ehmi external hmi

External human-machine interfaces: displays, light bands, projections, or signals on the vehicle exterior that communicate an automated vehicle's intent or state to pedestrians, cyclists, and other road users. Concerns outward-facing signaling to people outside the car, NOT wireless machine-to-machine connectivity (v2x_connected_vehicle) or disclosure of operating limits to the driver (odd_communication).

390 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. External HMI for self-driving vehicles: Which information shall be displayed? ↗ · 2020 · Faas, Stefanie M. et al. · indexed
2. Understanding the Headless Rider: Display-Based Awareness and Intent-Communication in Automated Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction in Mixed Traffic ↗ · 2021 · Forke, Julia et al. · indexed
3. Principles for External Human–Machine Interfaces · 2023 · Wilbrink, Marc et al. · archived
4. External Human–Machine Interfaces for Autonomous Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication: A Review of Empirical Work · 2019 · Rouchitsas, Alexandros et al. · archived
5. eHMI for All -- Investigating the Effect of External Communication of Automated Vehicles on Pedestrians, Manual Drivers, and Cyclists in Virtual Reality · 2026 · Colley, Mark et al. · archived
6. External human–machine interfaces: Gimmick or necessity? ↗ · 2022 · de Winter, Joost et al. · indexed
7. External Human-Machine Interfaces on Automated Vehicles: Effects on Pedestrian Crossing Decisions · 2019 · de Clercq, Koen et al. · archived
8. Stop or Go? Let me Know! ↗ · 2021 · Mirnig, Alexander G. et al. · indexed
9. The Effects of Explicit Intention Communication, Conspicuous Sensors, and Pedestrian Attitude in Interactions with Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Ackermans, Sander et al. · indexed
10. Communicating Intent of Automated Vehicles to Pedestrians · 2018 · Habibovic, Azra et al. · archived
11. Impact of External Human–Machine Interface Communication Strategies of Automated Vehicles on Pedestrians’ Crossing Decisions and Behaviors in an Urban Environment ↗ · 2021 · Wilbrink, Marc et al. · indexed
12. Allusion 2: External Communication for SAE L4 Vehicles · 2023 · Rossi-Alvarez, Alexandria I et al. · archived
13. Automated Driving Systems’ Communication of Intent with Shared Road Users · 2021 · Jenness, James et al. · archived
14. External Human–Machine Interfaces for Automated Vehicles in Shared Spaces: A Review of the Human–Computer Interaction Literature · 2023 · Brill, Sarah et al. · archived
15. Editorial: Interaction between automated vehicles and other road users · 2023 · Wintersberger, Philipp et al. · archived
16. Exploration of Factors Impacting the Successful Adoption of External Vehicle Interfaces · 2019 · Reimer, Bryan · archived
17. Designing for Projection-based Communication between Autonomous Vehicles and Pedestrians · 2019 · Nguyen, Trung Thanh et al. · archived
18. Assessment of external interface of autonomous vehicles · 2021 · Orlický, Adam et al. · archived
19. Pedestrian interaction with multiple highly automated vehicles: Effects of LED- and augmented reality eHMIs · 2026 · Wilbrink, Marc et al. · archived
20. How should external human-machine interfaces behave? Examining the effects of colour, position, message, activation distance, vehicle yielding, and visual distraction among 1,434 participants ↗ · 2021 · Bazilinskyy, P. et al. · indexed
21. Vehicle Automation–Other Road User Communication and Coordination: Theory and Mechanisms · 2020 · Domeyer, Joshua E. et al. · archived
22. How Should Automated Vehicles Interact with Pedestrians? ↗ · 2019 · Löcken, Andreas et al. · indexed
23. What externally presented information do VRUs require when interacting with fully Automated Road Transport Systems in shared space? · 2018 · Merat, Natasha et al. · archived
24. Unsettled Issues Regarding Visual Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Other Road Users ↗ · 2021 · Beiker, Sven · indexed
25. External communication of automated shuttles: Results, experiences, and lessons learned from three European long-term research projects · 2022 · Mirnig, Alexander G. et al. · archived
26. Ghost on the Windshield: Employing a Virtual Human Character to Communicate Pedestrian Acknowledgement and Vehicle Intention · 2022 · Rouchitsas, Alexandros et al. · archived
27. How Can Autonomous Vehicles Convey Emotions to Pedestrians? A Review of Emotionally Expressive Non-Humanoid Robots · 2021 · Wang, Yiyuan et al. · archived
28. Smiles and Angry Faces vs. Nods and Head Shakes: Facial Expressions at the Service of Autonomous Vehicles · 2023 · Rouchitsas, Alexandros et al. · archived
29. Express What I Think: The Impact of External Human-Machine Interfaces on the Performance of Lane Change Maneuvers · 2025 · Li, Ruolan et al. · archived
30. Bystander Interactions With Failing Vehicle Autonomy · 2018 · Steinfeld, Aaron et al. · archived
31. Color and Animation Preferences for a Light Band eHMI in Interactions Between Automated Vehicles and Pedestrians · 2020 · Dey, Debargha et al. · archived
32. External Human–Machine Interfaces of Autonomous Vehicles: Insights from Observations on the Behavior of Game Players Driving Conventional Cars in Mixed Traffic ↗ · 2024 · Lim, Dokshin et al. · indexed
33. Crowdsourced Assessment of 227 Text-Based eHMIs for a Crossing Scenario · 2022 · Bazilinskyy, Pavlo et al. · archived
34. Interpersonal communication and issues for autonomous vehicles. · 2017 · Stanciu, Sergiu C. et al. · archived
35. Should an external human-machine interface flash or just show text? A study with a gaze-contingent setup ↗ · 2023 · Eisma, Yke Bauke et al. · indexed
36. Investigating User Requirements for Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Vulnerable Road Users ↗ · 2019 · Locken, Andreas et al. · indexed
37. Slideo: Bicycle-to-Vehicle Communication to Intuitively Share Intention to Turn with Automated Vehicles · 2024 · Verstegen, Jochem et al. · archived
38. Pedestrian Notification Methods in Autonomous Vehicles for Multi-Class Mobility-on-Demand Service ↗ · 2016 · Florentine, Evelyn et al. · indexed
39. I See Your Gesture: A VR-Based Study of Bidirectional Communication between Pedestrians and Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2021 · Epke, Michael R. et al. · indexed
40. Effects of Exterior Lighting System of Parked Vehicles on the Behaviors of Cyclists ↗ · 2021 · Yang, Bo et al. · indexed
41. Overtrust in External Cues of Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2019 · Holländer, Kai et al. · indexed
42. Augmented reality for supporting the interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles: an experimental outdoor study · 2024 · Aleva, Thomas K. et al. · archived
43. Human-Vehicle Interfaces: The Power of Vehicle Movement Gestures in Human Road User Coordination ↗ · 2017 · Risto, Malte et al. · indexed
44. Human-Machine interfaces and vehicle Automation: A review of the literature and recommendations for system Design, Feedback, and alerts · 2024 · Wang, Meng et al. · archived
45. Human-Machine Interfaces and Vehicle Automation: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for System Design, Feedback, and Alerts · 2022 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
46. Proxemics and Kinesics in Automated Vehicle-Pedestrian Communication: Representing Ethnographic Observations ↗ · 2019 · Domeyer, Joshua et al. · indexed
47. Quantitative study of vehicle-pedestrian interactions: Towards pedestrian-adapted lighting communication functions for autonomous vehicles · 2021 · Zang, Guoqin et al. · archived
48. Interaction of automated driving systems with pedestrians: challenges, current solutions, and recommendations for eHMIs ↗ · 2021 · Ezzati Amini, Roja et al. · indexed
49. Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users ↗ · 2020 · Beiker, Sven · indexed
50. Pedestrian and Passenger Interaction with Autonomous Vehicles: Field Study in a Crosswalk Scenario · 2024 · Izquierdo, Rubén et al. · archived
51. Evaluation of Ambient Light Displays for Requests to Intervene and Minimal Risk Maneuvers in Highly Automated Urban Driving ↗ · 2020 · Feierle, Alexander et al. · indexed
52. Investigating HMIs to Foster Communications between Conventional Vehicles and Autonomous Vehicles in Intersections ↗ · 2023 · Avetisyan, Lilit et al. · indexed
53. Do cyclists need HMIs in future automated traffic? An interview study ↗ · 2021 · Berge, Siri Hegna et al. · indexed
54. Communication Strategies for Effective Interaction With Pedestrians and Automated Service Vehicles in Japanese Parking Areas ↗ · 2023 · Lee, Jieun et al. · indexed
55. Promoting trust in HAVs of following manual drivers through implicit and explicit communication during minimal risk maneuvers · 2023 · Hub, Fabian et al. · archived
56. An eHMI Presenting Request-to-Intervene and Takeover Status of Level 3 Automated Vehicles to Support Surrounding Traffic Safety · 2026 · Liu, Hailong et al. · archived
57. Formalizing Human Machine Communication in the Context of Autonomous Vehicles · 2020 · Gopalswamy, Swaminathan et al. · archived
58. Research and Design Considerations for Presentation of Non-Safety Related Information via In-Vehicle Displays during Automated Driving ↗ · 2022 · Cauffman, Stephen J. et al. · indexed
59. Assessment of Pedestrian Safety and Driver Behavior Near an Automated Vehicle · 2024 · Morris, Nichole L. et al. · archived
60. Augmented reality interfaces for pedestrian-vehicle interactions: An online study ↗ · 2023 · Tabone, Wilbert et al. · indexed
61. Driving (and) Attention – Does Directional Illumination Support Driver’s System Supervision When Driving Automatically? ↗ · 2021 · Van den Beukel, Arie P. et al. · indexed
62. Pedestrians’ Crossing Decisions While Interacting with Automated Vehicles – Insights from a Longitudinal Study · 2022 · Joisten, Philip et al. · archived
63. Fast Lane - Exploring Human Behavior - Volume 18 · 2023 · NHTSA · archived
64. Using the Driving Behavior of an Automated Vehicle to Communicate Intentions - A Wizard of Oz Study ↗ · 2018 · Fuest, Tanja et al. · indexed
65. Development and evaluation of a human machine interface to support mode awareness in different automated driving modes · 2022 · Tinga, Angelica M. et al. · archived
66. From HMI to HMIs: Towards an HMI Framework for Automated Driving · 2020 · Bengler, Klaus et al. · archived
67. Pedestrian road-crossing willingness as a function of vehicle automation, external appearance, and driving behaviour · 2019 · Dey, Debargha et al. · archived
68. Interactions of Automated Vehicles with Road Users · 2022 · Dey, Debargha et al. · archived
69. Multiple Sources of Safety Information from V2V and V2I: Phase II Final Safety Message Report · 2022 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · archived
70. 2018 Forum on the Impact of Vehicle Technologies and Automation on Vulnerable Road Users and Driver Behavior and Performance: A Summary Report · 2019 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
71. Coordinating Internal and External HMIs for Cooperative Driver-Pedestrian SituationResolution ↗ · 2026 · Amann, Markus et al. · indexed
72. Investigating the Effects of Pedestrian-to-Vehicle Human–Machine Interface Design Using Driving Simulator Experiment ↗ · 2022 · Abdel-Aty, Mohamed et al. · indexed
73. Fast Lane - Exploring Human Behavior - Volume 19 · 2024 · NHTSA · archived
74. Improving Driver Performance and Experience in Assisted and Automated Driving With Visual Cues in the Steering Wheel ↗ · 2022 · Diederichs, Frederik et al. · indexed
75. Virtual Reality Study on Pedestrians’ Perceived Trust in Interactions with Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2024 · Ilic, Mario et al. · indexed
76. Editorial for Special Issue: Test and Evaluation Methods for Human-Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · indexed
77. Designing transparency for automated driving: Effects of ambient light cues and explanations on driver performance · 2025 · Huang, Jingyu et al. · archived
78. Human Factors Guidance for Intelligent Transportation Systems at the Highway-Rail Intersection · 2006 · Jenness, James W. et al. · archived
79. Towards guidelines and verification methods for automated vehicle HMIs · 2018 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · archived
80. Response of Vulnerable Road Users to Visual Information from Autonomous Vehicles in Shared Spaces · 2019 · Alvarez, Walter Morales et al. · archived
81. Investigating Key Automated Vehicle Human Factors Safety Issues Related to Infrastructure: Summary of Stakeholder Workshop · 2020 · Roldan, Stephanie M. et al. · archived
82. Interactions between cyclists and automated vehicles: Results of a photo experiment^* ↗ · 2019 · Hagenzieker, Marjan P. et al. · indexed
83. Meeting User Needs in Vehicle Automation · 2022 · Drewitz, Uwe et al. · archived
84. Gestaltungsdimensionen der Kommunikation von automatisierten Fahrzeugen und anderen Verkehrsteilnehmenden Design dimensions of the communication between automated vehicles and other road users · 2020 · Joisten, Philip et al. · archived
85. Road Projections: Impact on Road Users and Potential to Enhance Awareness of Backing Situation in Parking Lots ↗ · 2021 · Azouigui, S. et al. · indexed
86. Providing Explainability in Safety-Critical Automated Driving Situations through Augmented Reality Windshield HMIs ↗ · 2023 · Manger, Carina et al. · indexed
87. Fast Lane - Exploring Human Behavior - Volume 21 · 2025 · NHTSA · archived
88. Human machine interface design for continuous support of mode awareness during automated driving: An online simulation ↗ · 2022 · Tinga, Angelica M. et al. · indexed
89. Enhancing AV Traffic Safety through Pedestrian Detection, Classification and Communication · 2022 · Chase, R. Thomas et al. · archived
90. User interface design and verification for semi-autonomous driving · 2014 · Sadigh, Dorsa et al. · archived
91. Rightward attentional bias in windshield displays: Implication towards external human machine interfaces for self-driving cars ↗ · 2017 · Liu, Qiang et al. · indexed
92. In-vehicle displays to support driver anticipation of traffic conflicts in automated vehicles · 2021 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
93. Human Machine Interface for Connected Vehicle: Requirements, Development and Assessment · 2021 · Ahmed, Mohamed et al. · archived
94. Pedestrian-AV interactions at unmarked midblock: Effects of eHMI onset timing and vehicle kinematics ↗ · 2026 · Gao, Ya et al. · indexed
95. Using Human-Machine Interfaces To Convey Feedback in Automated Vehicles · 2019 · Shull, Emily et al. · archived
96. Pedestrian Behavior and Interaction With Autonomous Vehicles · 2022 · Lownes, Nicholas et al. · archived
97. 2019 Forum on the Impact of Vehicle Technologies and Automation on Users – Design and Safety Implications: A Summary Report · 2020 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
98. Preliminary Human Factors Review for the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (Ivi) Program: Identification of Human Factors Research Needs · 1998 · Campbell, John L. et al. · archived
99. How do vulnerable road users evaluate automated vehicles in urban traffic? A focus group study with pedestrians and cyclists ↗ · 2024 · Harkin, Kevin A. et al. · indexed
100. Exploring the Effects of Meaningful Tactile Display on Perception and Preference in Automated Vehicles · 2022 · Martinez, Kimberly D et al. · archived
101. Neuroergonomic evaluation of risk-warning eHMI penetration rates in vehicle platoons: effects on pedestrians' mental workload, situation awareness, and gap acceptance. · 2026 · Yang, F et al. · archived
102. Influence of road scenarios and psychological factors on people’s acceptance of autonomous vehicle labelling ↗ · 2026 · He, Xiaohan et al. · indexed
103. A User-Centered Approach to Adapt the Human-Machine Cooperation Strategy in Autonomous Driving · 2021 · Coeugnet, Stéphanie et al. · archived
104. Preliminary human factors guidelines for automated highway system designers. Volume 1 : guidelines for AHS designers · 1998 · Levitan, Lee et al. · archived
105. CityMobil · 2009 · Toffetti, Antonella et al. · archived
106. Communication of Uncertainty Information in Cooperative, Automated Driving: A Comparative Study of Different Modalities ↗ · 2023 · Peintner, Jakob et al. · indexed
107. Driver behaviors assisted by different human machine interfaces to avoid rear-end collisions during level 2 automated driving ↗ · 2023 · Yang, Bo et al. · indexed
108. The Best Rated Human–Machine Interface Design for Autonomous Vehicles in the 2016 Grand Cooperative Driving Challenge ↗ · 2017 · Benderius, Ola et al. · indexed
109. Conveying Uncertainties Using Peripheral Awareness Displays in the Context of Automated Driving ↗ · 2019 · Kunze, Alexander et al. · indexed
110. Human-Machine Interaction for Vehicles: Review and Outlook ↗ · 2018 · Kun, Andrew L. · indexed
111. Stopping by looking: A driver-pedestrian interaction study in a coupled simulator using head-mounted displays with eye-tracking ↗ · 2022 · Mok, Chun Sang et al. · indexed
112. The effect of communicational signals on drivers' subjective appraisal and visual attention during interactive driving scenarios ↗ · 2015 · Ba, Yutao et al. · indexed
113. Improving road user perception in adverse weather: An augmented human–machine interface for remote assistants of automated vehicles ↗ · 2025 · Schrank, Andreas et al. · indexed
114. The Importance of Interruption Management for Usefulness and Acceptance of Automated Driving ↗ · 2017 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · indexed
115. Investigation of Key Automated Vehicle Human Factors Safety Issues Related to Infrastructure: Comparing Intersection Crossing Behaviors of Human Drivers and Automated Vehicles · 2025 · Calvo, Jose et al. · archived
116. Ensuring Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) and Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) Safety Through Infrastructure · 2022 · Weaver, Starla et al. · archived
117. Human-Machine Interfaces and Vehicle Automation: The Effect of HMI Design on Driver Performance and Behavior · 2023 · Wang, Meng et al. · archived
118. Multiple Sources of Safety Information from V2V and V2I: Redundancy, Decision Making, and Trust—Safety Message Design Report · 2015 · Richard, Christian M. et al. · archived
119. Creating informed public acceptance by a user-centered human-machine interface for all automated transport modes · 2022 · Mathis, Lesley-Ann et al. · archived
120. Augmented Reality for Safer Pedestrian-Vehicle Interactions · 2018 · Noyce, David A. et al. · archived
121. Fast Lane - Exploring Human Behavior - Volume 16 · 2022 · NHTSA · archived
122. Human-Machine Interfaces and Vehicle Automation: The Effect of HMI Design on Driver Performance and Behavior · 2023 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
123. Pedestrian Trust in Automated Vehicles: Role of Traffic Signal and AV Driving Behavior · 2019 · Jayaraman, Suresh Kumaar et al. · archived
124. Looking at HMI Concepts for Highly Automated Vehicles: Permanent vs. Context-Adaptive Information Presentation ↗ · 2022 · Hollander, Cornelia et al. · indexed
125. Understanding driver responses to voice alerts of autonomous car operations ↗ · 2016 · Koo, Jeamin et al. · indexed
126. Preliminary Human Factors Guidelines for Automated Highway System Designers. Volume 1: Guidelines for AHS Designers · 1995 · Levitan, Lee et al. · archived
127. In-Vehicle Display Icons and Other Information Elements Volume I: Guidelines · 2004 · Campbell, J. L. et al. · archived
128. Processing of complex traffic scenes for effective steering and collision avoidance: a perspective, from research on locomotion · 2024 · Wann, John P. · archived
129. Keeping the driver in the loop: Dynamic feedback to support appropriate use of imperfect vehicle control automation ↗ · 2019 · Seppelt, Bobbie et al. · indexed
130. From Car-Driver-Handovers to Cooperative Interfaces: Visions for Driver-Vehicle Interaction in Automated Driving ↗ · 2017 · Walch, Marcel et al. · indexed
131. Mode confusion of human–machine interfaces for automated vehicles ↗ · 2022 · Eom, Hwisoo et al. · indexed
132. In-Vehicle Display Icons and Other Information Elements: Conduct Preliminary Assessment of Visual Symbols · 1999 · Lee, John D. et al. · archived
133. Aiding Automated Shuttles with Their Driving Tasks as an On-Board Operator: A Case Study on Different Automated Driving Systems in Three Living Labs · 2024 · Schrank, Andreas et al. · archived
134. Augmented Reality Displays for Communicating Uncertainty Information in Automated Driving ↗ · 2018 · Kunze, Alexander et al. · indexed
135. 2022 Forum on the Impact of Vehicle Technologies and Automation on Users: A Summary Report · 2022 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
136. Toward an “Equal-Footing” Human-Robot Interaction for Fully Autonomous Vehicles · 2017 · Amanatidis, Theocharis et al. · archived
137. Increasing the User Experience in Autonomous Driving through different Feedback Modalities ↗ · 2021 · Schneider, Tobias et al. · indexed
138. Biologically Inspired Automotive User Interfaces for Partially and Highly Automated Maneuver Gestures: Final Results and Outlook · 2022 · Herzberger, Nicolas Daniel et al. · archived
139. In-Vehicle Display Icons and Other Information Elements: Literature Review · 1998 · Carney, Cher et al. · archived
140. Developing Socially Acceptable Autonomous Vehicles ↗ · 2016 · VINKHUYZEN, ERIK et al. · indexed
141. Exploring the Effects of Vehicle Automation and Cooperative Messaging on Mixed Fleet Eco-Drive Interactions · 2024 · Sanchez, Robert et al. · archived
142. Expectations and Understanding of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Among Drivers, Pedestrians, Bicyclists, and Public Transit Riders · 2021 · Horrey, William J et al. · archived
143. Advanced Technologies for Communicating with Motorists: A Synthesis of Human Factors and Traffic Management Issues · 1992 · Balke, Kevin N. et al. · archived
144. Improving Usefulness of Automated Driving by Lowering Primary Task Interference through HMI Design ↗ · 2017 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · indexed
145. Potential safety effects of a frontal brake light for motor vehicles ↗ · 2018 · Petzoldt, Tibor et al. · indexed
146. The Impact of Vehicle Automation on the Safety of Vulnerable Road Users (Pedestrians and Bicyclists) · 2018 · Samuel, Siby et al. · archived
147. Human factors of in-vehicle driver information systems : an executive summary · 1997 · Green, P. · archived
148. Safety and Environmental Design Consideration in the Use of Commercial Electronic Variable-Message Signage · 1980 · Wachtel, Jerry et al. · archived
149. Compendium Of Human Factors Projects Supporting The Intelligent Vehicle Initiative · 1999 · NHTSA · archived
150. Development of Performance Specifications for Collision Avoidance Systems for Lane Change, Merging, & Backing: Task 3 - Human Factors Assessment of the Driver Interfaces of Existing Collision Avoidance Systems · 1995 · Mazzae, Elizabeth N. et al. · archived
151. Development of human factors guidelines for advanced traveler information systems and commercial vehicle operations : literature review · 1996 · Dingus, Thomas A. et al. · archived
152. The effect of motion and signalling on drivers’ ability to predict intentions of other road users · 2016 · Lee, Yee Mun et al. · archived
153. Social interactions between automated vehicles and human drivers: a narrative review ↗ · 2024 · Liu, Peng · indexed
154. Safely and Effectively Communicating Non-Connected Vehicle Information to Connected Vehicles through Field- and Driving-Simulator-Based Research · 2019 · Noyce, David A. et al. · archived
155. Validations of Integrated Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Configurations ↗ · 2017 · Brown, James et al. · indexed
156. How can design help enhance trust calibration in public autonomous vehicles? · 2021 · Klebanov, Yuri et al. · archived
157. Communicating intent on the road through human-inspired control schemes · 2016 · Driggs-Campbell, Katherine et al. · archived
158. Evaluation of the effects of in-vehicle traffic lights on driving performances for unsignalised intersections · 2017 · Yang, Bo et al. · archived
159. Investigation Of Alternative Displays For Side Collision Avoidance Systems, Final Report · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
160. Cross or Nah? LLMs Get in the Mindset of a Pedestrian in front of Automated Car with an eHMI · 2025 · Alam, Md Shadab et al. · archived
161. Development of human factors guidelines for advanced traveler information systems and commercial vehicle operations : identification of the strengths and weaknesses of alternative information display formats · 1998 · Hulse, M.C. et al. · archived
162. Understanding cyclists’ perception of driverless vehicles through eye-tracking and interviews ↗ · 2024 · Berge, Siri Hegna et al. · indexed
163. Teleoperation of Highly Automated Vehicles in Public Transport: User-Centered Design of a Human-Machine Interface for Remote-Operation and Its Expert Usability Evaluation ↗ · 2021 · Kettwich, Carmen et al. · indexed
164. Fast Lane - Exploring Human Behavior - Volume 14 · 2021 · NHTSA · archived
165. Connected and Automated Vehicle Based Intersection Maneuver Assist Systems (CAVIMAS) and Their Impact on Driver Behavior, Acceptance, and Safety · 2020 · Pradhan, Anuj K. et al. · archived
166. Does the Driver Understand the Warning? Comprehension of the Request to Intervene ↗ · 2022 · Rodak, Aleksandra et al. · indexed
167. Connected Motorcycle Crash Warning Interfaces · 2016 · Song, Miao et al. · archived
168. In-Vehicle Avatars to Elicit Social Response and Change Driving Behaviour ↗ · 2009 · Rakotonirainy, Andry et al. · indexed
169. Impacts of Automated Vehicles on Highway Infrastructure · 2021 · Gopalakrishna, Deepak et al. · archived
170. Safety, Operational, and Energy Impacts of In-Vehicle Adaptive Stop Displays Using Connected Vehicle Technology · 2015 · NHTSA · archived
171. Towards an Integrated Adaptive Automotive HMI for the Future · 2011 · Amditis, Angelos et al. · archived
172. Incorporating Explanations into Human-Machine Interfaces for Trust and Situation Awareness in Autonomous Vehicles ↗ · 2024 · Atakishiyev, Shahin et al. · indexed
173. HMI--NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SAFETY ASPECTS ↗ · 2000 · Haller, Rudolf · indexed
174. Deceleration parameters as implicit communication signals for pedestrians’ crossing decisions and estimations of automated vehicle behaviour · 2023 · Tian, Kai et al. · archived
175. Cooperation between driver and automated driving system: Implementation and evaluation · 2017 · Guo, Chunshi et al. · archived
176. Pedestrian Interaction with Vehicles ↗ · 2017 · Dey, Debargha et al. · indexed
177. Ghost driver: A field study investigating the interaction between pedestrians and driverless vehicles ↗ · 2016 · Rothenbucher, Dirk et al. · indexed
178. User-centered Smart Traffic Sign Development Study · 2023 · Morris, Nichole L. et al. · archived
179. In-Vehicle Avatars to Elicit Social Response and Change Driving Behaviour ↗ · 2011 · Rakotonirainy, Andry et al. · indexed
180. Evaluation of the human interaction with automated vehicles on highways · 2025 · Chand, Cadell et al. · archived
181. Inside Out: Emotion GaRage Vol. V ↗ · 2024 · Dong, Jiayuan et al. · indexed
182. The challenge of ADAS assessment: A scale for the assessment of the HMI of advanced driver assistance technology · 2018 · Biondi, FN et al. · archived
183. Influence of Adaptive Human-Machine Interface on Electric-Vehicle Range-Anxiety Mitigation ↗ · 2020 · Musabini, Antonyo et al. · indexed
184. Does a Confidence Level for Automated Driving Time Estimations Improve the Subjective Evaluation of an Automation HMI? · 2020 · Hecht, Tobias et al. · archived
185. Using distributed simulations to investigate driver-pedestrian interactions and kinematic cues: Implications for automated vehicle behaviour and communication · 2024 · Yang, Yue et al. · archived
186. Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commercial Vehicle Operations Components of the Intelligent Transportation Systems: Design Alternatives for In-vehicle Information Displays · 1997 · Campbell, JL et al. · archived
187. Basic collision warning and driver information systems : human factors research needs : summary report · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
188. Evaluating Countermeasures to Improve Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety · 2018 · Noyce, David A. et al. · archived
189. Driver-Pedestrian Perceptual Models Demonstrate Coupling: Implications for Vehicle Automation ↗ · 2022 · Domeyer, Joshua E. et al. · indexed
190. Enhancing Trust in Autonomous Vehicles through Intelligent User Interfaces That Mimic Human Behavior · 2018 · Ruijten, Peter A. M. et al. · archived
191. Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System – Stop Sign Assist : experiments to validate use of an in-vehicle interface design. · 2012 · Becic, Ensar et al. · archived
192. Distraction of Connected Vehicle Human–Machine Interface for Truck Drivers ↗ · 2020 · Yang, Guangchuan et al. · indexed
193. Effects of Marking Automated Vehicles on Human Drivers on Highways · 2020 · Fuest, Tanja et al. · archived
194. Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Vehicles: The Impact of Auditory and Visual Warning Signals on Driver Behavior and Situational Awareness ↗ · 2024 · Huang, Ann et al. · indexed
195. Assessment of Driving Automation Interfaces via Visual Attention Measures: A Literature Review ↗ · 2021 · Kanaan, Dina et al. · indexed
196. Pedestrians’ Receptivity Toward Fully Automated Vehicles: Research Review and Roadmap for Future Research ↗ · 2018 · Deb, Shuchisnigdha et al. · indexed
197. Augmented Information in the Driving Environment: Increasing Pedestrian Safety with Augmented Reality Indicators for Older Adult Drivers in Maine · 2025 · Brown, Justin R. et al. · archived
198. Examining the effects of a signless roadway : holographic traffic control devices and their potential for replacing traditional post-mounted traffic control devices. · 2016 · Noyce, David A. (David Alan), 1961- et al. · archived
199. Interdependence in Vehicle-Pedestrian Encounters and its Implications for Vehicle Automation · 2022 · Domeyer, Joshua E. et al. · archived
200. Effects of User Interfaces on Take-Over Performance: A Review of the Empirical Evidence · 2021 · Kim, Soyeon et al. · archived
201. Negotiation and Decision-Making for a Pedestrian Roadway Crossing: A Literature Review · 2019 · Amini, Roja Ezzati et al. · archived
202. Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0 · 2018 · NHTSA · archived
203. A human factors perspective on automated driving · 2017 · Kyriakidis, Miltos et al. · archived
204. How do Automated Vehicles Influence Other Road Users and Sometimes Elicit Uncivil Behaviors? ↗ · 2024 · Haué, Jean-Baptiste et al. · indexed
205. Intelligent In‐Vehicle Interaction Technologies ↗ · 2021 · Murali, Prajval Kumar et al. · indexed
206. HMI Design for Chain-Braking Event Based on V2V Communication · 2023 · Yan, Song et al. · archived
207. Summary Report on Request for Information (RFI): Enhancing the Safety of Vulnerable Road Users at Intersections · 2023 · Townsend, Haley et al. · archived
208. Defining interactions: a conceptual framework for understanding interactive behaviour in human and automated road traffic ↗ · 2020 · Markkula, G. et al. · indexed
209. Explainable Automation: Personalized and Adaptive UIs to Foster Trust and Understanding of Driving Automation Systems ↗ · 2020 · Wintersberger, Philipp et al. · indexed
210. Outdoor Advertising Report: Changeable Message Signs · 2018 · NHTSA · archived
211. Intersection Conflict Warning System Human Factors: Final Report · 2016 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · archived
212. Increasing system transparency through confidence information in cooperative, automated driving ↗ · 2025 · Peintner, Jakob et al. · indexed
213. Sensory and Cognitive Factors Affecting Automotive Head-Up Display Effectiveness ↗ · 1999 · Gish, Kenneth W. et al. · indexed
214. Supporting car-following behavior through V2V-based beyond-visual-range information display · 2026 · Gu, Feiqi et al. · archived
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216. Human Factors Evaluation of Level 2 and Level 3 Automated Driving Concepts ↗ · 2015 · Blanco, Myra et al. · indexed
217. Improving Passenger Experience and Trust in Automated Vehicles Through User-Adaptive HMIs: “The More the Better” Does Not Apply to Everyone · 2021 · Hartwich, Franziska et al. · archived
218. Evaluating feedback requirements for trust calibration in automated vehicles ↗ · 2021 · Wintersberger, Philipp et al. · indexed
219. Assessing Distraction Potential of Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays for Vehicle Drivers ↗ · 2022 · Kim, Hyungil et al. · indexed
220. Expectations and Understanding of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems among Drivers, Pedestrians, Bicyclists, and Public Transit Riders · 2021 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
221. Understanding Driver-Automated Vehicle Interactions Through Wizard of Oz Design Improvisation ↗ · 2015 · Mok, Brian et al. · indexed
222. Human Centered Systems Laboratory Fact Sheet - Research that is Essential, Indispensable, and Connected to our Customers [2001] · 2001 · NHTSA · archived
223. Development Of Human Factors Guidelines For Advanced Traveler Information Systens And Commercial Vehicle Operations: Comparable Systems Analysis · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
224. Anthropomorphizing information to enhance trust in autonomous vehicles · 2018 · Niu, Dongfang et al. · archived
225. Automotive Collision Avoidance Field Operational Test: Warning Cue Implementation Summary Report · 2002 · NHTSA · archived
226. HUMAN-SYSTEM INTERFACE ISSUES IN THE DESIGN AND USE OF ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION ↗ · 1998 · Dingus, Thomas A. et al. · indexed
227. Improving Safety of Vulnerable Road Users: Effectiveness of Environment and In-Vehicle Warning Systems at Intermodal Interchanges · 2014 · Carruth, Daniel et al. · archived
228. Real-World Observations and Human Factors Evaluation of AV Shuttle Operations · 2025 · Fox, Sarah et al. · archived
229. From young to old: The effects of information presentation type, multimodal display, and age on situation awareness and processing time in automated vehicles · 2024 · Du, Na et al. · archived
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232. Using a Situational Awareness Display to Improve Rider Trust and Comfort with an AV Taxi ↗ · 2019 · Chang, Chun-Cheng et al. · indexed
233. Development of human factors guidelines for advanced traveler information systems and commercial vehicle operations : definition and prioritization of research studies · 1997 · Kantowitz, B. H. et al. · archived
234. The Impact of Modality, Technology Suspicion, and NDRT Engagement on the Effectiveness of AV Explanations · 2023 · Esterwood, Connor · archived
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236. Interactive Traffic Management for Highly Automated Vehicles · 2023 · Alkim, Tom et al. · archived
237. Student Concept Vehicle: Development and Usability of an Innovative Holographic User Interface Concept and a Novel Parking Assistance System Concept ↗ · 2019 · Mims, Lauren et al. · indexed
238. Building Trust in Autonomous Vehicles: Role of Virtual Reality Driving Simulators in HMI Design · 2019 · Morra, Lia et al. · archived
239. Driver Logo Sign Detection and Hazard Responses during Partially Automated Driving ↗ · 2020 · Cauffman, Stephen J. et al. · indexed
240. Human Factors Laboratory [Fact Sheet] · 1994 · NHTSA · archived
241. Decoding the silent dialogue: Unveiling driver-pedestrian communication dynamics with a hidden Markov model ↗ · 2025 · Pipkorn, Linda et al. · indexed
242. Effects of Vehicle Automation and Cooperative Driving Messaging on Driver Behavior When Passing a Bicyclist on a Shared Roadway · 2024 · Sanchez, Robert et al. · archived
243. Novel Auditory Displays in Highly Automated Vehicles: Sonification Improves Driver Situation Awareness, Perceived Workload, and Overall Experience · 2021 · Nadri, Chihab et al. · archived
244. Smart, Green, Equitable, Safe, Complete Streets for All - Phase I: Development of a CAV Testbed-enhanced Smart Campus at Morgan State University · 2024 · Jeihani, Mansoureh et al. · archived
245. Learning in Mixed Traffic: Drivers’ Adaptation to Ambiguous Communication Depending on Their Expectations toward Automated and Manual Vehicles ↗ · 2023 · Miller, Linda et al. · indexed
246. Creating Appropriate Trust in Automated Vehicle Systems: A Framework for HMI Design ↗ · 2017 · Ekman, Fredrick et al. · indexed
247. Enhancing Vulnerable Road User Safety at Signalized Intersections Through Cooperative Perception and Driving Automation: Final Report · 2024 · Bayartsengel, Misheel et al. · archived
248. Factors Affecting Pedestrians’ Trust in Automated Vehicles: Literature Review and Theoretical Model ↗ · 2021 · Zhou, Siyuan et al. · indexed
249. The flashing right turn signal with pedestrian indication : human factors studies to understand the potential of a new signal to increase awareness of and attention to crossing pedestrians. · 2015 · Boot, Walter et al. · archived
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255. Evaluating Drivers’ Understanding of Warning Symbols Presented on In-Vehicle Digital Displays Using a Driving Simulator ↗ · 2023 · Schwambach, Breno et al. · indexed
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259. Online Monitoring for Safe Pedestrian-Vehicle Interactions · 2020 · Du, Peter et al. · archived
260. Human-centered design and evaluation of a workplace for the remote assistance of highly automated vehicles · 2024 · Schrank, Andreas et al. · archived
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263. IVI human factors strategy · 1999 · Ference, Jack · archived
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270. Editorial to the Special Issue on Road User Interactions in the Age of Vehicle Automation ↗ · 2026 · Lee, Yee Mun et al. · indexed
271. Smarter Intersections Pilot Project Implementation Report · 2025 · Turnbull, Katie · archived
272. Human Factors for Connected Vehicles Transit Bus Research · 2019 · Graving, Justin et al. · archived
273. A multimodal interaction concept for cooperative driving ↗ · 2013 · Zimmermann, Markus et al. · indexed
274. Cooperative Overtaking: Overcoming Automated Vehicles' Obstructed Sensor Range via Driver Help · 2019 · Walch, Marcel et al. · archived
275. In-Vehicle Decision Support to Reduce Crashes at Rural Thru-Stop Intersections · 2011 · Hayes, Caroline et al. · archived
276. Understanding and Using New Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities · 2022 · Jackson, Steve et al. · archived
277. Research review of potential safety effects of electronic billboards on driver attention and distraction · 2001 · Farbry, J. et al. · archived
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282. Design, Implementation and Experimental Investigation of a Pedestrian Street Crossing Assistance System Based on Visible Light Communications ↗ · 2022 · Căilean, Alin-Mihai et al. · indexed
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285. The effects of displaying availability sections of an automated driving function ↗ · 2023 · Danner, Simon et al. · indexed
286. An Auditory Display for Remote Road Vehicle Operation That Increases Awareness and Presence · 2023 · Larsson, Pontus et al. · archived
287. Looking-In and Looking-Out of a Vehicle: Computer-Vision-Based Enhanced Vehicle Safety ↗ · 2007 · Trivedi, Mohan Manubhai et al. · indexed
288. Towards a Cooperative Driver-Vehicle Interface: Enhancing Drivers' Perception of Cyclists through Augmented Reality ↗ · 2020 · Pichen, Jürgen et al. · indexed
289. Benefits of Redundant Visual In-Vehicle Information in Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict Scenarios ↗ · 2019 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
290. Nudging human drivers via implicit communication by automated vehicles: Empirical evidence and computational cognitive modeling ↗ · 2024 · Zgonnikov, Arkady et al. · indexed
291. From automation to autonomy and autonomous vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Xu, Wei · indexed
292. Human Factors Guidelines for Intelligent Transportation Systems at the Highway-Rail Intersection: Technical Report · 2007 · Lerner, Neil D. et al. · archived
293. Smartphone-Based Mid-Block Pedestrian Crossing In-Vehicle Warning - Phase 2: Final Project Report · 2020 · Roldan, Stephanie M. et al. · archived
294. Recent International Activity in Cooperative Vehicle–Highway Automation Systems · 2012 · Shladover, S.E. · archived
295. Coupling intention and actions of vehicle-pedestrian interaction: A virtual reality experiment study · 2024 · Dang, Meiting et al. · archived
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297. Expanded Situational Awareness Without Vision · 2023 · Fink, Paul D. S. et al. · archived
298. Evolution of a full-windshield HUD designed for current VANET communication standards ↗ · 2013 · Charissis, Vassilis et al. · indexed
299. Active Road User Interactions With Autonomous Vehicles: Proactive Safety Assessment ↗ · 2023 · Alozi, Abdul Razak et al. · indexed
300. Design of Human-Machine Interface for Truck Platooning Using Driving Simulator · 2024 · Sugimachi, Toshiyuki · archived
301. Information Transparency in Multimodal Interfaces: Effects on Users' Situational Awareness in Autonomous Driving ↗ · 2025 · Liu, Xiaoqian et al. · indexed
302. Enhancing Motorist Understanding of Variable Message Signs ↗ · 2005 · Wang, Jyh-Hone et al. · indexed
303. Methodology for the design of automotive HUD graphical interfaces · 2018 · Villa-Espinal, Jesús et al. · archived
304. Automation Situation Awareness Display for a Flight Envelope Protection System ↗ · 2017 · Ackerman, Kasey A. et al. · indexed
305. Interface design considerations for an in-vehicle eco-driving assistance system · 2015 · Jamson, A. Hamish et al. · archived
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307. Effective Indicators of Partially Automated Truck Platooning [techbrief] · 2021 · Roldan, Stephanie M. et al. · archived
308. Quantifying Distraction Potential of Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays for Vehicle Drivers ↗ · 2018 · Kim, Hyungil et al. · indexed
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311. Literature review on recent international activity in cooperative vehicle–highway automation systems. · 2012 · Shladover, S.E. · archived
312. A framework for driver specific inference of danger at signalized intersections ↗ · 2003 · Dariush, Behzad et al. · indexed
313. Subtle motion cues by automated vehicles can nudge human drivers’ decisions: Empirical evidence and computational cognitive model · 2023 · Zgonnikov, Arkady et al. · archived
314. FMVSS Considerations for Vehicles with Automated Driving Systems: Volume 1 · 2020 · Blanco, Myra et al. · archived
315. Head-Up Displays in Urban Partially Automated Driving: Effects of Using Augmented Reality ↗ · 2019 · Feierle, Alexander et al. · indexed
316. Driver Responses to Simultaneous V2V and V2I Safety Critical Information in Left-turn Across Path Scenarios ↗ · 2015 · Richard, Christian et al. · indexed
317. The Push vs Pull of Information between Autonomous Cars and Human Drivers ↗ · 2014 · Mok, Brian et al. · indexed
318. Federal Highway Administration National Dialogue on Highway Automation: October 24-25, 2018 Operations Workshop Summary · 2019 · Kay, Michael et al. · archived
319. Crossing the line: Impact of pedestrian group behavior on individual crossing decisions in AV interactions ↗ · 2025 · Hübner, Maximilian et al. · indexed
320. On-Road and In-Vehicle Delivery of Service Signs: Effects of Information Source and Age ↗ · 2019 · Deng, Yulin et al. · indexed
321. Independent Evaluation of the Driver Acceptance of the Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations (CICAS-V) Pilot Test · 2011 · Stearns, Mary (Mary D.) et al. · archived
322. A Taxonomy for Autonomous Vehicles Considering Ambient Road Infrastructure · 2023 · Chen, Sikai et al. · archived
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324. A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality Applications for Automated Driving: 2009–2020 ↗ · 2021 · Riegler, Andreas et al. · indexed
325. Driver Responses to Incongruent V2V and V2I Safety Critical Information in Left-Turn Across Path Scenarios ↗ · 2017 · Richard, Christian et al. · indexed
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327. Human-Centered AI for Autonomous Vehicles: A Review of Interaction Strategies and Technologies ↗ · 2024 · Kumar, Abhishek et al. · indexed
328. Integrating Prediction and Optimization Display Elements Eecting the Human Driving Behavior ↗ · 2015 · Wang, Jiao et al. · indexed
329. A Comparative Analysis of Preferred Communication Options of Passengers in Networked Shared Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2023 · Escher, Bengt et al. · indexed
330. A new dynamic spatial information design framework for AR-HUD to evoke drivers’ instinctive responses and improve accident prevention ↗ · 2023 · Wang, Jianmin et al. · indexed
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332. Literature Review Synthesizing the Current and Potential ATMA Applications · 2023 · Miller, Erika et al. · archived
333. An Interactive Design using Human Computer Interaction for Autonomous Vehicles · 2020 · Shaikh, Asadullah · archived
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343. Signal Awareness Applications · 2022 · Mollenhauer, Mike et al. · archived
344. How to Design Human-Vehicle Cooperation for Automated Driving: A Review of Use Cases, Concepts, and Interfaces ↗ · 2024 · Peintner, Jakob et al. · indexed
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349. Introducing ROADS: A Systematic Comparison of Remote Control Interaction Concepts for Automated Vehicles at Road Works · 2025 · Colley, Mark et al. · archived
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351. Automated Vehicles and Adverse Weather: Final Report · 2019 · Neumeister, David M. et al. · archived
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360. Consumer Information Potpourri: Instructional and Operational Variability Among Passenger Vehicle Automated Systems ↗ · 2019 · Wright, Timothy J. et al. · indexed
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366. Road Traffic Gesture Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Using Fuzzy Logic ↗ · 2024 · Ampadu, Kwame Owusu et al. · indexed
367. Can Vision-Language Models Understand and Interpret Dynamic Gestures from Pedestrians? Pilot Datasets and Exploration Towards Instructive Nonverbal Commands for Cooperative Autonomous Vehicles · 2025 · Bossen, Tonko Emil Westerhof et al. · archived
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374. Phase 1 Outreach Plan- Buffalo, NY ITS4US Deployment Project · 2021 · O’Sullivan, Katie et al. · archived
375. Phase 2 Outreach Plan - Buffalo, NY ITS4US Deployment Project · 2022 · O’Sullivan, Katie et al. · archived
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388. Intelligent Sidewalk De-Icing and Pre-Treatment with Connected Campus Maintenance Vehicles · 2022 · Mahlberg, Justin et al. · archived
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390. Enhancing situational awareness of indoor orientation for the visually impaired ↗ · 2014 · Alkhanifer, Abdulrhman A. · indexed