Effect of Takeover Guidance and Surrounding Traffic Information Affect Takeover Performance in Conditional Driving Automation
DOI: 10.20485/jsaeijae.15.1_47
archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified
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Summary
This study investigates the impact of Request to Intervene (RtI) design on driver takeover performance in conditional driving automation, specifically addressing the issue of "automation surprise." Automation surprise occurs when drivers are confused by unexpected system behavior or lack sufficient information, leading to errors and reduced trust. The researchers hypothesized that integrating step-by-step takeover guidance and visualized surrounding traffic information into RtI designs would enhance takeover safety and quality, reduce workload, and improve usability compared to standard alerts. The experiment utilized a driving simulator with 32 participants divided into four groups based on RtI design. Type A served as the baseline, providing only auditory beeps. Type B added procedural takeover guidance (visual icons and voice instructions). Type C provided visualized surrounding traffic information (e.g., obstacles, lane lines). Type D combined both guidance and traffic information. Participants performed non-driving-related tasks (playing Tetris) to simulate an "out-of-loop" state before encountering 11 scenarios requiring intervention, such as obstacles or missing lane markings. Performance was measured using collision rates, reaction times, steering wheel reversal rates, maximum steering torque, brake pedal depression, workload (NASA-TLX), and usability (System Usability Scale). The results indicated that adding surrounding traffic information (Type C) significantly improved takeover safety, with fewer collisions compared to the baseline (Type A). However, combining guidance and traffic information (Type D) impaired performance quality. Type D resulted in significantly longer reaction times than Types A and B. Additionally, Type B exhibited higher steering wheel reversal rates than Types A and D, suggesting less smooth control. Type C required significantly less brake pedal depression than Types B and D, indicating smoother braking. While no significant differences were found in workload across groups, participants rated the usability of Type C significantly higher than Type D. The study concludes that while providing surrounding traffic information enhances safety and usability, combining it with procedural takeover guidance creates cognitive interference that delays reaction times and degrades control quality. The findings suggest that RtI designs should prioritize clear traffic context over complex procedural instructions to mitigate automation surprise effectively. The research also validates the System Usability Scale as an effective metric for evaluating RtI designs in conditional automation contexts.
Provenance
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| archive | success | canonical_url | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 3 | 2026-08-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-nvidia | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 10 | 2026-08-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-nvidia on 2026-08-10; verification: verified.
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- Empirical Findings: behavioral performance data
- Methodological Resource: measurement protocol
- Theoretical Contribution: conceptual framework