situation awareness theory
Situation awareness as a theoretical and measurement construct: the perception-comprehension-projection model (Endsley), SA measurement techniques (SAGAT, SART, SPAM), SA demons and error taxonomies, team and distributed SA, and critiques of the SA construct — across aviation, control rooms, and other domains. The SA construct itself, distinct from situational_awareness under cognitive workload (SA measured as an outcome in driving studies); papers about what SA is and how to measure it.
203 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic
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Situation Awareness Misconceptions and Misunderstandings · 2015 · Endsley, Mica R. · archived
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Objective Measures of Situation Awareness: A Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM ↗ · 2019 · Endsley, Mica R. · indexed
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Situation Awareness: Review of Mica Endsley's 1995 Articles on Situation Awareness Theory and Measurement ↗ · 2008 · Wickens, Christopher D. · indexed
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A Comparative Analysis of Sagat and Sart for Evaluations of Situation Awareness ↗ · 1998 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · indexed
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Direct Measurement of Situation Awareness: Validity and Use of SAGAT · 2017 · Endsley, Mica R. · archived
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A Review of Situation Awareness Assessment Approaches in Aviation Environments · 2019 · Nguyen, Thanh Thi et al. · archived
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Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situation Awareness ↗ · 1995 · Garland, Daniel J. et al. · indexed
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Situation awareness: Valid or fallacious? · 2015 · Carsten, Oliver et al. · archived
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Predictive Utility of an Objective Measure of Situation Awareness ↗ · 1990 · Endsley, Mica R. · indexed
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A Methodology for Measuring the Judgmental Components of Situation Awareness ↗ · 2000 · Strauss, Richard et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness Classification Using Multi-modal Sensing in Automated Driving ↗ · 2021 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
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Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design · 2003 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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Situation Awareness Measures for Simulated Submarine Track Management ↗ · 2014 · Loft, Shayne et al. · indexed
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Objective evaluation of situation awareness for dynamic decision makers in teleoperations · 1991 · Endsley, Mica R. · archived
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SITUATION AWARENESS: WHAT IT IS AND WHY IT MATTERS FOR ITS ↗ · 1999 · Harbluk, Joanne L. et al. · indexed
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The Divergence of Objective and Subjective Situation Awareness: A Meta-Analysis ↗ · 2019 · Endsley, Mica R. · indexed
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SITUATION AWARENESS IN AVIATION SYSTEMS. IN: HANDBOOK OF AVIATION HUMAN FACTORS ↗ · 1999 · Endsley, Mica R. · indexed
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Situation Awareness as a Predictor of Performance for En Route Air Traffic Controllers ↗ · 1998 · Durso, Francis T. et al. · indexed
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Use of Real-Time Probes for Measuring Situation Awareness ↗ · 2004 · Jones, Debra G. et al. · indexed
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Measuring Shared and Team Situation Awareness in the Army's Future Objective Force ↗ · 2003 · Bolstad, Cheryl A. et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness Oriented Design: Review and Future Directions ↗ · 2024 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · indexed
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Situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT) · 2003 · Endsley, Mica R. · archived
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Modeling and Measuring Situation Awareness in the Infantry Operational Environment ↗ · 2000 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · indexed
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Reactivity Effects of Situational Awareness SPAM Questionnaires on Enroute ATC ↗ · 2026 · de Paz, Carlos et al. · indexed
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Physiological Measures of Situation Awareness in Emergency Care ↗ · 2026 · Festa, Elena K. et al. · indexed
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Physiological measurement of situation awareness: a study of the validity of EEG and fNIRS during performance and automation monitoring in a complex task ↗ · 2025 · Festa, Elena K. et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness, Mental Workload, and Trust in Automation: Viable, Empirically Supported Cognitive Engineering Constructs ↗ · 2008 · Parasuraman, Raja et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness Oriented Design: From User's Cognitive Requirements to Creating Effective Supporting Technologies ↗ · 2003 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · indexed
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A Measuring Situation Awareness for Dismounted Infantry Squads ↗ · 2005 · Lampton, Donald R. et al. · indexed
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Assessing the validity of situation awareness measures through visual behaviours in car driving: A comprehensive review ↗ · 2026 · Pelerin, Maëlle et al. · indexed
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The Designer's Situation Awareness Toolkit: Support for User-Centered Design ↗ · 2004 · Jones, Debra G. et al. · indexed
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Antecedents and outcome of situation awareness: a meta-analysis of presence and effect size ↗ · 2026 · Yuan, Xiaofang et al. · indexed
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Attention Distribution and Situation Awareness in Air Traffic Control ↗ · 1996 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · indexed
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Team situation awareness for process control safety and performance ↗ · 1998 · Kaber, David B. et al. · indexed
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Development of a Situation Awareness Training Program for Aviation Maintenance ↗ · 1997 · Robertson, Michelle M. et al. · indexed
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Mechanisms for the acquisition of situation awareness in situated agents ↗ · 2011 · Chiappe, Dan et al. · indexed
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Balancing temporal dynamics with measurement noise in real-time situation awareness prediction ↗ · 2025 · Smith, Kieran J et al. · indexed
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Situation awareness in airway facilities : replacement of maintenance control centers with operations control centers. · 2000 · Truitt, Todd R. (Todd Richard), 1967- et al. · archived
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Developing a Subjective Shared Situation Awareness Inventory for Teams ↗ · 2009 · Scielzo, Sandro et al. · indexed
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A Computational Model of Attention/Situation Awareness ↗ · 2002 · McCarley, Jason S. et al. · indexed
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Measuring Situation Awareness in Virtual Environment-Based Training ↗ · 2013 · Kaber, David B. et al. · indexed
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Handbook of Human Performance Measures and Crew Requirements for Flight Deck Research · 1995 · Rehmann, Albert J. · archived
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A Baseline Evaluation of Situation Awareness For Electric Power System Operation Supervisors ↗ · 2011 · Lenox, Michelle M. et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness Requirements for Infantry Platoon Leaders ↗ · 2004 · Matthews, Michael D. et al. · indexed
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Modelling situation awareness relations in a multiagent system · 2015 · Blom, Henk A. P. et al. · archived
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Modelling level 1 situation awareness in driving: A cognitive architecture approach · 2024 · Rehman, Umair et al. · archived
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Building Shared Situation Awareness in Healthcare Settings ↗ · 2017 · Wright, Melanie C. et al. · indexed
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A Test-Battery Approach to Cognitive Engineering: To Meta-Measure or not to Meta-Measure, that is the Question! ↗ · 1996 · Selcon, Stephen J. et al. · indexed
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Predicting Situation Awareness From Physiological Signals ↗ · 2026 · Smith, Kieran J. et al. · indexed
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Towards Context-Aware Modeling of Situation Awareness in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2024 · Avetisyan, Lilit et al. · archived
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TRAINING FOR SITUATION AWARENESS · 2000 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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Generalizing Predictive Models of Situation Awareness to Unseen Participants ↗ · 2025 · Smith, Kieran J. et al. · indexed
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Using situation awareness measures to characterize mental models in an inductive reasoning task ↗ · 2021 · Zhang, Tao et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness in Remote Operators of Autonomous Vehicles: Developing a Taxonomy of Situation Awareness in Video-Relays of Driving Scenes · 2021 · Mutzenich, Clare et al. · archived
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A PC-Based Driving Simulator for Assessing Situation Awareness ↗ · 1997 · Gugerty, Leo et al. · indexed
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Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness, A Critical Review · 2000 · Endsley, Mica R. · archived
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Situation awareness information requirements for en route air traffic control. · 1994 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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A Survey of Situation Awareness Requirements in Air-to-Air Combat Fighters ↗ · 1993 · Endsley, Mica R. · indexed
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Using an Integrated Cognitive Architecture to Model the Effect of Environmental Complexity on Drivers’ Situation Awareness ↗ · 2019 · Rehman, Umair et al. · indexed
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The similarity index as an indicator of shared mental models and situation awareness in field studies [Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 2014] ↗ · 2018 · Sætrevik, Bjørn et al. · indexed
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Overcoming Representational Errors in Complex Environments ↗ · 2000 · Jones, Debra G. et al. · indexed
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Look Up! An Eye-Tracking Study on Situation Awareness During Automated Vehicle Takeover ↗ · 2021 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
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Eye Movements as an Indicator of Situation Awareness in a Flight Simulator Experiment ↗ · 2012 · van de Merwe, Koen et al. · indexed
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The Role of Working Memory in Levels of Situation Awareness ↗ · 2012 · Gutzwiller, Robert S. et al. · indexed
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A controlled field study of situation awareness measures and heart rate variability in emergency handling teams ↗ · 2012 · Sætrevik, Bjørn · indexed
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When is more actually better? expert opinions on assessment of situation awareness in relation to safe driving · 2024 · Zwart, Rins de et al. · archived
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EEG and fNIRS are associated with situation awareness (hazard) prediction during a driving task ↗ · 2024 · Festa, Elena K. et al. · indexed
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Physiological Correlates of Objective Situation Awareness Measurements ↗ · 2023 · Smith, Kieran et al. · indexed
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Team Coordination and Shared Situation Awareness in Combat Identification ↗ · 2017 · Bolstad, Cheryl A. et al. · indexed
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Characterisation of mental models in a virtual reality-based multitasking scenario using measures of situation awareness ↗ · 2009 · Zhang, Tao et al. · indexed
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An Evaluation of Task Network Modeling for Use in Simulating Situation Awareness ↗ · 2000 · Walters, Brett et al. · indexed
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Assessing Situation Awareness (SA) Using Single- or Dual-Location functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) · 2023 · Bracken, Bethany K. et al. · archived
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Maintaining Situational Awareness: The Role of Visual Attention ↗ · 1999 · Chaparro, Alex et al. · indexed
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Assessing Automation for Aviation Personnel using a Predictive Model of SA ↗ · 2009 · Strater, Laura D. et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness Information Requirements Analysis for En Route Air Traffic Control ↗ · 1994 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · indexed
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PC-Based Tools to Improve Infantry Situation Awareness ↗ · 2004 · Strater, Laura D. et al. · indexed
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Distribution of Attention, Situation Awareness and Workload in a Passive Air Traffic Control Task: Implications for Operational Errors and Automation ↗ · 1998 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness in the Power Transmission and Distribution Industry ↗ · 2007 · Connors, Erik S. et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness for Military Ground Forces: Current Issues and Perspectives ↗ · 2001 · Matthews, Michael D. et al. · indexed
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Using Eye-Tracking Data to Predict Situation Awareness in Real Time During Takeover Transitions in Conditionally Automated Driving ↗ · 2021 · Zhou, Feng et al. · indexed
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Designing for Situation Awareness · 2025 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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Using eye-tracking to investigate the effects of pre-takeover visual engagement on situation awareness during automated driving ↗ · 2021 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
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Exploring the Relationship Between Drivers’ Stationary Gaze Entropy and Situation Awareness in a Level-3 Automation Driving Simulation ↗ · 2024 · Ding, Wen et al. · indexed
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General Aviation Pilot Training for Situation Awareness: An Evaluation ↗ · 2002 · Bolstad, Cheryl A. et al. · indexed
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Human Performance Models of Pilot Behavior · 2005 · Wickens, C. D. · archived
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Situation Awareness and Driving Performance in a Simulated Navigation Task ↗ · 2006 · Ma, Ruiqi et al. · indexed
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How to assess driver's interaction with partially automated driving systems – A framework for early concept assessment · 2017 · van den Beukel, Arie P. et al. · archived
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Mobile EEG-based situation awareness recognition for air traffic controllers ↗ · 2017 · Yeo, Lee Guan et al. · indexed
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Current Perspectives on Cognition and Decision Making in Aviation ↗ · 2001 · Mosier, Kathleen L. et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness Information Requirements for Commercial Airline Pilots · 1998 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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An Eye-Fixation Related Electroencephalography Technique for Predicting Situation Awareness: Implications for Driver State Monitoring Systems ↗ · 2023 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
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Multimodal Sensing and Computational Intelligence for Situation Awareness Classification in Autonomous Driving ↗ · 2023 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
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Evidence from a Partial Report Task for Forgetting in Dynamic Spatial Memory ↗ · 1998 · Gugerty, Leo · indexed
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Effect of Display Icon Modality on Situation Awareness ↗ · 2006 · Strater, Laura D. et al. · indexed
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The Effect of SPAM Administration During a Dynamic Simulation ↗ · 2012 · Pierce, Russell S. · indexed
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Models of automation proportion in human-in-the-loop systems and operator situation awareness responses ↗ · 2025 · Liu, Y. et al. · indexed
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A framework for representing agent and human situation awareness ↗ · 2011 · Jones, Rashaad E. T. et al. · indexed
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Situation awareness and driving performance in a simulated navigation task ↗ · 2007 · Ma, Ruiqi et al. · indexed
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Prediction in Situation Awareness: Confidence Bias and Underlying Cognitive Abilities ↗ · 2011 · Sulistyawati, Ketut et al. · indexed
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Investigating explanations in conditional and highly automated driving: The effects of situation awareness and modality · 2022 · Zhang, Qiaoning et al. · archived
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Using Goal Directed Task Analysis with Army Brigade Officer Teams ↗ · 2002 · Bolstad, Cheryl A. et al. · indexed
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Mode Awareness and Automated Driving—What Is It and How Can It Be Measured? ↗ · 2020 · Kurpiers, Christina et al. · indexed
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Effects of physical workload on cognitive task performance and situation awareness ↗ · 2006 · Perry, Carlene M. et al. · indexed
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Situation awareness in air traffic control : enhanced displays for advanced operations · 2000 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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Evaluation of Computer-Based Situation Awareness Training for General Aviation Pilots ↗ · 2010 · Bolstad, Cheryl A. et al. · indexed
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Disruptions, Interruptions and Information Attack: Impact on Situation Awareness and Decision Making · 2001 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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Situation awareness and attention allocation measures for quantifying telepresence experiences in teleoperation ↗ · 2003 · Riley, Jennifer M. et al. · indexed
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Improving Sa: Training Challenges for Infantry Platoon Leaders ↗ · 2003 · Strater, Laura D. et al. · indexed
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Examining the Effects of Conformal Terrain Features in Advanced Head‐Up Displays on Flight Performance and Pilot Situation Awareness ↗ · 2012 · Kim, Sang-Hwan et al. · indexed
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Modeling Situation Awareness for Army Infantry Platoon Leaders Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Techniques ↗ · 2010 · Jones, Rashaad E. T. et al. · indexed
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PC-Based Training To Improve Infantry Situation Awareness ↗ · 2004 · Strater, Laura D. et al. · indexed
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On the measurement of pilot perceptual workload: a comparison of assessment techniques addressing sensitivity and intrusion issues ↗ · 1984 · Casali, John G. et al. · indexed
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The Effect of Task Load and Shared Displays on Team Situation Awareness ↗ · 2000 · Bolstad, Cheryl A. et al. · indexed
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Information Requirements for Traffic Awareness in a Free-Flight Environment: An Application of the FAIT Analysis · 2003 · Uhlarik, John et al. · archived
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The Effects of Task Load and Shared Displays on Team Situation Awareness ↗ · 1999 · Boldstad, Cheryl A. et al. · indexed
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Psychophysiology, task complexity, and team factors determine ERT's shared beliefs [Safety Science, 2015] ↗ · 2018 · Sætrevik, Bjørn · indexed
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Situation Awareness and Collaborative Tool Usage in Ad Hoc Command and Control Teams ↗ · 2008 · Strater, Laura D. et al. · indexed
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Shared situation awareness in the flight deck-ATC system · 2002 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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The Moderator Effects of Taskload on the Interplay Between En Route Intra-Sector Team Communications, Situation Awareness, and Mental Workload ↗ · 2002 · Bailey, Larry L. et al. · indexed
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Effects of Data Communications Failure on Air Traffic Controller Sector Management Effectiveness, Situation Awareness, and Workload · 2011 · Kraut, Joshua et al. · archived
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Analysis of Infantry Situation Awareness Training Requirements ↗ · 2001 · Strater, Laura D. et al. · indexed
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Effect of Free Flight Conditions on Controller Performance, Workload, and Situation Awareness · 1997 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · archived
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Staying Up to Speed: Four Design Principles for Maintaining and Recovering Situation Awareness ↗ · 2008 · John, Mark St. et al. · indexed
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Leveraging Embedded Training Systems to Build Higher Level Cognitive Skills in Warfighters ↗ · 2009 · Endsley, Mica R. et al. · indexed
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Situation Awareness, Automation & Free Flight · 2005 · Endsley, Mica R. · archived
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Shared Mental Models and Shared Displays: An Empirical Evaluation of Team Performance ↗ · 1999 · Bolstad, Cheryl A. et al. · indexed
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Applying SA-Oriented Design to the Integrative Collaborative Control of Multiple Unmanned Vehicle Systems ↗ · 2008 · Connors, Erik S. et al. · indexed
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Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast/Cockpit Display of Traffic Information: Innovations in Aircraft Navigation on the Airport Surface · 2004 · Prinzo, O. Veronika · archived
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Modelling of potential hazards in agent-based safety risk analysis ↗ · 2013 · Blom, H.A.P. et al. · indexed
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Air Traffic Control Specialist Decision Making and Strategic Planning: A Field Survey · 2001 · Della Rocco, Pamela S. et al. · archived
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Comparable Systems Analysis: Comparing AHS to Air Traffic Management · 1995 · Hoffman, M.J. et al. · archived
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Recovery from Interruptions to a Dynamic Monitoring Task: The Beguiling Utility of Instant Replay ↗ · 2005 · John, Mark et al. · indexed
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A Comparison of the Decision Ladder and the Recognition-Primed Decision Model · 2010 · Lintern, Gavan · archived
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Ship Leadership, Situation Awareness, and Crew Safety Behaviour—Preregistered Replications in Two Survey Datasets · 2021 · Sætrevik, Bjørn et al. · archived
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Effects of Information Availability on Workload and Situation Awareness in Air Traffic Control ↗ · 2017 · Trapsilawati, Fitri et al. · indexed
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Applicability of Usability Evaluation Techniques to Aviation Systems ↗ · 2004 · Clamann, Michael et al. · indexed
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The Effect of Shared Information on Pilot/Controller Situation Awareness and Re-Route Negotiation · 1998 · Farley, Todd et al. · archived
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Airborne Data Link Study Report · 1996 · Rehmann, Albert J. et al. · archived
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Integration of conflict resolution automation and vertical situation display for on-ground air traffic control operations · 2021 · Trapsilawati, Fitri et al. · archived
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EEG-Based Analysis of Air Traffic Conflict: Investigating Controllers’ Situation Awareness, Stress Level and Brain Activity during Conflict Resolution ↗ · 2019 · Trapsilawati, Fitri et al. · indexed
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Airborne Data Link Operational Evaluation Test Plan · 1993 · Rehmann, Albert.J. et al. · archived
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Review of Air Traffic Controller Selection: An International Perspective · 1997 · Broach, Dana et al. · archived
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Collaborative planning and situation awareness in Army command and control ↗ · 2006 · Riley, Jennifer M. et al. · indexed
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A Human Factors Simulation of Required Navigation Performance Converging Approach Procedure · 2007 · Koros, Anton et al. · archived
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Safety Performance of Airborne Separation: Preliminary Baseline Testing · 2007 · Consiglio, Maria et al. · archived
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An Investigation into Conflict Resolution and Trajectory Prediction Aids for Future Air Traffic Control ↗ · 2016 · Trapsilawati, Fitri et al. · indexed
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When Plans Change: Task Analysis and Taxonomy of 3-D Situation Awareness Challenges of UAV Replanning · 2010 · Cook, Maia B. et al. · archived
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Flight Deck Human Factors Issues Related to Instrument Flight Procedures (IFPs) at High Density Airports (HDAs) · 2022 · Chandra, Divya et al. · archived
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Review of the FAA 1982 National Airspace System plan · 1982 · NHTSA · archived
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Line Pilot Perspectives on Complexity of Terminal Instrument Flight Procedures [2017] · 2017 · Chandra, Divya C et al. · archived
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Psycholinguistics in Meeting the Challenges of Advanced Aeromobility and Organizing Safe Air Traffic in Low-Altitude Aviation · 2025 · Anayatova, Raziyam et al. · archived
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Summary of human social, cultural, behavioral (HSCB) modeling for information fusion panel discussion ↗ · 2013 · Blasch, Erik et al. · indexed
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Modeling and simulation of function allocation concepts for separation assurance ↗ · 2014 · Holladay, Joshua et al. · indexed
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Automated data exchange and fusion for airport surface traffic management ↗ · 1997 · Glass, B. et al. · indexed
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Evaluation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Live Monitoring to Enhance Situational Awareness During an Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Response · 2024 · Sheairs, Jonathan et al. · archived
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Selection Of Air Traffic Controllers: Complexity, Requirements, And Public Interest · 1991 · Wing, Hilda et al. · archived
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The challenge of regional accents for aviation English language proficiency standards: A study of difficulties in understanding in air traffic control–pilot communications ↗ · 2010 · Tiewtrakul, T. et al. · indexed
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FAA Historical Chronology: Civil Aviation and the Federal Government, 1926–1996 · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
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Thrust: February 1960 · 1960 · NHTSA · archived