Drivers? A Pilot Study ↗ · 2025 · Piri, Mehran et al. · indexed
  170. Testing of bicycle lighting: Method development and evaluation · 2021 · Kircher, Katja et al. · archived
  171. Rainvision: The Impact of Road Markings on Driver Behaviour – Wet Night Visibility ↗ · 2016 · Diamandouros, Konstandinos et al. · indexed
  172. Prioritizing improvements to truck driver vision. · 2006 · Reed, Matthew P. et al. · archived
  173. Field Demonstration of Heavy Vehicle Camera/Video Imaging Systems ↗ · 2011 · Fitch, Gregory et al. · indexed
  174. Development and testing of glow-in-the-dark concrete based raised pavement marker for improved traffic safety ↗ · 2021 · Saleem, Muhammad et al. · indexed
  175. Visibility and Conspicuity of Detectable Warnings for Pedestrians with Visual Impairments ↗ · 2008 · Jenness, James W. et al. · indexed
  176. Younger driver's evaluation of vehicle mounted attenuator markings in work zones using a driving simulator ↗ · 2010 · Bham, Ghulam et al. · indexed
  177. An Evaluation of Glare in Nighttime Driving Caused by Headlights Reflected from Rearview Mirrors ↗ · 1974 · Miller, Norma D. et al. · indexed
  178. Use of Digital Imaging Methods to Assess Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity ↗ · 2011 · Donnell, Eric T. et al. · indexed
  179. Analysis of the Influence of Vehicle Color on Speed Perception and Estimation · 2025 · Ivanišević, Tijana et al. · archived
  180. Understanding the Effects of Pavement Marking Treatments on Night Driving Behavior and Safety ↗ · 2005 · Opiela, Kenneth S et al. · indexed
  181. Symbolic Sign for Oversized-Truck Route Signs · 1984 · Walker, Jonathan et al. · archived
  182. Visibility estimation from a moving vehicle using the RALPH vision system ↗ · 2002 · Pomerleau, D. · indexed
  183. Nighttime Visibility of Prototype Work Zone Markings under Dry, Wet-Recovery, and Rain Conditions ↗ · 2009 · Higgins, Laura et al. · indexed
  184. On-Road Study of Drivers’ Use of Rearview Video Systems (ORSDURVS) · 2008 · Mazzae, Elizabeth N. et al. · archived
  185. The Influence of Vehicle Color on Speed Perception in Nighttime Driving Conditions ↗ · 2025 · Marković, Nenad et al. · indexed
  186. Traffic Monitoring System for Vehicle Detection in Day and Night Conditions · 2023 · Ibtissam, Slimani et al. · archived
  187. Evaluation Experiments for Lane Keeping Assistance System under Several Conditions ↗ · 2018 · Hashimoto, Naohisa et al. · indexed
  188. Methodological Approach for a Field Demonstration of a Camera/Video Imaging System for Heavy Vehicles ↗ · 2009 · Fitch, Gregory M. et al. · indexed
  189. State-of-the-Art-Signaling and Lighting ↗ · 1970 · Devaux, Pierre · indexed
  190. Vehicle Color Classification Under Different Lighting Conditions Through Color Correction ↗ · 2014 · Hsieh, Jun-Wei et al. · indexed
  191. Robust Detection, Association, and Localization of Vehicle Lights: A Context-Based Cascaded CNN Approach and Evaluations · 2023 · Gopalkrishnan, Akshay et al. · archived
  192. Performance and environmental assessment of prefabricated retroreflective spots for road marking ↗ · 2021 · Burghardt, Tomasz E. et al. · indexed
  193. Enhanced driving assistance: automated day and night vehicle detection system utilizing convolutional neural networks · 2024 · Zaarane, Abdelmoghit et al. · archived
  194. EVALUATION OF INTERSTATE PAVEMENT MARKING RETROREFLECTIVITY ↗ · 2003 · Sarasua, Wayne et al. · indexed
  195. Enhanced Camera/Video Imaging Systems (E-C/VISs) on Heavy Vehicles ↗ · 2008 · Schaudt, William A. et al. · indexed
  196. TRAFFIC SAFETY IN CANADA: PRESENT AND FUTURE ↗ · 1994 · Noy, Y. Ian · indexed
  197. Linear Mixed-Effects Models for Paint Pavement-Marking Retroreflectivity Data ↗ · 2011 · Hummer, Joseph E. et al. · indexed
  198. Visibility of children behind 2010–2013 model year passenger vehicles using glances, mirrors, and backup cameras and parking sensors ↗ · 2014 · Kidd, David G. et al. · indexed
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