feedback modes

General concepts of feedback delivery to the driver: the timing, type, and choice of sensory channel for conveying information or warnings, and trade-offs among modalities. This is the umbrella/comparative treatment, not a single channel; for a specific channel see haptic_feedback (tactile), auditory_warnings (sound), or voice_interaction (speech), and for explicit cross-channel combinations see multimodal_feedback.

192 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Auditory, tactile, and multimodal warnings during automated driving · 2019 · Geitner, R. et al. · archived
2. Development of human factors guidelines for advanced traveler information systems and commercial vehicle operations : identification of the strengths and weaknesses of alternative information display formats · 1998 · Hulse, M.C. et al. · archived
3. Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems (IVBSS): Human Factors and Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) Summary Report · 2008 · Green, P. et al. · archived
4. In-Vehicle Display Icons and Other Information Elements: Conduct Preliminary Assessment of Visual Symbols · 1999 · Lee, John D. et al. · archived
5. Human factors evaluation of the effectiveness of multi-modality displays in advanced traveler information systems · 1999 · Liu, Yung-Ching et al. · archived
6. Onboard Feedback to Promote Eco-Driving : Average Impact and Important Features · 2018 · Sanguinetti, Angela · archived
7. The Effect of Haptic Support Systems on Driver Performance: A Literature Survey ↗ · 2015 · Petermeijer, Sebastiaan M. et al. · indexed
8. Vibrotactile Displays: A Survey With a View on Highly Automated Driving ↗ · 2015 · Petermeijer, Sebastiaan M. et al. · indexed
9. Basic collision warning and driver information systems : human factors research needs : summary report · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
10. Advanced driver assistance systems: Using multimodal redundant warnings to enhance road safety · 2016 · Strayer, David L. et al. · archived
11. Preliminary Human Factors Design Guidelines For Driver Information Systems · 1995 · NHTSA · archived
12. Haptic and Auditory Interfaces as a Collision Avoidance Technique During Roadway Departures and Driver Perception of these Modalities · 2006 · Stanley, Laura Michelle · archived
13. Keeping the driver in the loop: Dynamic feedback to support appropriate use of imperfect vehicle control automation ↗ · 2019 · Seppelt, Bobbie et al. · indexed
14. A Comparison of Tactile, Visual, and Auditory Warnings for Rear-End Collision Prevention in Simulated Driving ↗ · 2008 · Scott, Jeffrey J et al. · indexed
15. How precision teaching can shape drivers’ lateral control over time · 2022 · Rossi, Riccardo et al. · archived
16. Human-Machine interfaces and vehicle Automation: A review of the literature and recommendations for system Design, Feedback, and alerts · 2024 · Wang, Meng et al. · archived
17. Human-Machine Interfaces and Vehicle Automation: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for System Design, Feedback, and Alerts · 2022 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
18. Advanced driver assistance systems: Using multimodal redundant warnings to enhance road safety ↗ · 2017 · Biondi, FN et al. · indexed
19. Blind driving by means of auditory feedback ↗ · 2016 · Bazilinskyy, Pavlo et al. · indexed
20. How to drive drivers nuts: effect of auditory, vibrotactile, and multimodal warnings on perceived urgency, annoyance, and acceptability ↗ · 2017 · Biondi, FN et al. · indexed
21. Examining The Medium In Which Feedback Is Delivered on Young Drivers’ Speed Management Behavior: An On-Road Study ↗ · 2020 · Molloy, Oleksandra et al. · indexed
22. Human factors of in-vehicle driver information systems : an executive summary · 1997 · Green, P. · archived
23. From young to old: The effects of information presentation type, multimodal display, and age on situation awareness and processing time in automated vehicles · 2024 · Du, Na et al. · archived
24. Driver memory for in-vehicle visual and auditory messages · 1999 · Garness, SA et al. · archived
25. Average Impact and Key Features of Onboard Eco-driving Feedback · 2019 · Sanguinetti, Angela · archived
26. Information, assessment, or decision: a driving simulator study on the effect of real-time feedback based on information-processing stages ↗ · 2025 · Picco, Angèle et al. · indexed
27. Exploring the Effects of Meaningful Tactile Display on Perception and Preference in Automated Vehicles · 2022 · Martinez, Kimberly D et al. · archived
28. Exploring False Warnings and Modalities for Emergency Vehicle Alerts and Their Impact on Driver Behavior · 2026 · Weibull, Kajsa et al. · archived
29. A comparative analysis of feedback delivery modality within a Precision Teaching protocol to enhance drivers’ lane maintenance · 2024 · Tagliabue, Mariaelena et al. · archived
30. The Effects of Sensory Modality and Information Priority on In-Vehicle Signing and Information Systems ↗ · 1994 · Mollenhauer, Michael et al. · indexed
31. Preliminary Human Factors Guidelines For Crash Avoidance Warning Devices · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
32. Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commercial Vehicle Operations Components of the Intelligent Transportation Systems: Design Alternatives for In-vehicle Information Displays · 1997 · Campbell, JL et al. · archived
33. The Effect of Whole-Body Haptic Feedback on Driver’s Perception in Negotiating a Curve · 2018 · Pakdamanian, Erfan et al. · archived
34. Investigating the roles of touchscreen and physical control interface characteristics on driver distraction and multitasking performance. · 2016 · Ferris, Thomas K. et al. · archived
35. The Effects of an Eco-Driving Interface on Driver Safety and Fuel Efficiency · 2015 · Hibberd, Daryl et al. · archived
36. Eco-Driving Performance Assessment With in-Car Visual and Haptic Feedback Assistance · 2011 · Azzi, Sabrina et al. · archived
37. New knowledge and methods for mitigating driver distraction · 2018 · Geitner, Claudia · archived
38. Development of human factors guidelines for advanced traveler information systems and commercial vehicle operations : definition and prioritization of research studies · 1997 · Kantowitz, B. H. et al. · archived
39. Vibrotactile pedals: provision of haptic feedback to support economical driving ↗ · 2013 · Birrell, Stewart et al. · indexed
40. Interface design considerations for an in-vehicle eco-driving assistance system · 2015 · Jamson, A. Hamish et al. · archived
41. Ecodriver. D12.2: Multi-modal in-vehicle and nomadic device eco-driving support for car drivers ↗ · 2014 · Hibberd, Daryl et al. · indexed
42. Multiple Sources of Safety Information from V2V and V2I: Redundancy, Decision Making, and Trust—Safety Message Design Report · 2015 · Richard, Christian M. et al. · archived
43. Increasing the User Experience in Autonomous Driving through different Feedback Modalities ↗ · 2021 · Schneider, Tobias et al. · indexed
44. Crash Warning Interface Metrics: Final Report · 2011 · Lerner, Neil et al. · archived
45. 3116 Driver's response to individualised alarm timing for forward collision warning systems · 2007 · Abe, Genya et al. · archived
46. Multisensory In-Car Warning Signals for Collision Avoidance ↗ · 2007 · Ho, Cristy et al. · indexed
47. Validations of Integrated Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Configurations ↗ · 2017 · Brown, James et al. · indexed
48. In-vehicle crash avoidance warning systems : human factors considerations · 1997 · Huey, R. W. et al. · archived
49. In-Vehicle Auditory Alerts Literature Review · 2022 · Jeon, Myounghoon et al. · archived
50. Effects of directional auditory and visual warnings at intersections on reaction times and speed reduction times · 2017 · Bella, Francesco et al. · archived
51. Development of human factors guidelines for advanced traveler information systems and commercial vehicle operations : literature review · 1996 · Dingus, Thomas A. et al. · archived
52. Encouraging Eco-Driving With Visual, Auditory, and Vibrotactile Stimuli ↗ · 2016 · McIlroy, Rich C. et al. · indexed
53. Advanced Technologies for Communicating with Motorists: A Synthesis of Human Factors and Traffic Management Issues · 1992 · Balke, Kevin N. et al. · archived
54. Allocation of Driver Attention for Varying In-Vehicle System Modalities ↗ · 2020 · Li, Ning et al. · indexed
55. Investigation of user stereotypes and preferences · 1999 · Neale, Vicki L. et al. · archived
56. On-Road Evaluation of In-vehicle Interface Characteristics and Their Effects on Performance of Visual Detection on the Road and Manual Entry · 2018 · Suh, Youngbo et al. · archived
57. Learning haptic feedback for guiding driver behavior ↗ · 2005 · Goodrich, Michael A. et al. · indexed
58. Multiple Sources of Safety Information from V2V and V2I: Phase II Final Safety Message Report · 2022 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · archived
59. Impacts of different feedback features on driver behaviour: Findings from a multiphase naturalistic study ↗ · 2026 · Kontaxi, Armira et al. · indexed
60. Display formats and commercial vehicle operator (CVO) workload · 1997 · Carney, Cher et al. · archived
61. Communication of Uncertainty Information in Cooperative, Automated Driving: A Comparative Study of Different Modalities ↗ · 2023 · Peintner, Jakob et al. · indexed
62. Automotive Collision Avoidance Field Operational Test: Warning Cue Implementation Summary Report · 2002 · NHTSA · archived
63. Planning Lane Changes using Advance Visual and Haptic Information · 2022 · Frissen, Ilja et al. · archived
64. The effect of navigation modalities on driver performance, workload and user experience: a simulator study · 2026 · Norell, Marius Brudvik et al. · archived
65. Older driver support system. · 2016 · Higgins, Laura L. et al. · archived
66. Designing Alert Systems in Takeover Transitions: The Effects of Display Information and Modality ↗ · 2021 · Du, Na et al. · indexed
67. Investigation Of Alternative Displays For Side Collision Avoidance Systems, Final Report · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
68. Assessing Response Time Effects of Forward Collision Warning HMIs with Central Tendency, Variance, and Dominance Tests ↗ · 2014 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · indexed
69. Multimodal Information Presentation in Support of NextGen Operations ↗ · 2017 · Riggs, Sara L. et al. · indexed
70. Preliminary Human Factors Review for the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (Ivi) Program: Identification of Human Factors Research Needs · 1998 · Campbell, John L. et al. · archived
71. The Effect of Stimulus Modality on Signal Detection: Implications for Assessing the Safety of In-Vehicle Technology ↗ · 2008 · Merat, Natasha et al. · indexed
72. Motivation for continuous haptic gas pedal feedback to support car following ↗ · 2008 · Abbink, David A. et al. · indexed
73. Driver response to unexpected situations when using and in-vehicle information system · 1999 · Biever, Wayne et al. · archived
74. Modeling the Effects of Warning Lead Time, Warning Reliability and Warning Style on Human Performance Under Connected Vehicle Settings ↗ · 2018 · Zhang, Yiqi et al. · indexed
75. Haptic Warning Characteristics for V2V Safety Applications · 2020 · Marshall, Dawn et al. · archived
76. Beyond the Dashboard: Investigating Distracted Driver Communication Preferences for ADAS · 2024 · Hasan, Aamir et al. · archived
77. Backup Warning Signals: Driver Perception And Response, Technical Report · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
78. Übernahmeaufforderungen beim hochautomatisierten Fahren mit fahrfremden Tätigkeiten – welche Modalitäten sind geeignet? Takeover requests at conditional automated driving with non-driving related activities—which are suitable modalities? · 2022 · Müller, Andreas Lars et al. · archived
79. Techniques for Reducing Speeding Beyond Licensure: Young Drivers' Preferences · 2015 · Lee, Yi-Ching et al. · archived
80. Manipulating music to communicate automation reliability in conditionally automated driving: A driving simulator study ↗ · 2021 · Chen, Kuan-Ting et al. · indexed
81. In-Vehicle Decision Support to Reduce Crashes at Rural Thru-Stop Intersections · 2011 · Hayes, Caroline et al. · archived
82. Backup Warning Signals: Driver Perception and Response · 1996 · Harpster, J.L. et al. · archived
83. Development of In-Vehicle Information Dissemination Mechanisms to Reduce Cognitive Burden in the Information-Rich Driving Environment · 2022 · Agrawal, Shubham et al. · archived
84. Testing New Solutions for Eco-Driving: Haptic Gas Pedals in Electric Vehicles · 2016 · Perelló, Jaume R. et al. · archived
85. Simulating On-the-Road Behavior Using a Driving Simulator ↗ · 2010 · Riener, Andreas · indexed
86. DIRECT Operational Field Test Evaluation: Human Factors: Driver Performance and Memory for Traffic Messages. Effects of the Number of Messages, Audio Quality, and Relevance · 1998 · Fleming, Jill et al. · archived
87. Haptic gas pedal feedback ↗ · 2008 · Mulder, Mark et al. · indexed
88. The design of an in-vehicle assistance system to support eco-driving · 2015 · Hibberd, Daryl et al. · archived
89. Development Of Human Factors Guidelines For Advanced Traveler Information Systens And Commercial Vehicle Operations: Comparable Systems Analysis · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
90. Human factors analysis of road weather advisory and control information : final report. · 2010 · Richard, Christian M. et al. · archived
91. Haptic Interface for Vehicular Touch Screens · 2013 · Colgate, J. Edward et al. · archived
92. Towards Mitigating Teenagers’ Distracted Driving Behaviors · 2016 · Merrikhpour, Maryam et al. · archived
93. In-Vehicle Display Icons and Other Information Elements Volume I: Guidelines · 2004 · Campbell, J. L. et al. · archived
94. Reaction-time task during car-following with an active gas pedal ↗ · 2005 · Mulder, Mark et al. · indexed
95. Informing the Design of Multimodal Displays ↗ · 2011 · Lu, Sara A. et al. · indexed
96. Human Factors Guidance for Intelligent Transportation Systems at the Highway-Rail Intersection · 2006 · Jenness, James W. et al. · archived
97. Optimizing timing for emergency vehicle approaching warnings · 2024 · Weibull, Kajsa et al. · archived
98. Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commercial Vehicle Operations: Task Analysis of ATIS/CVO Functions · 1996 · Wheeler, William A. et al. · archived
99. Meeting Important Cuing Requirements with Modest, Real-Time, Interactive Driving Simulations ↗ · 1994 · Allen, R. Wade et al. · indexed
100. Haptic Foot Pedal: Influence of Shoe Type, Age, and Gender on Subjective Pulse Perception · 2018 · Geitner, Claudia et al. · archived
101. In-Vehicle Signing Functions and Systems Concepts · 1996 · Tufano, D.R. et al. · archived
102. HUMAN-SYSTEM INTERFACE ISSUES IN THE DESIGN AND USE OF ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION ↗ · 1998 · Dingus, Thomas A. et al. · indexed
103. Drivers’ ability to learn eco-driving skills; effects on fuel efficient and safe driving behaviour · 2015 · Jamson, Samantha L. et al. · archived
104. Integrated Deployment Architecture for Predictive Real-Time Traffic Routing Incorporating Human Factors Considerations · 2014 · Song, Dongyoon et al. · archived
105. Auditory Alert Characteristics Impact on Crash Avoidance Warning Response · 2018 · Marshall, Dawn et al. · archived
106. Evaluating the Impacts of Driver Cognitive and Physiological State on Decision Making Behavior under Real Time Travel Information · 2018 · Agrawal, Shubham et al. · archived
107. Prototyping and Evaluating a Smartphone Dynamic Message Sign (DMS) Application · 2015 · Dingus, Thomas A et al. · archived
108. Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Vehicles: The Impact of Auditory and Visual Warning Signals on Driver Behavior and Situational Awareness ↗ · 2024 · Huang, Ann et al. · indexed
109. Genesis Pilot Human Factors Test, Human Factors Evaluation Of Driver Multitasking And Message Formats, Final Report · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
110. PROPOSAL OF WARNING METHOD FOR REAR-SIDE OBSTACLES USING DRIVER'S PERCEPTUAL RISK MODEL ↗ · 2009 · NISHIYAMA, AKIHIRO et al. · indexed
111. In-Vehicle Signing Functions of an In-Vehicle Information System · 1996 · Knee, Helmut E. et al. · archived
112. Full-coverage collision warning : human factors research needs : summary report · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
113. An Adaptive Driver Support System ↗ · 2012 · Dijksterhuis, Chris et al. · indexed
114. Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO): Integration of ATIS and Crash Avoidance In-Vehicle Information: Preliminary Simulator Study. · 1999 · Kantowitz, B. H. et al. · archived
115. Preliminary Studies in Haptic Displays for Rear-End Collision Avoidance System and Adaptive Cruise Control System Applications · 2000 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · archived
116. Impact of Time-to-Collision Information on Driving Behavior in Connected Vehicle Environments Using A Driving Simulator Test Bed · 2015 · Osman, Osama A. et al. · archived
117. The value of haptic feedback in lane keeping ↗ · 2014 · Petermeijer, Sebastiaan M. et al. · indexed
118. Visual Feedback Effectiveness in Reducing Over Speeding of Moped-Riders · 2021 · Tagliabue, Mariaelena et al. · archived
119. Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) · 1996 · Clarke, DL et al. · archived
120. The Impact of Abstract vs. Concrete Feedback Design on Behavior Insights from a Large Eco-Driving Field Experiment ↗ · 2018 · Dahlinger, André et al. · indexed
121. Evaluating Effects of Enhanced Autonomy Transparency on Trust, Dependence, and Human-Autonomy Team Performance over Time · 2022 · Du, Na et al. · archived
122. Development of Performance Specifications for Collision Avoidance Systems for Lane Change, Merging, & Backing: Task 3 - Human Factors Assessment of the Driver Interfaces of Existing Collision Avoidance Systems · 1995 · Mazzae, Elizabeth N. et al. · archived
123. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · archived
124. User rating and acceptance of attention-adaptive driver safety systems · 2020 · Weber, Betina et al. · archived
125. Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commercial Vehicle Operations: Investigation of ATIS Function Transition and the Effects of an In-Vehicle ATIS on Driver Performance · 1999 · Campbell, J.L. et al. · archived
126. Autonomous Driving ↗ · 2017 · Walch, Marcel et al. · indexed
127. An In-Vehicle Auditory Signal Evaluation Platform based on a Driving Simulator · 2023 · SAWA, Fuma et al. · archived
128. Effect of performance feedback (or lack thereof) on driver calibration ↗ · 2012 · Roberts, Shannon C. et al. · indexed
129. Complementing Haptic Shared Control With Visual Feedback for Obstacle Avoidance ↗ · 2019 · Abbink, David A. · indexed
130. Sensor-Actuator Supported Implicit Interaction in Driver Assistance Systems · 2010 · Riener, Andreas · archived
131. Field Deployment to Quantify the Value of Real-Time Information by Integrating Driver Routing Decisions and Route Assignment Strategies · 2014 · Song, Dongyoon et al. · archived
132. The Ford Driving Simulator ↗ · 1994 · Greenberg, Jeffry A. et al. · indexed
133. Multiple Attribute Evaluation of Auditory Warning Signals for In-Vehicle Crash Avoidance Warning Systems · 1995 · Tan, A.K. et al. · archived
134. What's around the corner? · 2014 · Beattie, David et al. · archived
135. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2024 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
136. Design of a Haptic Gas Pedal for Active Car-Following Support ↗ · 2010 · Mulder, Mark et al. · indexed
137. Integrated Capabilities in Heavy Vehicles: Human Factors Research Needs [Summary Report] · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
138. LEARNING FROM LEARNING : PRINCIPLES FOR SUPPORTING DRIVERS ↗ · 1991 · Groeger, John A. · indexed
139. Display of HUD Warning to Drivers: Determining an Optimal Location · 1999 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · archived
140. Safe driving in a green world: A review of driver performance benchmarks and technologies to support ‘smart’ driving · 2010 · Young, Mark S. et al. · archived
141. Analyses of the Drivers’ Responses in Final Surveys to the In-Vehicle Receiver (IVR) · 2004 · Benekohal, Rahim F. et al. · archived
142. Potential benefits of an adaptive forward collision warning system · 2007 · Jamson, A. Hamish et al. · archived
143. Situation-Adaptive Warning Timing of a Forward Obstacle Collision Warning System ↗ · 2008 · Hiraoka, Toshihiro et al. · indexed
144. Human Factors Research on Future Automotive Instrumentation: A Progress Report ↗ · 1991 · Green, Paul et al. · indexed
145. Driver Decision Making in Response to Alternate Routes · 2011 · NHTSA · archived
146. Guidelines for disseminating road weather advisory & control information. · 2012 · Lichty, Monica G. et al. · archived
147. An Integrated Critical Information Delivery Platform for Smart Segment Dissemination to Road Users · 2021 · Li, Lingxi et al. · archived
148. Measuring Neuromuscular Control Dynamics During Car Following With Continuous Haptic Feedback ↗ · 2011 · Abbink, David A. et al. · indexed
149. Enhancing Driving Safety Through Proper Message Design on Variable Message Signs · 2005 · Wang, Jyh-Hone et al. · archived
150. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
151. TravTek Evaluation Yoked Driver Study · 1995 · Inman, V. et al. · archived
152. Human Factors Evaluation of an In-Vehicle Active Traffic and Demand Management (ATDM) System · 2016 · Sykes, Kayla · archived
153. Influences of Different Traffic Information on Driver Behaviors While Interacting with Oncoming Traffic in Level 2 Automated Driving ↗ · 2022 · Yang, Bo et al. · indexed
154. Integration of ATIS and crash avoidance in-vehicle information : preliminary simulator study · 1999 · Bittner, A.C. et al. · archived
155. Evaluating the moderating effect of in-vehicle warning information on mental workload and collision avoidance performance ↗ · 2022 · Chai, Chen et al. · indexed
156. Human Factors Design Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) · 1998 · Campbell, J. L. et al. · archived
157. Immediate Recall of Driver Warnings in Forward Collision Warning Scenarios ↗ · 2009 · Curry, Reates et al. · indexed
158. An interactive haptic force feedback interface for semi-automatic control in highly-automated vehicles · 2018 · KAMEZAKI, Mitsuhiro et al. · archived
159. Driver Responses to Incongruent V2V and V2I Safety Critical Information in Left-Turn Across Path Scenarios ↗ · 2017 · Richard, Christian et al. · indexed
160. Environmentally Friendly Driving Feedback Systems Research and Development for Heavy Duty Trucks. · 2016 · Boriboonsomsin, Kanok et al. · archived
161. Direct and Indirect Haptic Aiding for Curve Negotiation ↗ · 2013 · Profumo, Luca et al. · indexed
162. Good Vibes Only: A Comparative Study of Seat Vibration Concepts for Redirecting Driver Attention During Visual Distraction ↗ · 2023 · Manger, Carina et al. · indexed
163. The Impact of Modality, Technology Suspicion, and NDRT Engagement on the Effectiveness of AV Explanations · 2023 · Esterwood, Connor · archived
164. Benefits of Redundant Visual In-Vehicle Information in Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict Scenarios ↗ · 2019 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
165. Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO): Exploring Driver Acceptance of In-vehicle Information Systems · 1998 · Kantowitz, B.H. et al. · archived
166. Tell Them How They Did: Feedback on Operator Performance Helps Calibrate Perceived Ease of Use in Automated Driving ↗ · 2019 · Forster, Yannick et al. · indexed
167. Human factors research needs for the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) program : summary report · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
168. DIRECT Operational Field Test Evaluation: Natural Use Study: Part 2: Driver Satisfaction in DIRECT Controlling for Reliability · 1998 · Underwood, Steven Eugene et al. · archived
169. DIRECT Operational Field Test Evaluation: Natural Use Study: Part 1: Subject Stated Response · 1998 · Reed, Thomas B. et al. · archived
170. Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Disseminating Traveler Information on Travel Time Reliability · 2014 · Kuhn, Beverly T. et al. · archived
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175. Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Disseminating Traveler Information on Travel Time Reliability [supporting datasets] · 2013 · Kuhn, Beverly T. et al. · archived
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