The effect of non-driving task takeover request message timing on novice drivers' driving trust

Li, Muyi; He, Ren-Ke; Yuchen, Yuan; Ma, Chaomin · 2022 · Crossref

DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1002698

archive: archived pipeline: cataloged

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Summary

This study investigates how the timing of head-up display (HUD) messages communicating automated vehicle intent affects novice drivers’ trust and user experience. As SAE Level 3 automated vehicles exhibit unpredictable behaviors, effective human-machine communication is critical for maintaining driver trust. The research specifically examines the impact of three different HUD message appearance timings (50m, 70m, and 90m before a maneuver) on novice drivers during a turning task, aiming to identify optimal timing strategies that enhance safety and reliability perceptions. The experiment involved 26 novice drivers (mean age 23.5 years, <5,000 km annual driving experience) who participated in a simulated cockpit environment. Participants viewed recorded driving videos of a turning maneuver, with the HUD displaying takeover request messages at one of three specific timings or a control condition where information was always displayed. Participants were instructed that the vehicle was self-driving and they could not intervene. Post-viewing, subjective measures were collected using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), a Trust Scale (TS), and a Preference for Overall Driving Experience (PREF) scale. Qualitative data was gathered through interviews regarding preferences and reasons for timing choices. Results indicated that the timing of HUD message appearance significantly influenced both user experience and trust. Specifically, the 70m timing condition (T2) yielded the highest scores for UEQ factors of Perspicuity and Dependability, as well as the highest Trust scores, compared to the 50m (T1), 90m (T3), and control (T0) conditions. Statistical analysis confirmed significant main effects of timing on trust and specific UEQ factors. However, timing did not significantly affect ratings of the overall driving experience. Qualitative feedback revealed that the majority of users preferred the 70m timing, perceiving that shorter intervals caused anxiety while longer intervals provided insufficient reaction time. No significant correlations were found between driving style, gender, and the dependent variables. The findings suggest that appropriately timed HUD information enhances user experience and trust in automated systems, with the 70m mark identified as optimal for the tested turning scenario. The authors propose design strategies including customizing message timing for different driving environments and user skill levels. While the study provides actionable design implications for HUD interfaces in automated vehicles, the authors note limitations regarding the small sample size and the homogeneity of the simulated driving environment, suggesting that further research is needed to validate these findings across diverse driving tasks and conditions.

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Topics

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• trust calibration
• automation
• automation surprise
• temporal
• takeover transitions
• feedback modes

Information type

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• Applied Guidance: design guidelines
• Empirical Findings: self report data, behavioral performance data