warning design

Warning design as a general human factors topic: warning effectiveness models (C-HIP), perceived urgency mapping in auditory and tactile alarms, alarm reliability and the cry-wolf effect, compliance with warnings, and warning label and signal word research across domains. The general warning-science literature, distinct from auditory_warnings under HMI (specific in-vehicle warning implementations) and from forward collision warning evaluations (adas_effectiveness).

105 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Combating Cry Wolf: The Effects of Synthetic Verbal Alarm Urgency on Choice Reaction Performance ↗ · 2005 · Fallon, Corey K. et al. · indexed
2. Handbook of Warnings ↗ · 2006 · Wogalter, Michael S. · indexed
3. How to drive drivers nuts: effect of auditory, vibrotactile, and multimodal warnings on perceived urgency, annoyance, and acceptability ↗ · 2017 · Biondi, FN et al. · indexed
4. Multimodal urgency coding: auditory, visual, and tactile parameters and their impact on perceived urgency ↗ · 2012 · Baldwin, Carryl L. et al. · indexed
5. Modeling Driving Safety Under Multiple Potential Hazard Warnings: Cry Wolf Effect and Behavioral Adaptation Moderated by Hazard Type ↗ · 2026 · Wang, Xu et al. · indexed
6. Cooperative warning systems: The impact of false and unnecessary alarms on drivers’ compliance ↗ · 2016 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · indexed
7. A Distributed Signal Detection Theory Model: Implications to the Design of Warnings ↗ · 1991 · Lehto, Mark R. et al. · indexed
8. Perceived Urgency, Alerting Effectiveness and Annoyance of Verbal Collision Avoidance System Messages ↗ · 2002 · Baldwin, Carryl L. et al. · indexed
9. Verbal collision avoidance messages during simulated driving: perceived urgency, alerting effectiveness and annoyance ↗ · 2011 · Baldwin, Carryl L. · indexed
10. In-Vehicle Auditory Alerts Literature Review · 2022 · Jeon, Myounghoon et al. · archived
11. Exploring False Warnings and Modalities for Emergency Vehicle Alerts and Their Impact on Driver Behavior · 2026 · Weibull, Kajsa et al. · archived
12. Perceived Urgency and Annoyance of Auditory Alerts in a Driving Context ↗ · 2012 · Gonzalez, Christian et al. · indexed
13. Perceived urgency mapping across modalities within a driving context ↗ · 2014 · Baldwin, Carryl L. et al. · indexed
14. Effects of Single Versus Multiple Warnings on Driver Performance ↗ · 2007 · Cummings, M.L. et al. · indexed
15. Warning Signal Design: A Key Human Factors Issue in an In-Vehicle Front-To-Rear-End Collision Warning System ↗ · 1992 · Horowitz, Avraham D. et al. · indexed
16. In-vehicle crash avoidance warning systems : human factors considerations · 1997 · Huey, R. W. et al. · archived
17. Signal Design Handbook: A New Framework for Designing Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings in Air Traffic Control · 2025 · Ruskin, Keith J. et al. · archived
18. The influence of distraction and driving context on driver response to imperfect collision warning systems ↗ · 2007 · Lees, M. N. et al. · indexed
19. Multiple Attribute Evaluation of Auditory Warning Signals for In-Vehicle Crash Avoidance Warning Systems · 1995 · Tan, A.K. et al. · archived
20. Effects of Active Warning Reliability on Motorist Compliance at Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings: Research Results · 2009 · Multer, Jordan et al. · archived
21. A Handbook for Signal Design: Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings in Air Traffic Control · 2022 · Ruskin, Keith J et al. · archived
22. ATC Signaling Systems: A Review of the Literature on Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings · 2020 · Ruskin, Keith J et al. · archived
23. Evaluating multimodal driver displays of varying urgency ↗ · 2013 · Politis, Ioannis et al. · indexed
24. Preliminary Human Factors Guidelines For Crash Avoidance Warning Devices · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
25. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · archived
26. Acquisition, Response, and Error Rates With Three Suites of Collision Warning Sounds · 2009 · Sullivan, John M. et al. · archived
27. Informing Healthcare Alarm Design and Use: A Human Factors Cross-Industry Perspective ↗ · 2023 · Pruitt, Zoe M. et al. · indexed
28. Evaluating multimodal driver displays under varying situational urgency ↗ · 2014 · Politis, Ioannis et al. · indexed
29. Auditory Alert Characteristics Impact on Crash Avoidance Warning Response · 2018 · Marshall, Dawn et al. · archived
30. Modeling the Effects of Warning Lead Time, Warning Reliability and Warning Style on Human Performance Under Connected Vehicle Settings ↗ · 2018 · Zhang, Yiqi et al. · indexed
31. The effects of adverse condition warning system characteristics on driver performance: An investigation of alarm signal type and threshold level ↗ · 2002 · Gupta, Nitin et al. · indexed
32. Loudness of In-Vehicle auditory Warnings: Sustained counteraction of task-related driver fatigue and individual differences in alertness maintenance ↗ · 2026 · Wu, Mengjiao et al. · indexed
33. Effects of Alarm Modality and Alarm Reliability on Workload, Trust, and Driving Performance ↗ · 2015 · Shah, Smruti J. et al. · indexed
34. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
35. Warning Reliability and Driver Performance in Naturalistic Driving ↗ · 2008 · Sullivan, J. M. et al. · indexed
36. Alarm mistrust in automobiles: how collision alarm reliability affects driving ↗ · 2003 · Bliss, James P et al. · indexed
37. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2024 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
38. Driver Preference of Collision Warning Strategy and Modality ↗ · 2003 · Hoffman, Josh et al. · indexed
39. Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
40. Multisensory warning signals for event perception and safe driving ↗ · 2008 · Spence, Charles et al. · indexed
41. Recognition of Car Warnings ↗ · 2017 · Sabic, Edin et al. · indexed
42. Designing Unambiguous Auditory Crash Warning Systems ↗ · 2014 · Lewis, Bridget A. et al. · indexed
43. Validation of Essential Acoustic Parameters for Highly Urgent In-Vehicle Collision Warnings ↗ · 2018 · Lewis, Bridget A. et al. · indexed
44. Looming Auditory and Vibrotactile Collision Warning for Safe Driving ↗ · 2013 · Ho, Cristy et al. · indexed
45. Optimizing Multimodal Alarm Design for Attention Allocation in Discrete Monitoring Tasks · 2025 · Cun, Wenzhe et al. · archived
46. Exploring Residual Capacity ↗ · 2020 · Rosa, Eduardo et al. · indexed
47. False Alarm Effects in Early Warnings for Emergency Vehicles: Exploring Drivers’ Move-Over Behavior · 2024 · Weibull, Kajsa et al. · archived
48. A Comparison of Different Informative Vibrotactile Forward Collision Warnings: Does the Warning Need to Be Linked to the Collision Event? ↗ · 2014 · Gray, Rob et al. · indexed
49. Inappropriate Alarm Rates and Driver Annoyance · 1996 · Lerner, N.D. et al. · archived
50. An Evaluation of the Safety, Utility, and Reliability of Three-Dimensional Alarm Systems for Automotive Use ↗ · 2001 · Bliss, James P. et al. · indexed
51. Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems (IVBSS): Human Factors and Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) Summary Report · 2008 · Green, P. et al. · archived
52. Looming Auditory Collision Warnings for Driving ↗ · 2011 · Gray, Rob · indexed
53. Backup Warning Signals: Driver Perception and Response · 1996 · Harpster, J.L. et al. · archived
54. Backup Warning Signals: Driver Perception And Response, Technical Report · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
55. Rough Auditory Alarms Mitigate Inattentional Deafness During Piloting-Like Task ↗ · 2026 · Riedinger, Florine et al. · indexed
56. How to warn drivers in various safety-critical situations – Different strategies, different reactions ↗ · 2018 · Winkler, Susann et al. · indexed
57. Comparison of Traditional Psychophysical and Sorting Methods for In-Vehicle Display Design ↗ · 2015 · Lewis, Bridget A. et al. · indexed
58. Context-Sensitive Auditory Takeover Warning Under Weather and Scenario Demands: A Driving-Simulator Study with Eye-Tracking Evidence ↗ · 2026 · Zhou, Hongmei et al. · indexed
59. Best practices for auditory alarm design in space applications ↗ · 2006 · Begault, Durand et al. · indexed
60. False Alerts in Air Traffic Control Conflict Alerting System: Is There a “Cry Wolf” Effect? ↗ · 2009 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
61. A Closer Look at Warning Cues on the Sustained Attention to Response Task Performance ↗ · 2022 · Dang, Jasmine A. et al. · indexed
62. Maintaining Driver Arousal With Warning Sounds Under Habituation: Effects of Sound Type, Novelty, and Conditioning-Based Learning ↗ · 2025 · Hoshino, Kei et al. · indexed
63. Optimizing multimodal alarms to mitigate inattentional blindness in air traffic control · 2025 · Wickens, C. D. · archived
64. Effects of varying the threshold of alarm systems and workload on human performance ↗ · 2007 · Bustamante, Ernesto A. et al. · indexed
65. The effects of warning characteristics on driver behavior in connected vehicles systems with missed warnings ↗ · 2019 · Zhang, Yiqi et al. · indexed
66. Verbal Collision Avoidance Messages of Varying Perceived Urgency Reduce Crashes in High Risk Scenarios ↗ · 2005 · Baldwin, Carryl L et al. · indexed
67. Full-coverage collision warning : human factors research needs : summary report · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
68. Effects of driver attention on rail crossing safety and : The effects of auditory warnings and driver distraction on rail crossing safety. · 2016 · Landry, Steven et al. · archived
69. The Human Factors of Collision Warning Systems: System Performance, Alarm Timing, and Driver Trust ↗ · 2004 · Abe, Genya et al. · indexed
70. The influence of study design on results in HMI testing for active safety ↗ · 2007 · Ljung, Mikael et al. · indexed
71. Designing Situation Displays to Promote Conformance to Automatic Alerts ↗ · 2001 · Pritchett, Amy R. et al. · indexed
72. Automated Warning Reduces Error of Commission in Vigilance: A Study on Indian Adults ↗ · 2014 · Dr. Amrita Panda · indexed
73. Max Brake Force as a Measure of Perceived Urgency in a Driving Context ↗ · 2013 · Lewis, Bridget A. et al. · indexed
74. Multimodal Cueing: The Relative Benefits of the Auditory, Visual, and Tactile Channels in Complex Environments ↗ · 2012 · Baldwin, Carryl L. et al. · indexed
75. EXAMINING DRIVER PREFERENCES FOR INTELLIGENT AUDIOVISUAL WARNINGS AT HIGHWAY-RAIL GRADE CROSSINGS ↗ · 2024 · Walker, Samantha · indexed
76. Older and Younger Drivers' Reliance on Collision Warning Systems ↗ · 2001 · Cotté, Nathalie et al. · indexed
77. <title>Interface between the driver and collision warning systems: lessons in complexity</title> ↗ · 1997 · Wallace, John S. et al. · indexed
78. The influence of alarm timing on driver response to collision warning systems following system failure ↗ · 2006 · Abe, Genya et al. · indexed
79. Influence of Auditory or Visual Warning on Visual Reaction Time with Variations of Subjects' Alertness ↗ · 1986 · Letourneau, J. E. et al. · indexed
80. Fast & scrupulous: Gesture-based alarms improve accuracy and reaction times under various mental workload levels. An ERSP study ↗ · 2023 · Fabre, Eve Floriane et al. · indexed
81. Enhancing Perceived Situation Awareness and Reducing Perceived Workload with a Likelihood Alarm Display ↗ · 2005 · Fallon, Corey K. et al. · indexed
82. Comprehension of Haptic Seat Displays for Integrated Driver Warning Systems ↗ · 2006 · Kochhar, Dev S. et al. · indexed
83. PROPOSAL OF WARNING METHOD FOR REAR-SIDE OBSTACLES USING DRIVER'S PERCEPTUAL RISK MODEL ↗ · 2009 · NISHIYAMA, AKIHIRO et al. · indexed
84. An auditory display that assist commercial drivers in lane changing situations ↗ · 2013 · Fagerlönn, Johan et al. · indexed
85. Effect of Tactile Location, Pulse Duration, and Interpulse Interval on Perceived Urgency ↗ · 2014 · Lewis, Bridget A. et al. · indexed
86. Cognitive Load and Memory for Wireless Emergency Alerts ↗ · 2025 · Baruch, Hagar et al. · indexed
87. The impact of false warnings on partial and full lane departure warnings effectiveness and acceptance in car driving ↗ · 2016 · Navarro, Jordan et al. · indexed
88. The alarm system and a possible way forward ↗ · 2012 · Alm, Håkan et al. · indexed
89. A Sign of Things to Come: Behavioral Change through Dynamic Iconography ↗ · 2015 · Cian, Luca et al. · indexed
90. Repeated Measures Testing of Driver Collision Warning ↗ · 2015 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · indexed
91. False alerts in the ATC conflict alert system: Is there a “cry wolf” effect? ↗ · 2009 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
92. Stimulus Array Onset as a Preparatory Signal in Attentional Selection ↗ · 2004 · Rodway, Paul · indexed
93. Conflict Alerts and False Alerts in En-Route Air Traffic Control: an Empirical Study of Causes and Consequences ↗ · 2009 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
94. Cognitive Aging and the Processing of Hazard Information and Disaster Warnings ↗ · 2005 · Mayhorn, Christopher B. · indexed
95. Do health warning labels on alcohol packaging attract visual attention? A systematic review ↗ · 2024 · Lacoste-Badie, S. et al. · indexed
96. Probability effects on stimulus evaluation and response processes. ↗ · 1992 · Gehring, William J. et al. · indexed
97. The driving mechanism of citizens’ protective behaviors for rainstorm flood disasters in China: An empirical study based on the protection motivation theory and protective action decision model ↗ · 2024 · Wu, Qunying et al. · indexed
98. Degree of Alarm Fatigue and Mental Workload of Hospital Nurses in Intensive Care Units ↗ · 2023 · Seok, Yoonhee et al. · indexed
99. False categorical memories: effects of list composition, divided attention & pre-retrieval warnings ↗ · 2026 · Parker, Andrew et al. · indexed
100. From Caller to Suspect: Identifying Behaviors That Trigger Suspicion in 911 Calls ↗ · 2025 · Bean, Samantha et al. · indexed
101. Consumer Interaction with Sustainability Labelling on Food Products: A Narrative Literature Review ↗ · 2023 · Cook, Brian et al. · indexed
102. Combating Information Attacks in the Age of the Internet: New Challenges for Cognitive Engineering ↗ · 2018 · Endsley, Mica R. · indexed
103. Non-material contributions of wildlife to human well-being: a systematic review ↗ · 2020 · Methorst, Joel et al. · indexed
104. Missteps on the Road to Scientific Utopia ↗ · 2012 · Cooper, Joel · indexed
105. Healthcare waste management: an interpretive structural modeling approach ↗ · 2016 · Thakur, Vikas et al. · indexed