DrivingResearch.

manual

Manual distraction: the driver's hands taken off the wheel for a secondary task — holding or manipulating a device, reaching, eating — degrading vehicle control. Hands-off-wheel secondary-task interference, NOT normal manual vehicle control (steering_pattern / braking_response).

Relevant standards

  • ISO 12214:2018 — Road vehicles — Direction-of-motion stereotypes for automotive hand controls
  • ISO 4040:2009 — Road vehicles — Location of hand controls, indicators and tell-tales in motor vehicles
  • SAE J1139 — Direction-of-Motion Stereotypes for Automotive Hand Controls

479 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

  1. Effects of Distraction in On-Road Level 2 Automated Driving: Impacts on Glance Behavior and Takeover Performance ↗ · 2021 · Yang, Shiyan et al. · indexed
  2. Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control ↗ · 2017 · Eriksson, Alexander et al. · indexed
  3. The Effects of Visual and Cognitive Distractions on Operational and Tactical Driving Behaviors ↗ · 2013 · Zhang, Yu et al. · indexed
  4. THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE DISTRACTION ON DRIVER VISUAL BEHAVIOUR AND VEHICLE CONTROL ↗ · 2002 · Harbluk, Joanne L. et al. · indexed
  5. Effect of Fixed and sEMG-Based Adaptive Shared Steering Control on Distracted Driver Behavior ↗ · 2021 · Wang, Zheng et al. · indexed
  6. Effect of Adaptive and Fixed Shared Steering Control on Distracted Driver Behavior · 2021 · Wang, Zheng et al. · archived
  7. Effects of Voice Technology on Test Track Driving Performance: Implications for Driver Distraction ↗ · 2005 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · indexed
  8. Measuring the Effects of Driver Distraction · 2008 · Young, Kristie et al. · archived
  9. Driver Distraction: Evaluation with Event Detection Paradigm ↗ · 2003 · Greenberg, Jeff et al. · indexed
  10. EVALUATION OF DRIVER DISTRACTION USING AN EVENT DETECTION PARADIGM ↗ · 2003 · Greenberg, Jeff et al. · indexed
  11. Cognitive Distraction While Multitasking in the Automobile ↗ · 2011 · Strayer, David L. et al. · indexed
  12. Naturalistic Driving Performance During Secondary Tasks · 2007 · Sayer, James et al. · archived
  13. Take-Over Performance and Safety Analysis Under Different Scenarios and Secondary Tasks in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2019 · Wu, Chaozhong et al. · archived
  14. Understanding the impacts of mobile phone distraction on driving performance: A systematic review · 2016 · Oviedo-Trespalacios, Óscar et al. · archived
  15. Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations · 2009 · Olson, R.L. et al. · archived
  16. Shifting Eyes and Thinking Hard Keep Us in Our Lanes ↗ · 2009 · Cooper, Joel M. et al. · indexed
  17. The multitasking motorist and the attention economy · 2021 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
  18. After Vehicle Automation Fails: Analysis of Driver Steering Behavior after a Sudden Deactivation of Control · 2018 · DinparastDjadid, Azadeh et al. · archived
  19. Distracted driving and associated crash risks. · 2014 · Ishak, Sherif et al. · archived
  20. Understanding driver distraction associated with specific behavioural interactions with in-vehicle and portable technologies · 2017 · Imberger, K · archived
  21. Frequency of distracting tasks people do while driving : an analysis of the ACAS FOT data. · 2007 · Oberholtzer, Jessica et al. · archived
  22. The Relative Risks of Secondary Task Induced Driver Distraction ↗ · 2008 · Dingus, Thomas A. et al. · indexed
  23. Secondary Tasks and Autonomous Vehicles ↗ · 2019 · Jones, Vanessa et al. · indexed
  24. Distracted driving and associated crash risks : tech summary. · 2014 · NHTSA · archived
  25. Determining Key Parameters with Data-Assisted Analysis of Conditionally Automated Driving · 2023 · Gruden, Timotej et al. · archived
  26. The role of self-regulation in the context of driver distraction: A simulator study ↗ · 2016 · Wandtner, Bernhard et al. · indexed
  27. Human Factors of Driving Automation: Evasive Maneuver Event Response Evaluation · 2023 · Britten, Nicholas N et al. · archived
  28. Effects of In-Vehicle Distracter Complexity on Driving and Emergency Response Performance · 2002 · Manser, Michael P. et al. · archived
  29. Driver Distraction Injury Prevention Countermeasures‚ÄîPart 2 · 2008 · Regan, Michael et al. · archived
  30. Highly Automated Driving, Secondary Task Performance, and Driver State · 2012 · Merat, Natasha et al. · archived
  31. Theoretical Review of the Secondary Task Methodology for Evaluating Intelligent Automobile Displays ↗ · 1987 · Noy, Y. Ian · indexed
  32. Older driver distraction: A naturalistic study of behaviour at intersections ↗ · 2013 · Charlton, Judith L. et al. · indexed
  33. Impact of Smart Phones’ Interaction Modality on Driving Performance for Conventional and Autonomous Vehicles · 2020 · Favaro, Francesca M · archived
  34. Distraction Becomes Engagement in Automated Driving ↗ · 2015 · Miller, David et al. · indexed
  35. Noncritical State Transitions During Conditionally Automated Driving on German Freeways: Effects of Non–Driving Related Tasks on Takeover Time and Takeover Quality ↗ · 2019 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · indexed
  36. Driver Distraction: A Naturalistic Observation of Secondary Behaviors With the Use of Driver Assistance Systems · 2005 · Sayer, James R et al. · archived
  37. Multitasking in the Automobile ↗ · 2006 · Strayer, David L. et al. · indexed
  38. Changes in driver behaviour as a function of handsfree mobile phones— A simulator study · 1994 · Alm, Håkan et al. · archived
  39. A Simulation Approach for Evaluating the Relative Safety Impact of Driver Distraction during Secondary Tasks ↗ · 2005 · Smith, David L. et al. · indexed
  40. Changes in glance and hands-on-wheel behaviors when engaging with non-driving-related tasks while using Tesla Autopilot ↗ · 2025 · Pipkorn, Linda et al. · indexed
  41. Hierarchical control and driving. ↗ · 2013 · Strayer, David L. · indexed
  42. Interference between concurrent tasks of driving and telephoning. ↗ · 1969 · Brown, I D et al. · indexed
  43. Driver Distractions In Commercial Vehicle Operations · 2009 · Olson, Rebecca L. et al. · archived
  44. Intermodal differences in distraction effects while controlling automotive user interfaces ↗ · 2001 · Geiger, Michael et al. · indexed
  45. Driver Distraction Analysis on Naturalistic Heavy Vehicle Data: Task 2: Analysis of Sleeper Berth Data for Distraction Events – Draft Final Report · 2001 · Hanowski, Richard J. et al. · archived
  46. Assessing driver distraction from in-vehicle information system: an on-road study exploring the effects of input modalities and secondary task types · 2024 · Zhong, Qi et al. · archived
  47. Synthesis of Literature Relating to Cellular Telephone/Personal Digital Assistant Use in Commercial Truck and Bus Operations · 2011 · NHTSA · archived
  48. Human-Centered Intervention Based on Tactical-Level Input in Unscheduled Takeover Scenarios for Highly-Automated Vehicles · 2020 · Kamezaki, Mitsuhiro et al. · archived
  49. Driving context influences drivers' decision to engage in visual–manual · 2015 · Tivesten, Emma et al. · archived
  50. Coming back into the loop: Drivers’ perceptual-motor performance in critical events after automated driving · 2017 · Louw, Tyron et al. · archived
  51. Is the Technology in Your Car Driving You to Distraction? · 2015 · Strayer, David L. · archived
  52. Towards Operationalizing Driver Distraction · 2013 · Foley, James P et al. · archived
  53. Driver strategies for engaging in distracting tasks using in-vehicle technologies · 2008 · Lerner, Neil et al. · archived
  54. Driver Distraction with Wireless Telecommunications and Route Guidance Systems · 2000 · Tijerina, L. et al. · archived
  55. Driver Distraction in Commercial Motor Vehicle Operations · 2017 · Hanowski, Richard J. et al. · archived
  56. Steer-By-WiFi ↗ · 2018 · Schartmüller, Clemens et al. · indexed
  57. Driven to Distraction: Dual-Task Studies of Simulated Driving and Conversing on a Cellular Telephone ↗ · 2001 · Strayer, David L. et al. · indexed
  58. Effects of Practice on Interference from an Auditory Task While Driving: A Simulation Study · 2004 · Shinar, David et al. · archived
  59. Secondary Task Engagement During Automated Drives: Friend and Foe? ↗ · 2020 · Shupsky, Taylor et al. · indexed
  60. How do distracted and normal driving differ : an analysis of the ACAS naturalistic driving data · 2007 · Green, Paul E. et al. · archived
  61. Secondary Behavior of Drivers on Cell Phones ↗ · 2015 · Farmer, Charles M. et al. · indexed
  62. Sensor-based assessment of the in-situ quality of human computer interaction in the cars : final research report. · 2016 · Kim, SeungJun et al. · archived
  63. Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations (TechBrief) · 2009 · NHTSA · archived
  64. Task Interruption and Control Recovery Strategies After Take-Over Requests Emphasize Need for Measures of Situation Awareness ↗ · 2020 · Vogelpohl, Tobias et al. · indexed
  65. Toward Computational Simulations of Behavior During Automated Driving Takeovers: A Review of the Empirical and Modeling Literatures · 2019 · McDonald, Anthony D et al. · archived
  66. The Effect of Urgency of Take-Over Requests During Highly Automated Driving Under Distraction Conditions · 2021 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · archived
  67. Model-Based Analysis and Classification of Driver Distraction Under Secondary Tasks ↗ · 2010 · Ersal, Tulga et al. · indexed
  68. Tunneled In ↗ · 2017 · Mok, Brian et al. · indexed
  69. Profiles in cell phone-induced driver distraction ↗ · 2011 · Strayer, DL et al. · indexed
  70. Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle ↗ · 2014 · Merat, Natasha et al. · indexed
  71. Takeover performance according to the level of disengagement during automated driving · 2022 · Gallouin, Evan et al. · archived
  72. Capturing Voluntary, Involuntary, and Habitual Components of Driver Distraction in a Self-Reported Questionnaire · 2015 · Marulanda, Susana et al. · archived
  73. The effects of mobile telephoning on driving performance · 1991 · Brookhuis, Karel et al. · archived
  74. Investigating the roles of touchscreen and physical control interface characteristics on driver distraction and multitasking performance. · 2016 · Ferris, Thomas K. et al. · archived
  75. The Impact of Hand-Held and Hands-Free Cell Phone Use on Driving Performance and Safety-Critical Event Risk · 2013 · Fitch, Gregory M. et al. · archived
  76. Leading to distraction: Driver distraction, lead car, and road environment ↗ · 2016 · Kountouriotis, Georgios K. et al. · indexed
  77. Utilization of Drivetime – Performing Non-Driving Related Tasks While Driving Highly Automated ↗ · 2015 · Gold, Christian et al. · indexed
  78. Driver Distraction: Eye Glance Analysis and Conversation Workload [Research Brief] · 2015 · NHTSA · archived
  79. Take-over performance in evasive manoeuvres · 2017 · Happee, Riender et al. · archived
  80. Effect of Vehicle Control Format on Driver Performance and Attention Allocation under Adaptive Cruise Control ↗ · 2018 · Deng, Yulin et al. · indexed
  81. Driver Inattention During Vehicle Automation: How Does Driver Engagement Affect Resumption Of Control? ↗ · 2015 · Louw, Tyron et al. · indexed
  82. Effects of Non-Driving Related Task Modalities on Takeover Performance in Highly Automated Driving ↗ · 2018 · Wandtner, Bernhard et al. · indexed
  83. Type-o-Steer: Reimagining the Steering Wheel for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks in Conditionally Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2019 · Schartmüller, Clemens et al. · indexed
  84. Hierarchical Control and Driving ↗ · 2013 · Medeiros-Ward, Nathan · indexed
  85. Impact of non-driving related tasks while operating automated driving systems (ADS): A systematic review ↗ · 2023 · Pradhan, Anuj K. · indexed
  86. Influence of Driving Experience on Distraction Engagement in Automated Vehicles · 2019 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
  87. Gestural Interaction with In-Vehicle Audio and Climate Controls ↗ · 2010 · Chung, Chongyoon et al. · indexed
  88. The Influence of Visual-Manual Distractions on Anticipatory Driving · 2022 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
  89. Exploratory Analysis of the Effect of Distraction on Driving Behaviour Through a Driving Simulator Experiment · 2017 · Papantoniou, Panagiotis et al. · archived
  90. Moving Into the Loop: An Investigation of Drivers' Steering Behavior in Highly Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Alsaid, Areen et al. · indexed
  91. Analysis of the distraction impact on driving performance across driving styles: A driving simulator study in various speed conditions · 2025 · Faqani, Mobina et al. · archived
  92. A STEERING WHEEL REVERSAL RATE METRIC FOR ASSESSING EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND COGNITIVE SECONDARY TASK LOAD ↗ · 2006 · Marrkula, G et al. · indexed
  93. The role of take-over cue informativity in interrupted take-over requests in a semi-automated driving scenario · 2026 · Berger, Alexander et al. · archived
  94. Toward Computational Simulations of Behavior During Automated Driving Takeovers: A Review of the Empirical and Modeling Literatures · 2019 · McDonald, Anthony D. et al. · archived
  95. Should Drivers Be Operating Within an Automation-Free Bandwidth? Evaluating Haptic Steering Support Systems With Different Levels of Authority ↗ · 2014 · Petermeijer, Sebastiaan M. et al. · indexed
  96. Mining patterns of near-crash events with and without secondary tasks ↗ · 2021 · Das, Subasish · indexed
  97. Distractive Tasks and the Influence of Driver Attributes ↗ · 2021 · Soares, Sónia et al. · indexed
  98. Impact of Temporary Browsing Restrictions on Drivers’ Situation Awareness When Interacting with In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems · 2022 · Meyer, Jason et al. · archived
  99. Modeling Drivers’ Takeover Behavior Depending on the Criticality of Driving Situations and the Complexity of Secondary Tasks ↗ · 2019 · Tanshi, Foghor et al. · indexed
  100. Control Task Substitution in Semiautomated Driving · 2012 · Carsten, Oliver et al. · archived
  101. Detection Response Task Evaluation for Driver Distraction Measurement for Auditory-Vocal Tasks: Experiment 2 · 2019 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · archived
  102. Your Interface, Your Control: Adapting Takeover Requests for Seamless Handover in Semi-Autonomous Vehicles · 2025 · Gomaa, Amr et al. · archived
  103. Assessing Driver Distraction Due to In-Vehicle Video Systems through Field Testing at the Pecos Research and Testing Center · 2007 · Funkhouser, Dillon et al. · archived
  104. Developing a car gesture interface for use as a secondary task ↗ · 2003 · Alpern, Micah et al. · indexed
  105. Assessing the Effects of In-Vehicle Tasks on Driving Performance ↗ · 2011 · Horrey, William J. · indexed
  106. Modeling Driver Distraction from Cognitive Tasks ↗ · 2019 · Salvucci, Dario D. · indexed
  107. Assessment of Secondary Tasks Based on Drivers’ Eye-Movement Features · 2020 · Yao, Ying et al. · archived
  108. Using Driver Simulators to Measure the Impact of Distracted Driving on Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators · 2015 · Tarr, Ronald W. et al. · archived
  109. Frequently Used Vehicle Controls While Driving: A Real-World Driving Study Assessing Internal Human–Machine Interface Task Frequencies and Influencing Factors ↗ · 2025 · Harms, Ilse M. et al. · indexed
  110. What is the difference between perceived and actual risk of distracted driving? A field study on a real highway. · 2020 · Li, Zhen et al. · archived
  111. Multiple Resource Modeling of Task Interference in Vehicle Control, Hazard Awareness and In-vehicle Task Performance · 2003 · Horrey, William J. et al. · archived
  112. On the Philosophical Foundations of the Distracted Driver and Driving Distraction ↗ · 2008 · Hancock, Peter A. et al. · indexed
  113. Effects of Non-Driving-Related Task Attributes on Takeover Quality in Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Lee, Seul Chan et al. · indexed
  114. The prevalence of and crash risk associated with primarily cognitive secondary tasks ↗ · 2019 · Dingus, Thomas A. et al. · indexed
  115. Distraction and Drowsiness in Motorcoach Drivers · 2016 · Hammond, Rebecca, L. et al. · archived
  116. The distraction potential of driving a partially automated vehicle through a construction zone · 2025 · Biondi, F et al. · archived
  117. Reading Text While Driving ↗ · 2014 · Liang, Yulan et al. · indexed
  118. Measuring cognitive distraction in the automobile II · 2014 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
  119. Biologically Inspired Automotive User Interfaces for Partially and Highly Automated Maneuver Gestures: Final Results and Outlook · 2022 · Herzberger, Nicolas Daniel et al. · archived
  120. Systematic Review of Research on Driver Distraction in the Context of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ↗ · 2021 · Pradhan, Anuj K. · indexed
  121. Identifying Mind-wandering behind the Wheel · 2009 · He, Jibo et al. · archived
  122. Measuring Distraction: Task Duration and the Lane-Change Test (LCT) ↗ · 2005 · Burns, Peter C. et al. · indexed
  123. Driver Expectations for System Control Errors, Driver Engagement, and Crash Avoidance in Level 2 Driving Automation Systems · 2021 · Russell, Sheldon M. et al. · archived
  124. Effect of human–machine interface infotainment systems and automated vehicles on driver distraction ↗ · 2024 · Abbasi, Elahe et al. · indexed
  125. Effects of mobile phone use on driving performance in a multiresource workload scenario ↗ · 2019 · Niu, Jianwei et al. · indexed
  126. Performance of an Additional Task During Level 2 Automated Driving: An On-Road Study Comparing Drivers With and Without Experience With Partial Automation ↗ · 2018 · Solís-Marcos, Ignacio et al. · indexed
  127. The Influence of Drinking, Texting, and Eating on Simulated Driving Performance · 2015 · Irwin, Christopher et al. · archived
  128. Cognitive load and task switching in drivers: Implications for road safety in semi-autonomous vehicles ↗ · 2024 · Xu, Jinhui et al. · indexed
  129. Mental workload accumulation effect of mobile phone distraction in L2 autopilot mode · 2022 · Zhao, Hongfei et al. · archived
  130. Assessing Driver Distraction from Cell Phone Use ↗ · 2006 · Schattler, Kerrie L. et al. · indexed
  131. Guiding Driver Responses During Manual Takeovers from Automated Vehicles · 2023 · Greatbatch, Richard et al. · archived
  132. In-Vehicle Voice Control Interface Evaluation: Preliminary Driver Workload and Risk Analysis · 2020 · Jenness, James et al. · archived
  133. The effects of driving with different levels of unreliable automation on self-reported workload and secondary task performance ↗ · 2016 · de Winter, Joost et al. · indexed
  134. The Effects of Distraction on Anticipatory Driving · 2018 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
  135. Vehicle Braking is Slower under Dual-Task Conditions: Evidence for “Central” Interference · 2004 · Levy, Jonathan et al. · archived
  136. Distracted when Using Driving Automation: A Quantile Regression Analysis of Driver Glances Considering Task Type · 2022 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
  137. Taking Over Control From Highly Automated Vehicles in Complex Traffic Situations ↗ · 2016 · Gold, Christian et al. · indexed
  138. Distracted Driving: It is not always a choice · 2016 · Hunter, Michael P. et al. · archived
  139. The crosstalk hypothesis: Why language interferes with driving. ↗ · 2012 · Strayer, David L. et al. · indexed
  140. Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 4, review of workload and related research · 1996 · Wierwille, W. et al. · archived
  141. Low-distraction Interaction · 2019 · Lane, Ian et al. · archived
  142. Effect of Using Mobile Phones on Driver’s Control Behavior Based on Naturalistic Driving Data · 2019 · Zhang, Lanfang et al. · archived
  143. Behavioral Effects of Driver Distraction and Alcohol Impairment ↗ · 2005 · Rakauskas, Michael et al. · indexed
  144. Time Required for Take-over from Automated to Manual Driving ↗ · 2016 · Ito, Toshio et al. · indexed
  145. Factors related to drivers' perception of interference from in-vehicle activities ↗ · 2010 · Horrey, William J. et al. · indexed
  146. Simulator Study of Effects of Alternative Distraction Mitigation Strategies in Driver Workload Manager ↗ · 2011 · Tijerina, Louis et al. · indexed
  147. A Taxonomy of Strategies For Supporting Time-Sharing With Non-Driving Tasks in Automated Driving · 2019 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
  148. Predicting driver distraction using computed occlusion task times : estimation of task element times and distributions. · 2015 · Elwart, Tessa et al. · archived
  149. Minimum Time to Situational Awareness During Transfer of Control Under Varying Levels of Task Load · 2020 · Knodler, Michael A. et al. · archived
  150. Driving Performance After Self-Regulated Control Transitions in Highly Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2017 · Eriksson, Alexander et al. · indexed
  151. Driver behavior while using Level 2 vehicle automation: A hybrid naturalistic study · 2023 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
  152. Using Driver Simulators to Measure the Impact of Distracted Driving on Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators [Research Brief] · 2015 · NHTSA · archived
  153. Behavioural changes in drivers experiencing highly-automated vehicle control in varying traffic conditions · 2013 · Jamson, A. Hamish et al. · archived
  154. Visual and cognitive demands of manual and voice-based driving mode implementations on smartphones ↗ · 2023 · Monk, Chris et al. · indexed
  155. New knowledge and methods for mitigating driver distraction · 2018 · Geitner, Claudia · archived
  156. Getting away with texting: Behavioural adaptation of drivers engaging in visual-manual tasks while driving · 2018 · Oviedo-Trespalacios, Óscar · archived
  157. Effects of Memory Rehearsal on Driver Performance: Experiment and Theoretical Account ↗ · 2008 · Salvucci, Dario D. et al. · indexed
  158. Effect of Distraction Complexity on Driving Performance and Emergency Event Response ↗ · 2002 · Manser, Michael P. et al. · indexed
  159. Interference of Cellular Phone Conversations with Visuomotor Tasks: An ERP Study · 2001 · García-Larrea, Luis et al. · archived
  160. The implication of non-driving activities on situation awareness and take-over performance in level 3 automation ↗ · 2020 · Yang, Lichao et al. · indexed
  161. Interaction design of automatic steering for collision avoidance: challenges and potentials of driver decoupling ↗ · 2014 · Heesen, Matthias et al. · indexed
  162. Effects of practice, age, and task demands, on interference from a phone task while driving · 2004 · Shinar, David et al. · archived
  163. Who is performing the driving tasks after interventions? Investigating drivers' understanding of mode transition logic in automated vehicles ↗ · 2024 · Kim, Soyeon et al. · indexed
  164. An investigation of the safety implications of wireless communications in vehicles · 1997 · NHTSA · archived
  165. Evaluation of Strategies for Integrated Classification of Visual-Manual and Cognitive Distractions in Driving · 2016 · Zhang, Yu et al. · archived
  166. Driving performance analysis of the ACAS FOT data and recommendations for a driving workload manager. · 2006 · Eoh, Hong et al. · archived
  167. Putting the Brakes on Autonomous Vehicle Control ↗ · 2016 · Funkhouser, Kelly et al. · indexed
  168. Transfer from Highly Automated to Manual Control: Performance & Trust · 2016 · Schwarz, Chris et al. · archived
  169. Precognitive control: open- and closed-loop steering in a lane-change manoeuvre ↗ · 1985 · GODTHELP, J. · indexed
  170. Disengagement from driving when using automation during a 4-week field trial ↗ · 2021 · Reagan, Ian J. et al. · indexed
  171. The effects of age on crash risk associated with driver distraction ↗ · 2016 · Guo, Feng et al. · indexed
  172. Which accuracy levels of positioning technologies do drivers really need in connected vehicle settings for safety? · 2021 · Du, Na et al. · archived
  173. Distraction Effects of Manual Texting and Voice Messaging When Approaching Pedestrian Crossings on Urban Roads: a Driving Simulator Study · 2024 · Calvi, Alessandro · archived
  174. The Effects of Voice Technology on Test Track Driving Performance: Implications for Driver Distraction ↗ · 2002 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · indexed
  175. Handovers and Resumption of Control in Semi-Autonomous Vehicles ↗ · 2017 · Mirnig, Alexander G. et al. · indexed
  176. Highly automated driving with a decoupled steering wheel ↗ · 2014 · Kerschbaum, Philipp et al. · indexed
  177. Naturalistic Study of Level 2 Driving Automation Functions · 2018 · Russell, Sheldon M. et al. · archived
  178. Predicting Lane Keeping Behavior of Visually Distracted Drivers Using Inverse Suboptimal Control · 2016 · Schmitt, Felix et al. · archived
  179. Exploring Naturalistic Driving Data for Distracted Driving Measures · 2017 · Ishak, Sherif S. et al. · archived
  180. Behavior change associated with using partial automation among three samples of drivers during a 4-week field trial ↗ · 2025 · Reagan, Ian J. et al. · indexed
  181. The impact of road traffic context on secondary task engagement while driving · 2023 · Cuentas-Hernandez, Sandra et al. · archived
  182. Actions speak louder: Effects of a transforming steering wheel on post-transition driver performance ↗ · 2017 · Mok, Brian et al. · indexed
  183. Examining cognitive interference and adaptive safety behaviours in tactical vehicle control ↗ · 2007 · Horrey, William J. et al. · indexed
  184. Takeover performance evaluation using driving simulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2021 · Soares, Sónia et al. · archived
  185. U33: Impact of Distraction and Health on Commercial Driving Performance Final Report · 2012 · Fine, Philip Russ et al. · archived
  186. Driver's lane keeping ability with eyes off road: Insights from a naturalistic study ↗ · 2012 · Peng, Yiyun et al. · indexed
  187. Model-based Evaluation of Driver Control Workloads in Haptic-based Driver Assistance Systems · 2022 · Mbanisi, Kenechukwu C. et al. · archived
  188. Fast Detection of Handheld Phone-Distracted Driving by Sensing the Driver's Hand-Grip ↗ · 2024 · Wang, Ruxin et al. · indexed
  189. Anticipatory Driving in Automated Vehicles: The Effects of Driving Experience and Distraction · 2023 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
  190. Drivers have Impaired Working Memory under High Cognitive Load and Visual Distraction: Safety Implications for Transitions of Control from Vehicle Automation ↗ · 2026 · Goncalves, Rafael Cirino et al. · indexed
  191. The Driver's Response to an Automated Highway System With Reduced Capability · 1996 · Bloomfield, John R. et al. · archived
  192. Extent and Effects of Handheld Cellular Telephone Use While Driving · 2001 · Crawford, Jason A. et al. · archived
  193. Effects of unreliable automation, non-driving related task, and takeover time budget on drivers’ takeover performance and workload ↗ · 2022 · Shahini, Farzaneh et al. · indexed
  194. Vehicle Automation Field Test: Impact on Driver Behavior and Trust · 2020 · Morales-Alvarez, Walter et al. · archived
  195. Attention selection and task interference indriving: an action-oriented view ↗ · 2009 · Engström, Johan et al. · indexed
  196. Effects of simulator practice and real-world experience on cell-phone-related driver distraction · 2008 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
  197. Impact of Distracted Driving on Congestion · 2011 · Stavrinos, Despina et al. · archived
  198. Human Factors Evaluation of Level 2 and Level 3 Automated Driving Concepts ↗ · 2015 · Blanco, Myra et al. · indexed
  199. Emergency, Automation Off: Unstructured Transition Timing for Distracted Drivers of Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2015 · Mok, Brian et al. · indexed
  200. Autonomous Vehicles that Alert Humans to Take-Over Controls: Modeling with Real-World Data · 2021 · Rangesh, Akshay et al. · archived
  201. Examining potential confounds in use of the detection response task for in-vehicle system evaluation · 2017 · Goethe, RM et al. · archived
  202. Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles and Smart Technologies for Their Impact on Traffic Safety and Traffic Congestion · 2020 · Miles, James et al. · archived
  203. Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 7B, in-cab text message system and cellular phone use by heavy vehicle drivers in a part-task driving simulator · 1996 · Hanowski, Richard et al. · archived
  204. Recognition of Manual Driving Distraction Through Deep-Learning and Wearable Sensing · 2019 · Li, Li et al. · archived
  205. Transitioning back from SAE-L3 autonomy – comparing traded and shared control ↗ · 2020 · Abbink, David A. · indexed
  206. CityMobil · 2009 · Toffetti, Antonella et al. · archived
  207. Both Texting and Eating Are Associated With Impaired Simulated Driving Performance ↗ · 2012 · Alosco, Michael L. et al. · indexed
  208. Detection of driver manual distraction via image-based hand and ear recognition · 2020 · Li, Li et al. · archived
  209. The impact of visual user interfaces on drivers’ understanding of driving control mode and hands-on steering wheel requirement in Level 2 automated vehicles · 2024 · Kim, Soyeon et al. · archived
  210. Handsfree Cellphone Use Has Lingering Negative Effects on Driving Performance ↗ · 2020 · Hill, Linda et al. · indexed
  211. Sharing Control Between Humans and Automation Using Haptic Interface: Primary and Secondary Task Performance Benefits ↗ · 2005 · Griffiths, Paul G. et al. · indexed
  212. Linking Behaviour and Perception to Evaluate Meaningful Human Control over Partially Automated Driving · 2026 · George, Ashwin et al. · archived
  213. Lane Keeping Under Cognitive Load ↗ · 2013 · He, Jibo et al. · indexed
  214. Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment: Task 7b: In-cab text message system and cellular phone use by heavy vehicle drivers in a part-task driving simulator · 1996 · Hanowski, Richard et al. · archived
  215. Reaction Times When Switching From Autonomous to Manual Driving Control ↗ · 2016 · Funkhouser, Kelly et al. · indexed
  216. Effects of non-driving related tasks during autonomous driving · 2023 · Horáková, Miroslava · archived
  217. The Effects of Non-Driving-Related Task Engagement on Automated Driving Takeover Performance During the Nighttime ↗ · 2022 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
  218. Can EEG Measurements be Used to Estimate the Performance of Taking over Control from an Autonomous Vehicle for Different Levels of Distracted Driving? An Explorative Study ↗ · 2022 · Van Miltenburg, Maykel M.P.G. et al. · indexed
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