behavioral adaptation risk compensation

Behavioral adaptation and risk compensation: drivers offsetting a safety improvement by changing behavior — driving faster with better brakes or headlights, following closer with ABS or AEB, risk homeostasis theory (Wilde), offset hypotheses, and unintended behavioral responses to vehicle or roadway safety countermeasures. The system-level behavioral response to a safety measure, distinct from risk_taking (a stable propensity to accept risk) and from adas_effectiveness (net measured benefit of a system).

140 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Behavioral adaptation to advanced driver-assistance systems ↗ · 2010 · Hiraoka, Toshihiro et al. · indexed
2. Literature Review of Behavioral Adaptations to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems · 2016 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
3. Risk homeostasis theory and traffic accidents: propositions, deductions and discussion of dissension in recent reactions ↗ · 1988 · Wilde, Gerald J.S. · indexed
4. HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ↗ · 1997 · Summala, Heikki · indexed
5. Risk control is not risk adjustment: the zero-risk theory of driver behaviour and its implications ↗ · 1988 · Summala, Heikki · indexed
6. A conceptualization of driving behaviour as threat avoidance ↗ · 1984 · Fuller, Ray W. · indexed
7. The Theory of Risk Homeostasis: Implications for Safety and Health ↗ · 1982 · Wilde, Gerald J.S. · indexed
8. Risk homeostasis theory: an overview: Figure 1 ↗ · 1998 · Wilde, Gerald J.S. · indexed
9. Risk homeostasis theory and its critics: time for an agreement ↗ · 1988 · Janssen, Wiel H. et al. · indexed
10. Investigation of Behavioral Adaptation to Lane Departure Warnings ↗ · 2002 · Rudin-Brown, Christina M. et al. · indexed
11. Risk-Taking Behavior and Traffic Safety: Symposium Proceedings: October 19–22, 1997 Chatham, Massachusetts · 1997 · NHTSA · archived
12. Holistic assessment of driver assistance systems: how can systems be assessed with respect to how they impact glance behaviour and collision avoidance? · 2019 · Bärgman, Jonas et al. · archived
13. Recommendations for research on drivers' behavioural adaptation and for the design and deployment of ADAS ↗ · 2013 · Fort, Alexandra et al. · indexed
14. Identification of General Risk-Management Countermeasures for Unsafe Driving Actions. Volume 1, Description and Analysis of Promising Countermeasures · 1981 · Jones, R. K. (Ralph K.) et al. · archived
15. Perceptions of Risk and Control: Understanding Acceptance of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems · 2009 · Joshi, Somya et al. · archived
16. Resources and Tools to Reduce Multiple Risky Driving Behaviors · 2024 · Finley, Kari et al. · archived
17. Identification of Countermeasures for Unsafe Driving Actions. Volume 2, a Review of Selected Literature · 1981 · Marks, M. E. (Mary E.) et al. · archived
18. Proceedings of the National Rural Summit on Traffic Safety Culture 2009 · 2009 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
19. Improving Traffic Safety Culture in the United States · 2007 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
20. Indicators of Driver Adaptation to Forward Collision Warnings: A Naturalistic Driving Evaluation · 2019 · Nodine, Emily E. et al. · archived
21. NHTSA light vehicle antilock brake systems research program task 5, part 1 : examination of drivers' collision avoidance behavior using conventional and antilock brake systems on the Iowa driving simulator · 2000 · McGehee, D. V. et al. · archived
22. Modeling and Analysis of Microscopic Risk Avoidance Behavior of Homogeneous Driver Groups Under Risk Scenarios ↗ · 2024 · Zheng, Lili et al. · indexed
23. A Driving Simulator Study on Adaptive Cruise Control Failure ↗ · 2006 · Park, Jooho et al. · indexed
24. What determines drivers’ speed? A replication of three behavioural adaptation experiments in a single driving simulator study · 2018 · Melman, Timo et al. · archived
25. Drivers’ Response to Scenarios when Driving Connected and Automated Vehicles Compared to Vehicles with and without Driver Assist Technology · 2022 · Gouribhatla, Raghuveer et al. · archived
26. Examination of Drivers' Collision Avoidance Behavior Using Conventional and Antilock Brake Systems on the Iowa Driving Simulator ↗ · 1999 · McGehee, Daniel V. et al. · indexed
27. Adaptive driver modelling in ADAS to improve user acceptance: A study using naturalistic data · 2018 · Fleming, James M. et al. · archived
28. Driver Adaptation to Vehicle Automation: The Effect of Driver Assistance Systems on Driving Performance and System Monitoring · 2022 · Weaver, Starla et al. · archived
29. Mitigating undesirable emergent behavior arising between driver and semi-automated vehicle · 2020 · Melman, Timo et al. · archived
30. A national randomized field experiment testing the impact of simulated usage-based insurance programs on driver safety ↗ · 2025 · Ebert, Jeffrey P. et al. · indexed
31. White Papers for Toward Zero Deaths: A National Strategy on Highway Safety · 2010 · Ward, Nicholas J. et al. · archived
32. Potential benefits of an adaptive forward collision warning system · 2007 · Jamson, A. Hamish et al. · archived
33. Identification of Motivations for Unsafe Driving Actions and Potential Countermeasures · 1982 · Marks, M. E. (Mary E.) et al. · archived
34. In-vehicle nudging for increased Adaptive Cruise Control use: a field study · 2024 · Gustavsson, Pär et al. · archived
35. Risk Compensation: A Male Phenomenon? Results From a Controlled Intervention Trial Promoting Helmet Use Among Cyclists ↗ · 2012 · Messiah, Antoine et al. · indexed
36. External and internal risk of the user in road safety and the necessity for a control process ↗ · 2011 · Colonna, Pasquale et al. · indexed
37. User rating and acceptance of attention-adaptive driver safety systems · 2020 · Weber, Betina et al. · archived
38. Engineering Countermeasures to Mitigate Reckless Driving Behavior · 2025 · Guler, S. Ilgin et al. · archived
39. Roadway Human Factors and Behavioral Safety in Europe · 2005 · Keith, Kevin et al. · archived
40. A Review of Research on Driving Styles and Road Safety ↗ · 2015 · Sagberg, Fridulv et al. · indexed
41. Driving with intelligent vehicles: driving behaviour with Adaptive Cruise Control and the acceptance by individual drivers ↗ · 1999 · Hoedemaeker, D.M. · indexed
42. Human-like driving behaviour emerges from a risk-based driver model · 2020 · Kolekar, Sarvesh et al. · archived
43. Evaluating Drivers’ Response to Road Hazard: A Simulation Study ↗ · 2024 · Javanbakht, Navid et al. · indexed
44. IMPACT OF THE NEW ZEALAND SEAT BELT LAW ↗ · 1991 · Garbacz, Christopher · indexed
45. Haptic interface of driver-assistance system based on safe driving evaluation ↗ · 2015 · Hiraoka, Toshihiro et al. · indexed
46. A Randomized Field Trial of Smartphone-Based Feedback Designed to Encourage Safe Driving: Comparing Focused and Self-Chosen Goals to Standard Usage-Based Insurance Messaging · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
47. On Speed Management, Public Health, and Risky Behaviors: Examining the Side Effects of Automated Speed-Enforcement Cameras on Traffic Crashes in Bogotá, Colombia ↗ · 2023 · Valderrama, Segundo Lopez et al. · indexed
48. Driver Crash Avoidance Behavior with ABS in an Intersection Incursion Scenario on the Iowa Driving Simulator ↗ · 1999 · Mazzae, Elizabeth N. et al. · indexed
49. Do drivers change their manual car-following behaviour after automated car-following? · 2020 · Louw, Tyron et al. · archived
50. Effects of Human–Machine Interface Design for Intelligent Speed Adaptation on Driving Behavior and Acceptance ↗ · 2005 · Rook, Arno M. et al. · indexed
51. Automated Feedback to Foster Safe Driving in Young Drivers: Phase 2 · 2015 · Blomberg, Richard D. et al. · archived
52. Collective risk but individual safety · 1988 · RUMAR, KÁRE · archived
53. Impacts of different feedback features on driver behaviour: Findings from a multiphase naturalistic study ↗ · 2026 · Kontaxi, Armira et al. · indexed
54. The Effect of Driving Style on Responses to Unexpected Vehicle Cyberattacks · 2023 · Zhang, Fangda et al. · archived
55. Neuromuscular analysis of haptic gas pedal feedback during car following ↗ · 2006 · Abbink, David A. · indexed
56. Local and Rural Road Safety Briefing Sheets - Behavioral Safety Strategies for Drivers on Rural Roads · 2014 · NHTSA · archived
57. Review of Risk Communication Strategies And Existing Alcohol-Impaired and Distracted Driving Safety Messages: Technical Report · 2023 · Zakrajsek, Jennifer et al. · archived
58. Road safety improvement in large companies. An experimental comparison of different measures · 1996 · Gregersen, Nils Petter et al. · archived
59. Perceived safety benefits, concerns, and utility of advanced driver assistance systems among owners of ADAS-equipped vehicles ↗ · 2018 · Pradhan, Anuj K. et al. · indexed
60. Understanding the Impact of Technology: Do Advanced Driver Assistance and Semi-Automated Vehicle Systems Lead to Improper Driving Behavior? · 2019 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
61. The influence of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory on risk perception and intentions to speed in young male and female drivers · 2019 · Logan, Emily et al. · archived
62. Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems Field Operational Test Final Program Report ↗ · 2011 · Sayer, James R. et al. · indexed
63. Unconscious Motivators and Situational Safety Belt Use: Literature Review and Results from an Expert Panel Meeting · 2006 · Brittle, Christine et al. · archived
64. PSYCHOLOGY AND THE HIGHWAY ENGINEER ↗ · 2002 · Fuller, Joanne M. · indexed
65. Adaptations in driver behaviour characteristics during control transitions from full-range Adaptive Cruise Control to manual driving: an on-road study ↗ · 2020 · Varotto, Silvia F. et al. · indexed
66. Safety impact of an integrated crash warning system based on field test data. · 2011 · Nodine, Emily E. et al. · archived
67. ReflektAS: lane departure prevention system based on behavioural control ↗ · 2008 · Kullack, A. et al. · indexed
68. Onboard Safety Systems Effectiveness Evaluation Final Report · 2013 · Hickman, Jeffrey S. et al. · archived
69. Testing models of driver behaviour ↗ · 2012 · Lewis-Evans, Ben · indexed
70. The influence of middle-aged male driver profile on driving performance and the effects of three perceptual countermeasures: A simulator study ↗ · 2023 · Bobermin, Mariane Paula et al. · indexed
71. IVHS Countermeasures For Rear-End Collisions, Task 1 Volume Vi: Human Factors Studies, Interim Report · 1994 · NHTSA · archived
72. IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collision, Task 1 Vol. VI: Human Factors Studies · 1994 · Wilson, Terry · archived
73. The Safe System Approach – A Road Safety Strategy Based on Human Factors Principles · 2013 · Larsson, Peter et al. · archived
74. Impact analysis of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) regarding road safety – computing reduction potentials · 2024 · Aleksa, Michael et al. · archived
75. The development, validation, and application of a video-based technique for measuring an everyday risk-taking behavior: Drivers' speed choice. ↗ · 1999 · Horswill, Mark S. et al. · indexed
76. Volvo Drivers’ Experiences With Advanced Crash Avoidance and Related Technologies ↗ · 2013 · Eichelberger, Angela H. et al. · indexed
77. Impact of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) on Road Safety and Implications for Education, Licensing, Registration, and Enforcement · 2022 · Pradhan, Anuj K. et al. · archived
78. IVHS Countermeasures For Rear-End Collisions, Task 1 Volume V: 1985 Nass Case Analysis, Interim Report · 1994 · WILSON, TERRY · archived
79. A Novel Driver Warning System with Hedging to Promote Defensive Driving · 2024 · Yang, Di et al. · archived
80. Highway Safety Culture Assessment through Louisiana’s Regions [Summary] · 2023 · Schneider, Helmut et al. · archived
81. How road narrowing impacts the trade-off between two adaptation strategies: reducing speed and increasing neuromuscular stiffness ↗ · 2020 · Abbink, David A. · indexed
82. Effectiveness of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems in Preventing System-Relevant Crashes ↗ · 2021 · Spicer, Rebecca S. et al. · indexed
83. Designing Safe Road Systems: A Human Factors Perspective ↗ · 2012 · Theeuwes, Jan et al. · indexed
84. Improving driving behavior by allowing drivers to browse their own recorded driving data ↗ · 2011 · Takeda, Kazuya et al. · indexed
85. Driver celeration behaviour and accidents – an analysis ↗ · 2008 · Wåhlberg, A.E. af · indexed
86. The Influence of Lead Vehicle Behavior and Vehicle Rates of Closure on a Driver's Braking Behavior ↗ · 2007 · Kelling, Nicholas et al. · indexed
87. Correlation Between Traffic Locus of Control and Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) Use ↗ · 2024 · Wei, Linzhuo et al. · indexed
88. Studying driving behavior and risk perception: a road safety perspective in Egypt · 2022 · Sayed, Islam et al. · archived
89. Human factors of vehicle-based lane departure warning systems : final report. · 2015 · Edwards, Christopher J. et al. · archived
90. Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems Heavy-Truck Field Operational Test Independent Evaluation · 2011 · Nodine, Emily et al. · archived
91. Driving simulator study for the effects of autonomous vehicles on drivers behaviour under car-following conditions · 2022 · Calvi, Alessandro et al. · archived
92. Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems Field Operational Test : Final Program Report · 2011 · Sayer, J. et al. · archived
93. Evaluation of an Automotive Rear-End Collision Avoidance System · 2006 · Najm, Wassim et al. · archived
94. Behavioral adaptation of human drivers in car-following interactions with automated vehicles ↗ · 2026 · Saljoqi, Masoud et al. · indexed
95. Development and Test of a Motivational Approach and Materials for Increasing Use of Restraints · 1982 · Schwalm, Norman D. et al. · archived
96. Driver Reactions in a Vehicle with Collision Warning and Mitigation Technology ↗ · 2015 · Crump, Caroline et al. · indexed
97. Differing Perceptions of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) ↗ · 2016 · Crump, Caroline et al. · indexed
98. Automated Feedback to Foster Safe Driving in Young Drivers: Phase 2 [Traffic Tech] · 2015 · NHTSA · archived
99. Automation of task processes: An example of intelligent transportation systems ↗ · 2000 · Ward, Nicholas · indexed
100. Incentive-Based Telematics and Driver Safety: Insights from a Naturalistic Study of Behavioral Change ↗ · 2025 · Kontaxi, Armira et al. · indexed
101. Proposal of Non-dimensional Parameter Indices to Evaluate Safe Driving Behavior · 2013 · Hiraoka, Toshihiro et al. · archived
102. Identification and Testing of Countermeasures for Specific Alcohol Accident Types and Problems. Volume 2, General Driver Alcohol Problem · 1984 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · archived
103. RISK HOMEOSTASIS ANALYSIS OF SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION AT INTERSECTIONS WITHOUT TRAFFIC LIGHTS ↗ · 2002 · Kumamoto, Hiromitsu et al. · indexed
104. Safe driving in a green world: A review of driver performance benchmarks and technologies to support ‘smart’ driving · 2010 · Young, Mark S. et al. · archived
105. Investigation on the Use of Urban Road Pricing as a Road Safety Intervention: A Discrete Choice Experiment ↗ · 2026 · Barrera-Jimenez, Humberto · indexed
106. A Holistic Inquiry of Intelligent Speed-Assist Technology: Safety Impacts, Technology Implementation, and Challenges · 2025 · Machiani, Sahar Ghanipoor et al. · archived
107. Older drivers' acceptance of in-vehicle systems and the effect it has on safety. · 2014 · Smith, Kayla et al. · archived
108. Increasing Following Headway in a Driving Simulator and Transfer to Real World Driving ↗ · 2020 · Arnold, Michelle L. et al. · indexed
109. The Influence of Visual Pattern on Perceived Speed ↗ · 1980 · DENTON, G. G. · indexed
110. Effects of Different Intervention Methods on Novice Drivers’ Speeding ↗ · 2019 · Niu, Shi Feng et al. · indexed
111. Driving behavior interaction with ACC: results from a Field Operational Test in the Netherlands ↗ · 2008 · Viti, Francesco et al. · indexed
112. An Assessment of Traffic Safety Culture Related to Engagement in Efforts to Improve Traffic Safety [Final Report] · 2016 · Otto, Jay et al. · archived
113. Evaluating effectiveness and acceptance of advanced driving assistance systems using field operational test · 2023 · Badweeti, Kasi Nayana et al. · archived
114. Integrated vehicle-based safety systems : heavy-truck field operational test key findings report. · 2010 · Sayer, James R. et al. · archived
115. Integrated vehicle-based safety systems (IVBSS) : heavy truck platform field operational test data analysis plan. · 2009 · Sayer, James R. et al. · archived
116. Policy Framing and Behavioural Structure in Road Pricing: A Comparative Structural Equation Model Analysis of Congestion and Safety Narratives ↗ · 2026 · Barrera-Jimenez, Humberto · indexed
117. The Potential Application of Behavior-Based Safety in the Trucking Industry · 2000 · NHTSA · archived
118. Fostering Development, Evaluation, And Deployment Of Forward Crash Avoidance Systems (FOCAS), Final Report · 1995 · Bareket, Z. et al. · archived
119. An Assessment of Traffic Safety Culture Related to Engagement in Efforts to Improve Traffic Safety [Summary Report] · 2016 · Ward, Nic et al. · archived
120. Vehicle Owners’ Experiences with and Reactions to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems · 2018 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
121. Understanding Risky Behavior in Sustainable Driving among Young Adults: Exploring Social Norms, Emotional Regulation, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Mindfulness ↗ · 2024 · Marian, Andrei-Lucian et al. · indexed
122. Behavioral decision‐making model of the intelligent vehicle based on driving risk assessment ↗ · 2019 · Zheng, Xunjia et al. · indexed
123. Effects of Adaptive Lane Departure Warning System on Driver Response to a Surprise Event ↗ · 2010 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · indexed
124. Editorial: Cognitive Mechanisms for Safe Road Traffic Systems · 2022 · Vecchiato, Giovanni et al. · archived
125. White Papers for: "Toward Zero Deaths: A National Strategy on Highway Safety" - White Paper No. 2 - White Paper on Traffic Safety Culture ↗ · 2010 · Ward, Nicholas J. et al. · indexed
126. Future directions for transportation safety research · 2005 · NHTSA · archived
127. Visual Feedback Effectiveness in Reducing Over Speeding of Moped-Riders · 2021 · Tagliabue, Mariaelena et al. · archived
128. Influence of Pedestrian Collision Warning Systems on Driver Behavior—A Driving Simulator Study · 2023 · Banerjee, Snehanshu et al. · archived
129. Impact of Perceptual Speed Calming Curve Countermeasures on Drivers’ Anticipation and Mitigation Ability : A Driving Simulator Study · 2018 · Valluru, Krishna et al. · archived
130. Field effectiveness evaluation of advanced driver assistance systems ↗ · 2018 · Spicer, Rebecca et al. · indexed
131. Follower behavioural change based on natural patterns in traffic oscillation ↗ · 2021 · Salehikalam, Arsalan et al. · indexed
132. Risk Assessment by a Passenger of an Autonomous Vehicle Among Pedestrians: Relationship Between Subjective and Physiological Measures · 2021 · Petit, Jeffery et al. · archived
133. Reconsidering the Safety in Numbers Effect for Vulnerable Road Users: An Application of Agent-Based Modeling ↗ · 2014 · Thompson, Jason et al. · indexed
134. The effectiveness of an advisory Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) system for Victorian repeat speeders ↗ · 2014 · Stephan, Karen et al. · indexed
135. Liberty, Paternalism, and Road Safety · 2022 · Hansson, Oskar · archived
136. Traffic Safety Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters Used for Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Calibration ↗ · 2023 · Miqdady, Tasneem et al. · indexed
137. Evolution of Electronic Control Systems for Improving the Vehicle Dynamic Behavior ↗ · 2002 · van Zanten, Anton T. et al. · indexed
138. Predictive Models of Brake Reaction and Steering of Police Officers in Critical Driving Situations ↗ · 2024 · Shahini, Farzaneh et al. · indexed
139. A design method for booster motor of brake-by-wire system based on intelligent electric vehicle ↗ · 2023 · Meng, Bumin et al. · indexed
140. Improved Safety-First A-Star Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Yu, Junwei et al. · indexed