In-vehicle displays to support driver anticipation of traffic conflicts in automated vehicles
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105842
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Summary
This study investigates the effectiveness of in-vehicle displays in supporting drivers’ anticipation of traffic conflicts in automated vehicles (AVs). While previous research has established that takeover requests (TORs) and automation capability (AC) information improve driver reactions to immediate hazards, it remains unclear how to support proactive, anticipatory driving—where drivers intervene or prepare to intervene before a conflict occurs. The authors hypothesize that providing surrounding traffic (ST) information, potentially via Intelligent Connected Vehicle technologies, can enhance this anticipatory skill, which is often diminished in AV users due to reduced environmental awareness. The researchers conducted a driving simulator experiment with 48 participants, divided equally into novice and experienced driver groups. The study employed a mixed design comparing three display conditions: a baseline display showing only automation engagement status; a TORAC display providing TORs and AC information; and an STTORAC display adding surrounding traffic information to the TORAC components. Participants engaged in scenarios involving adaptive cruise control and lane keeping assistance, encountering both action-necessary and action-not-necessary traffic conflicts while performing a secondary visual-manual task. Results indicated that the STTORAC display significantly facilitated anticipatory driving behaviors, such as pre-event actions and preparations, compared to the baseline. Conversely, the TORAC display impeded anticipation and decreased drivers’ attention to environmental cues, leading to increased reliance on automation. In terms of safety, measured by minimum gap time during scenarios requiring intervention, the STTORAC condition yielded the highest safety levels, followed by TORAC, and then the baseline. The findings suggest that without surrounding traffic information, drivers may over-rely on TOR and AC displays, whereas the inclusion of ST information supports appropriate reliance and proactive conflict avoidance. The study concludes that integrating surrounding traffic information into AV displays is critical for supporting driver anticipation and enhancing safety. It highlights that displays limited to TORs and automation capability may inadvertently foster over-reliance, whereas comprehensive displays that include environmental context enable drivers to predict traffic developments and intervene proactively. This research underscores the importance of designing AV interfaces that maintain driver situational awareness rather than merely alerting them to system limitations.
Key finding
Providing surrounding traffic information in addition to takeover requests and automation capability data supports driver anticipation of traffic conflicts and enhances safety, whereas displays lacking this information impede anticipation and increase automation reliance.
Methodology
simulator
Sample size: 48
Provenance
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-28 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-06 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 3 | 2026-06-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-07 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-07 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-06-07 |
| enrich | success | semantic_scholar | — | — | 4 | 2026-06-15 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-04 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 15 | 2026-06-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-06-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified.
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- Empirical Findings: behavioral performance data
- Methodological Resource: tool software
- Theoretical Contribution: conceptual framework