warning design

Warning design as a general human factors topic: warning effectiveness models (C-HIP), perceived urgency mapping in auditory and tactile alarms, alarm reliability and the cry-wolf effect, compliance with warnings, and warning label and signal word research across domains. The general warning-science literature, distinct from auditory_warnings under HMI (specific in-vehicle warning implementations) and from forward collision warning evaluations (adas_effectiveness).

45 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Combating Cry Wolf: The Effects of Synthetic Verbal Alarm Urgency on Choice Reaction Performance ↗ · 2005 · Fallon, Corey K. et al. · indexed
2. Handbook of Warnings ↗ · 2006 · Wogalter, Michael S. · indexed
3. How to drive drivers nuts: effect of auditory, vibrotactile, and multimodal warnings on perceived urgency, annoyance, and acceptability ↗ · 2017 · Biondi, FN et al. · indexed
4. In-Vehicle Auditory Alerts Literature Review · 2022 · Jeon, Myounghoon et al. · archived
5. Exploring False Warnings and Modalities for Emergency Vehicle Alerts and Their Impact on Driver Behavior · 2026 · Weibull, Kajsa et al. · archived
6. In-vehicle crash avoidance warning systems : human factors considerations · 1997 · Huey, R. W. et al. · archived
7. Signal Design Handbook: A New Framework for Designing Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings in Air Traffic Control · 2025 · Ruskin, Keith J. et al. · archived
8. Multiple Attribute Evaluation of Auditory Warning Signals for In-Vehicle Crash Avoidance Warning Systems · 1995 · Tan, A.K. et al. · archived
9. Effects of Active Warning Reliability on Motorist Compliance at Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings: Research Results · 2009 · Multer, Jordan et al. · archived
10. ATC Signaling Systems: A Review of the Literature on Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings · 2020 · Ruskin, Keith J et al. · archived
11. Preliminary Human Factors Guidelines For Crash Avoidance Warning Devices · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
12. A Handbook for Signal Design: Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings in Air Traffic Control · 2022 · Ruskin, Keith J et al. · archived
13. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · archived
14. Auditory Alert Characteristics Impact on Crash Avoidance Warning Response · 2018 · Marshall, Dawn et al. · archived
15. Modeling the Effects of Warning Lead Time, Warning Reliability and Warning Style on Human Performance Under Connected Vehicle Settings ↗ · 2018 · Zhang, Yiqi et al. · indexed
16. Acquisition, Response, and Error Rates With Three Suites of Collision Warning Sounds · 2009 · Sullivan, John M. et al. · archived
17. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2024 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
18. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
19. Validation of Essential Acoustic Parameters for Highly Urgent In-Vehicle Collision Warnings ↗ · 2018 · Lewis, Bridget A. et al. · indexed
20. False Alarm Effects in Early Warnings for Emergency Vehicles: Exploring Drivers’ Move-Over Behavior · 2024 · Weibull, Kajsa et al. · archived
21. Inappropriate Alarm Rates and Driver Annoyance · 1996 · Lerner, N.D. et al. · archived
22. An Evaluation of the Safety, Utility, and Reliability of Three-Dimensional Alarm Systems for Automotive Use ↗ · 2001 · Bliss, James P. et al. · indexed
23. Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems (IVBSS): Human Factors and Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) Summary Report · 2008 · Green, P. et al. · archived
24. Backup Warning Signals: Driver Perception and Response · 1996 · Harpster, J.L. et al. · archived
25. Backup Warning Signals: Driver Perception And Response, Technical Report · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
26. Best practices for auditory alarm design in space applications ↗ · 2006 · Begault, Durand et al. · indexed
27. False Alerts in Air Traffic Control Conflict Alerting System: Is There a “Cry Wolf” Effect? ↗ · 2009 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
28. Effects of varying the threshold of alarm systems and workload on human performance ↗ · 2007 · Bustamante, Ernesto A. et al. · indexed
29. Optimizing multimodal alarms to mitigate inattentional blindness in air traffic control · 2025 · Wickens, C. D. · archived
30. 1205 The Human Factors of Forward Collision Warning Systems : System Performance, Alarm Timing, and Driver Trust · 2005 · Abe, Genya et al. · archived
31. Full-coverage collision warning : human factors research needs : summary report · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
32. Effects of driver attention on rail crossing safety and : The effects of auditory warnings and driver distraction on rail crossing safety. · 2016 · Landry, Steven et al. · archived
33. The Human Factors of Collision Warning Systems: System Performance, Alarm Timing, and Driver Trust ↗ · 2004 · Abe, Genya et al. · indexed
34. The influence of study design on results in HMI testing for active safety ↗ · 2007 · Ljung, Mikael et al. · indexed
35. EXAMINING DRIVER PREFERENCES FOR INTELLIGENT AUDIOVISUAL WARNINGS AT HIGHWAY-RAIL GRADE CROSSINGS ↗ · 2024 · Walker, Samantha · indexed
36. The influence of alarm timing on driver response to collision warning systems following system failure ↗ · 2006 · Abe, Genya et al. · indexed
37. Enhancing Perceived Situation Awareness and Reducing Perceived Workload with a Likelihood Alarm Display ↗ · 2005 · Fallon, Corey K. et al. · indexed
38. PROPOSAL OF WARNING METHOD FOR REAR-SIDE OBSTACLES USING DRIVER'S PERCEPTUAL RISK MODEL ↗ · 2009 · NISHIYAMA, AKIHIRO et al. · indexed
39. The alarm system and a possible way forward ↗ · 2012 · Alm, Håkan et al. · indexed
40. Repeated Measures Testing of Driver Collision Warning ↗ · 2015 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · indexed
41. False alerts in the ATC conflict alert system: Is there a “cry wolf” effect? ↗ · 2009 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
42. Conflict Alerts and False Alerts in En-Route Air Traffic Control: an Empirical Study of Causes and Consequences ↗ · 2009 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
43. Cognitive Aging and the Processing of Hazard Information and Disaster Warnings ↗ · 2005 · Mayhorn, Christopher B. · indexed
44. Probability effects on stimulus evaluation and response processes. ↗ · 1992 · Gehring, William J. et al. · indexed
45. From Caller to Suspect: Identifying Behaviors That Trigger Suspicion in 911 Calls ↗ · 2025 · Bean, Samantha et al. · indexed