DrivingResearch.

Chinese Drivers’ Attitudes toward L2+ Level of Driving Automation

Li, Liping; Chen, Yurong; Wang, Jifang; Luo, Xiaojun · 2023 · Crossref

DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1003831

archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified

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Summary

This study investigates Chinese drivers’ attitudes toward Level 2+ (L2+) driving automation, an industry-introduced category bridging SAE Level 2 and Level 3 automation. L2+ features include Highway Driving Pilot (HDP), Automatic Parking Assist (APA), Valet Parking Assist (VPA), and Remote Parking Assist (RPA). The research was motivated by the need to understand user acceptance and usage patterns as the Chinese market transitions toward higher automation levels, where customer trust is critical for adoption. The authors employed a mixed-methods design involving an online survey and follow-up interviews. The survey was distributed via Baidu Map and CarLife applications, yielding 973 valid responses, of which 395 participants had prior experience with L2+ features. Demographic data indicated the sample was predominantly male (91.26%) and experienced (78.21% had over three years of driving experience). Additionally, 11 high-frequency users participated in remote interviews to validate survey findings. The study analyzed usage frequency, reasons for adopting or rejecting specific features, and correlations between user attitudes and behavior using Kendall nonparametric correlation analysis. Results indicated that HDP (57.47%) and APA (51.14%) were the most commonly used features, while VPA and RPA had significantly lower adoption rates. Drivers primarily used parking assistance features due to interest in technology, whereas HDP was valued for providing relaxation. Safety concerns were the dominant reason for not using any L2+ feature, particularly for HDP (69.16%). Correlation analysis revealed that safety concerns significantly negatively correlated with HDP usage frequency, indicating that HDP is "safety-sensitive." Conversely, APA usage was positively correlated with desires to relax, multitask, and save time, characterizing it as "efficiency-sensitive." Interviews confirmed that while HDP requires sustained attention due to highway safety risks, slower parking features allow drivers to engage in secondary tasks. The study concludes that drivers hold divergent attitudes toward L2+ features, prioritizing safety for highway applications and efficiency for parking scenarios. These findings suggest that manufacturers should tailor driving styles and system designs to specific scenes, emphasizing safety transparency for HDP and convenience for parking assists. The research implies that slow-speed automation features like APA may serve as more promising entry points for higher-level automation adoption, as they mitigate safety anxieties while offering tangible efficiency benefits.

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StageOutcomeToolModelPromptAttemptsCompleted
discover success Crossref — — 1 2026-08-09
archive success canonical_url — — 1 2026-08-09
extract success pdftotext — — 4 2026-08-10
clean success clean — — 2 2026-08-10
chunk success chunk — — 2 2026-08-10
embed success embed Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B — 2 2026-08-10
promote success — — — 1 2026-08-09
summarize success llm qwen3.6-27b-nvidia summ-v5 2 2026-08-10
tag success vector_similarity — — 17 2026-08-11
verify partial — — — 2 2026-08-10

Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-nvidia on 2026-08-10; verification: verified_with_issues.

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