eHMI for All -- Investigating the Effect of External Communication of Automated Vehicles on Pedestrians, Manual Drivers, and Cyclists in Virtual Reality

Colley,Mark; Kopp,Simon; Dey,Debargha; Jansen,Pascal; Rukzio,Enrico · 2026 · arXiv

DOI: 10.1145/3772318.3790585

URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19440

archive: indexed pipeline: discovered

Abstract

Examines how external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) on automated vehicles communicate intentions to various road users. The team conducted a virtual reality experiment with 40 participants evaluating subjective and objective impacts on pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers under different distraction conditions. eHMIs positively influenced safety perceptions, trust, perceived usefulness, and mental demand across all roles. A single eHMI design proved effective for all user groups, suggesting standardization potential. Conditionally accepted at CHI 2026.

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Publisher: arxiv

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