Effect of System Capability Verification on Conflict, Trust, and Behavior in Automated Vehicles
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Summary
This study investigates how the verifiability of information provided by automated vehicles (AVs) influences driver conflict, trust, and behavioral engagement. As AVs transition from tools to teammates, conflicts regarding maneuver selection can lead to safety-critical, driver-initiated takeovers. While prior research focused on information requirements for successful takeovers, this work addresses the underexplored factors necessary for maintaining automation engagement. The authors hypothesize that drivers require not just transparent information, but information they can verify against their own perception of the environment to establish trust and reduce conflict. To test these hypotheses, the researchers conducted a fixed-based driving simulator study with 28 participants. The experimental design was a 2x2 between-subject factorial design manipulating two variables: system transparency (presence or absence of a bird’s-eye view HMI displaying route course and oncoming traffic) and information verification (presence or absence of oncoming traffic in the simulation). Visibility was restricted to 50 meters via fog to create conflicting situations where the AV performed overtaking maneuvers. Participants could reject the maneuver by pressing the brake pedal. Data were collected on maneuver rejection frequency, perceived conflict, trust, stress, criticality, and gaze behavior using questionnaires and eye-tracking. The results demonstrated that information verifiability significantly impacted driver perception and behavior. Drivers who could verify the system’s information (bird’s-eye view combined with visible oncoming traffic) reported significantly lower conflict and higher trust compared to those who received non-verifiable information (bird’s-eye view without visible traffic). Crucially, providing non-verifiable information yielded no benefit over providing no information at all; in fact, it resulted in lower trust and higher conflict ratings than the condition with no HMI display. Behaviorally, the interaction between transparency and verification significantly reduced the frequency of overtaking maneuver rejections. Drivers rejected the AV’s maneuvers less often only when they could verify the system’s capability through the visible environment. The study concludes that for AVs to prevent driver-initiated interventions and maintain automation engagement, they must provide verifiable information. Simply displaying system data is insufficient if the driver cannot cross-reference it with their own sensory input. This finding implies that Human-Machine Interface designs should prioritize transparency that allows for user verification to foster a shared situation representation, thereby reducing conflict and increasing trust in automated systems.
Key finding
Providing verifiable information to drivers reduces perceived conflict and increases trust, leading to fewer rejections of automated overtaking maneuvers compared to unverifiable or absent information.
Methodology
simulator
Sample size: 28
Provenance
The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed. Discovered via author_sweep_intake on 2026-05-27.
| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | author_sweep | — | — | 2 | 2026-05-27 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 11 | 2026-06-06 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 3 | 2026-06-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| enrich | success | semantic_scholar | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-04 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 15 | 2026-06-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified.
Topics
Ranked by relevance to this paper. Hover a topic for its definition.
- automation
- automation surprise
- trust calibration
- acceptance adoption
- mode awareness
- situational awareness
Information type
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- Empirical Findings: self report data
- Theoretical Contribution: conceptual framework