Methodological Resource

measurement protocol

A method or protocol for measuring something about drivers: detection-response task procedures, visual occlusion technique, glance coding schemes, takeover-request test protocols, simulator scenario specifications, instrumented-vehicle data collection procedures. The information is HOW TO MEASURE, presented for others to use, distinct from results obtained with the measure (behavioral_performance_data).

500 paper(s) · newest first · see also all information types

1. Visual-Manual Driver Distraction Guidelines Test Procedures – Task Acceptance Testing Occlusion and Eye Glance Measurement Using Driving Simulator Testing · 2019 · NHTSA · archived
2. Eye Glance Analysis of the Surrogate Tests for Driver Distraction · 2015 · Hsieh, Li et al. · archived
3. AN ALTERNATE METHOD TO EVALUATE DRIVER DISTRACTION ↗ · 2002 · Curry, Reates et al. · indexed
4. Some On-Road Glances are More Equal Than Others: Measuring Engagement in the Driving Task ↗ · 2019 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
5. Time-Sharing of a Visual In-Vehicle Task while Driving: Findings from the Task Occlusion Method ↗ · 2003 · Tsimhoni, Omer · indexed
6. Evaluation of in-vehicle HMI using occlusion techniques: experimental results and practical implications ↗ · 2004 · Baumann, Martin et al. · indexed
7. Detection Response Task Evaluation for Driver Distraction Measurement for Auditory-Vocal Tasks: Experiment 2 · 2019 · Ranney, Thomas A. et al. · archived
8. Distraction Assessment Methods Based on Visual Behavior and Event Detection ↗ · 2008 · Victor, Trent et al. · indexed
9. A Surrogate Test for Cognitive Demand: Tactile Detection Response Task (TDRT) ↗ · 2015 · Hsieh, Li et al. · indexed
10. Effects of Visual Demand and In-Vehicle Task Complexity on Driving and Task Performance as Assessed by Visual Occlusion ↗ · 1999 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
11. Extending the Detection Response Task to Simultaneously Measure Cognitive and Visual Task Demands ↗ · 2016 · Strayer, David L. · indexed
12. Driver Workload Metrics Project: Task 2 Final Report ↗ · 2006 · U.S. Department of Transportation · indexed
13. Measures and Methods Used to Assess the Safety and Usability of Driver Information Systems · 1995 · Green, Paul · archived
14. A Review of Occlusion as a Tool to Assess Attentional Demand in Driving · 2021 · Kujala, Tuomo et al. · archived
15. Driver Workload Metrics Task 2 Final Report ↗ · 2006 · Angell, Linda et al. · indexed
16. Validating two assessment strategies for visual and cognitive load in a simulated driving task ↗ · 2016 · Castro, S et al. · indexed
17. Examining potential confounds in use of the detection response task for in-vehicle system evaluation · 2017 · Goethe, RM et al. · archived
18. Second-generation UMTRI coding scheme for classifying driver tasks in distraction studies and application to the ACAS FOT video clips. · 2006 · Yee, Serge et al. · archived
19. In-Vehicle Voice Control Interface Evaluation: Preliminary Driver Workload and Risk Analysis · 2020 · Jenness, James et al. · archived
20. Effects of Secondary Task Demands on Drivers’ Responses to Events During Driving: Surrogate Methods and Issues · 2007 · Angell, Linda S · archived
21. Sensitivity of Detection Response Task (DRT) to the Driving Demand and Task Difficulty · 2013 · Bruyas, Marie-Pierre et al. · archived
22. Determining Fixed Glance Duration for Visual Occlusion Research ↗ · 2011 · Chen, Huei-Yen Winnie et al. · indexed
23. Development of the Enhanced Peripheral Detection Task: A Surrogate Test for Driver Distraction ↗ · 2012 · Hsieh, Li et al. · indexed
24. Guiding Driver Responses During Manual Takeovers from Automated Vehicles · 2023 · Greatbatch, Richard et al. · archived
25. Takeover performance evaluation using driving simulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2021 · Soares, Sónia et al. · archived
26. Multi-Modal Vehicle Display Design and Analysis [Driving with Distractions] · 2004 · Cohen, J. et al. · archived
27. An Empirically Based Suggestion for Reformulating the Glance Duration Criteria in NHTSA's Visual-Manual Interaction Guidelines ↗ · 2013 · Ljung Aust, Mikael et al. · indexed
28. Field and Simulator Evaluations of a PC-Based Attention Maintenance Training Program · 2011 · Thomas, F. Dennis et al. · archived
29. Psychophysiological responses to takeover requests in conditionally automated driving · 2020 · Du, Na et al. · archived
30. Measuring driver distraction – Evaluation of the box task method as a tool for assessing in-vehicle system demand ↗ · 2020 · Morgenstern, Tina et al. · indexed
31. Measuring and Predicting Drivers’ Takeover Readiness and Supporting Takeover Transitions in Automated Driving · 2023 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
32. Look Up! An Eye-Tracking Study on Situation Awareness During Automated Vehicle Takeover ↗ · 2021 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
33. Assessing Text Reading and Text Entry while Driving Using the Visual Occlusion Technique · 2013 · Ghazizadeh, Mahtab et al. · archived
34. Radio tuning effects on visual and driving performance measures : simulator and test track studies. · 2013 · Perez, Miguel et al. · archived
35. Comparison of Static and Driving Simulator Venues for the Tactile Detection Response Task · 2013 · Engström, Johan et al. · archived
36. Effects of Distraction in On-Road Level 2 Automated Driving: Impacts on Glance Behavior and Takeover Performance ↗ · 2021 · Yang, Shiyan et al. · indexed
37. Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 1, task analysis data and protocols review · 1996 · Tijerina, L et al. · archived
38. Utilizing a remote LED stimulus to concurrently measure cognitive and visual task demand ↗ · 2018 · Motzkus, CJ et al. · indexed
39. Surrogate Measures of Visual Demand while Driving ↗ · 2000 · Farber, Eugene et al. · indexed
40. The power and sensitivity of four core driver workload measures for benchmarking the distraction potential of new driver vehicle interfaces · 2021 · McDonnell, AS et al. · archived
41. Detecting driver distraction · 2018 · Liang, Yulan · archived
42. Task Interruption and Control Recovery Strategies After Take-Over Requests Emphasize Need for Measures of Situation Awareness ↗ · 2020 · Vogelpohl, Tobias et al. · indexed
43. The role of take-over cue informativity in interrupted take-over requests in a semi-automated driving scenario · 2026 · Berger, Alexander et al. · archived
44. Evaluating In-Car Tasks’ Distraction Effects with Drive-In Lab · 2025 · Kujala, Tuomo et al. · archived
45. Sequential In-Vehicle Glance Distributions ↗ · 2014 · Yamani, Yusuke et al. · indexed
46. Using eye-tracking to investigate the effects of pre-takeover visual engagement on situation awareness during automated driving ↗ · 2021 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
47. Your Interface, Your Control: Adapting Takeover Requests for Seamless Handover in Semi-Autonomous Vehicles · 2025 · Gomaa, Amr et al. · archived
48. A Comprehensive Review of Driver’s Attention and the Evaluation Methods · 2021 · Abbasi, Elahe et al. · archived
49. Using Driver State Detection in Automated Vehicles · 2018 · Gaspar, John et al. · archived
50. Visual gaze and engagement with non-driving related tasks: a driving simulator study with automated vehicles ↗ · 2025 · Pradhan, Anuj K. · indexed
51. Improvement of Driving Simulator Eye Tracking Software · 2019 · Davis, Brian et al. · archived
52. How Long <i>Can</i> a Driver (Safely) Glance at an Augmented-Reality Head-Up Display? · 2020 · Faria, Nayara de Oliveira et al. · archived
53. DeepTake: Prediction of Driver Takeover Behavior using Multimodal Data · 2020 · Pakdamanian, Erfan et al. · archived
54. Decoding Driver Takeover Behaviour in Conditional Automation with Immersive Virtual Reality · 2024 · Ansar, Muhammad Sajjad et al. · archived
55. Highly automated driving: the role of visuo-attentional and executive abilities in take-over success · 2025 · Schnebelen, Damien et al. · archived
56. Impact of duration of monitoring before takeover request on takeover time with insights into eye tracking data ↗ · 2023 · Huang, Chao et al. · indexed
57. Data Reduction Solution for Driving Simulator ↗ · 2020 · Pawar, Piyush et al. · indexed
58. Assessing the visual and cognitive demands of in-vehicle information systems · 2019 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
59. Takeover performance according to the level of disengagement during automated driving · 2022 · Gallouin, Evan et al. · archived
60. Predicting driver distraction using computed occlusion task times : estimation of task element times and distributions. · 2015 · Elwart, Tessa et al. · archived
61. SHRP2 naturalistic driving study, phase I summary : State College, Pennsylvania data collection site. · 2013 · Fraser, Janet L. et al. · archived
62. SPIDER 2.0: Driver Distraction and Visual Attention · 2025 · Strayer, David L. · archived
63. Driver distraction : a review of the literature ↗ · 2007 · Kircher, Katja · indexed
64. Where drivers are looking at during takeover: Implications for safe takeovers during conditionally automated driving ↗ · 2023 · Huang, Chao et al. · indexed
65. Incorporating different phases of situation awareness information into the design of advanced takeover requests for urgent takeover scenarios ↗ · 2026 · Lai, Hsueh-Yi et al. · indexed
66. EyeSync - Real Time Integration of an Eye Tracker in a Driving Simulator Environment ↗ · 2016 · Loeb, Helen S. et al. · indexed
67. Where to gaze during take-over: Eye gaze strategy analysis of different situation awareness and hazard perception levels ↗ · 2023 · Ding, Wen et al. · indexed
68. Eye Behaviors: How Driving Simulators can Expand their Role in Science and Engineering ↗ · 2011 · Fisher, Donald L. et al. · indexed
69. The Effect of Urgency of Take-Over Requests During Highly Automated Driving Under Distraction Conditions · 2021 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · archived
70. Occlusion Paradigm as a Tool to Assess Visual Distraction from In-Vehicle Telematics ↗ · 2002 · Frank, Tracy L. et al. · indexed
71. Development of a personal computer-based secondary task procedure as a surrogate for a driving simulator · 2007 · Schrock, Steve (Steven Dale) · archived
72. Minimum Time to Situational Awareness During Transfer of Control Under Varying Levels of Task Load · 2020 · Knodler, Michael A. et al. · archived
73. Safe Control Transitions: Machine Vision Based Observable Readiness Index and Data-Driven Takeover Time Prediction · 2023 · Greer, Ross et al. · archived
74. Linking the Detection Response Task and the AttenD Algorithm Through Assessment of Human–Machine Interface Workload · 2017 · Lee, Joonbum et al. · archived
75. Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 3, task analysis data collection · 1996 · Kiger, Steven et al. · archived
76. Using Eye-Tracking Data to Predict Situation Awareness in Real Time During Takeover Transitions in Conditionally Automated Driving ↗ · 2021 · Zhou, Feng et al. · indexed
77. Coming back into the loop: Drivers’ perceptual-motor performance in critical events after automated driving · 2017 · Louw, Tyron et al. · archived
78. Driver Distraction: Eye Glance Analysis and Conversation Workload · 2015 · Hickman, Jeffrey S. et al. · archived
79. Using the ISO Detection response task to measure the cognitive load of driving four separate vehicles on two distinct highways ↗ · 2024 · Biondi, Francesco N. et al. · indexed
80. Assessing Driver Distraction Due to In-Vehicle Video Systems through Field Testing at the Pecos Research and Testing Center · 2007 · Funkhouser, Dillon et al. · archived
81. Cognitive distraction impairs drivers' anticipatory glances: An on-road study · 2015 · Biondi, F et al. · archived
82. Comparison of Two Eye-Gaze Based Real-Time Driver Distraction Detection Algorithms in a Small-Scale Field Operational Test · 2009 · Kircher, Katja et al. · archived
83. Response time and eye tracking datasets for activities demanding varying cognitive load ↗ · 2020 · Pillai, Prarthana et al. · indexed
84. In-Vehicle Information Systems Behavioral Model and Design Support: Final Report · 2000 · Hankey, J. M. et al. · archived
85. Identifying Outcome Measures to Evaluate Drivers’ Knowledge of Vehicle Automation · 2024 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
86. Improving Methods to Measure Attentiveness through Driver Monitoring · 2022 · Miller, Marty et al. · archived
87. Assessing the validity of situation awareness measures through visual behaviours in car driving: A comprehensive review ↗ · 2026 · Pelerin, Maëlle et al. · indexed
88. A validation study of a fixed‐based, medium fidelity driving simulator for human–machine interfaces visual distraction testing ↗ · 2023 · Large, David R. et al. · indexed
89. Heatmap-Based Method for Estimating Drivers' Cognitive Distraction · 2020 · Musabini, Antonyo et al. · archived
90. An Integrated Open-Source Framework for Automated Analysis of Driver Activity, Glance, and Vehicle Automation Mode ↗ · 2026 · Sahoo, Praneet et al. · indexed
91. Measuring the Useful Field of View During Simulated Driving With Gaze-Contingent Displays · 2016 · Gaspar, John G. et al. · archived
92. Behavioral Indicators of Drowsy Driving: Active Search Mirror Checks · 2022 · Meyer, Jason E. et al. · archived
93. A Review of Driver Gaze Estimation and Application in Gaze Behavior Understanding · 2023 · Sharma, Pavan Kumar et al. · archived
94. Cooperation Between Vehicle and Driver: Predicting the Driver’s Takeover Capability in Cooperative Automated Driving Based on Orientation Patterns · 2024 · Herzberger, Nicolas et al. · archived
95. Detecting Driver Distraction · 2018 · Eskenazi, Maxine et al. · archived
96. Visual demand of curves and fog-limited sight distance and its relationship to brake response time. · 2006 · Cullinane, Brian et al. · archived
97. Driving Simulator Validation for In-Vehicle Human Machine Interface Assessment ↗ · 2019 · McWilliams, Thomas et al. · indexed
98. DReyeVR: Democratizing Virtual Reality Driving Simulation for Behavioural & Interaction Research · 2022 · Silvera, Gustavo et al. · archived
99. The development of a driving simulator for driver’s response during obstacle avoidance task ↗ · 2024 · Ismail, Nursya Mimie Ayuny et al. · indexed
100. Effects of Non-Driving Related Task Modalities on Takeover Performance in Highly Automated Driving ↗ · 2018 · Wandtner, Bernhard et al. · indexed
101. Training Novice Drivers to Shorten Distraction Time [Traffic Tech] · 2010 · NHTSA · archived
102. A quantitative model of takeover request time budget for conditionally automated driving · 2024 · Tanshi, Foghor et al. · archived
103. Human-Centered Intervention Based on Tactical-Level Input in Unscheduled Takeover Scenarios for Highly-Automated Vehicles · 2020 · Kamezaki, Mitsuhiro et al. · archived
104. Assessment of Secondary Tasks Based on Drivers’ Eye-Movement Features · 2020 · Yao, Ying et al. · archived
105. Countermeasures To Detect and Combat Inattention While Driving Partially Automated Systems · 2023 · Paras, Carolina Rodriguez et al. · archived
106. Model-based estimation of the state of vehicle automation as derived from the driver's spontaneous visual strategies · 2019 · Schnebelen, Damien et al. · archived
107. Evaluating the Effects of Secondary Tasks on Driver Gaze Duration: A Duration Modeling Approach ↗ · 2025 · Ali, Yasir et al. · indexed
108. Predicting driver takeover performance in conditionally automated driving ↗ · 2020 · Du, Na et al. · indexed
109. Comparison of Video-based Driver Gaze Region Estimation Techniques ↗ · 2022 · Yang, Tongxiao et al. · indexed
110. Methodological Approach towards Evaluating the Effects of Non-Driving Related Tasks during Partially Automated Driving ↗ · 2020 · Hollander, Cornelia et al. · indexed
111. Analysis of Gaze Behavior to Measure Cognitive Distraction in Real-World Driving ↗ · 2018 · Yang, Shiyan et al. · indexed
112. Take-Over Requests for Automated Driving ↗ · 2015 · Melcher, Vivien et al. · indexed
113. Glance strategies for using an in-vehicle touch-screen monitor. · 2009 · Fuller, Helen et al. · archived
114. Feasibility of a Portable Data Acquisition System for Driver Performance Testing ↗ · 1996 · Carter, Richard J. et al. · indexed
115. Open Source Computer Vision Solution for Head and Gaze Tracking in a Driving Simulator Environment ↗ · 2015 · Caplow-Munro, Devin SJ et al. · indexed
116. Evaluating Effects of Cognitive Load, Takeover Request Lead Time, and Traffic Density on Drivers' Takeover Performance in Conditionally Automated Driving ↗ · 2020 · Du, Na et al. · indexed
117. On the Difference Between Necessary and Unnecessary Glances Away From the Forward Roadway: An Occlusion Study on the Motorway · 2019 · Kircher, Katja et al. · archived
118. Automobile Driver On-Road Performance Test. Volume 1, Final Report · 1981 · McPherson, Kenard et al. · archived
119. Visual and cognitive demands of using in-vehicle infotainment systems · 2017 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
120. Modeling Effects of Forward Glance Durations on Latent Hazard Detection ↗ · 2017 · Park, Hyoshin et al. · indexed
121. Visual Demand of Driving Curves as Determined by Visual Occlusion ↗ · 1980 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
122. Field Measurement of Naturalistic Backing Behavior · 1997 · Huey, R. et al. · archived
123. Using Occlusion to Measure the Effects of the NHTSA Participant Criteria on Driver Distraction Testing ↗ · 2014 · Domeyer, Joshua E. et al. · indexed
124. Characterizing Drivers' Peripheral Vision via the Functional Field of View for Intelligent Driving Assistance · 2023 · Biswas, Abhijat et al. · archived
125. Visual and cognitive demands of using in-vehicle infotainment systems · 2017 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
126. Take-over performance in evasive manoeuvres · 2017 · Happee, Riender et al. · archived
127. Exploring the Relationship Between Drivers’ Stationary Gaze Entropy and Situation Awareness in a Level-3 Automation Driving Simulation ↗ · 2024 · Ding, Wen et al. · indexed
128. Evaluation of Cognitive Distraction in a Real Vehicle Based on the Reflex Eye Movement · 2018 · Son, Le Anh et al. · archived
129. Off-Road Glance Behavior, Response Time to a Forward Collision Hazard, and Engagement Strategy Effects in Automated Driving ↗ · 2017 · Blommer, Mike et al. · indexed
130. Take-Over Performance and Safety Analysis Under Different Scenarios and Secondary Tasks in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2019 · Wu, Chaozhong et al. · archived
131. Event Detection: The Second Dimension of Driver Performance for Visual-Manual Tasks ↗ · 2012 · Young, Richard A. · indexed
132. Design of an Experiment to Pinpoint Cognitive Failure Processes in the Interaction of Motorists and Vulnerable Road Users ↗ · 2023 · Denk, Florian et al. · indexed
133. On the Forces of Driver Distraction: Explainable Predictions for the Visual Demand of In-Vehicle Touchscreen Interactions · 2023 · Ebel, Patrick et al. · archived
134. Measuring Inhibitory Control in Driver Distraction ↗ · 2014 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
135. Toward Minimum Startle After Take-Over Request: A Preliminary Study of Physiological Data ↗ · 2020 · Pakdamanian, Erfan et al. · indexed
136. Driving with Visual Field Loss: An Exploratory Simulation Study · 2009 · Lockhart, Julie et al. · archived
137. The effect of cognitive load on Detection-Response Task (DRT) performance during day- and night-time driving: A driving simulator study · 2023 · Öztürk, İbrahim et al. · archived
138. Human Factors of Driving Automation: Evasive Maneuver Event Response Evaluation · 2023 · Britten, Nicholas N et al. · archived
139. The Critical Tracking Task ↗ · 2013 · Petzoldt, Tibor et al. · indexed
140. Considerations When Calculating Percent Road Centre From Eye Movement Data in Driver Distraction Monitoring · 2009 · Ahlstrom, Christer et al. · archived
141. Drivers’ Psychomotor Reaction Times Tested with a Test Station Method ↗ · 2021 · Szydłowski, Tomasz et al. · indexed
142. Impact of information bandwidth of in-vehicle technologies on drivers' attention maintenance performance: A driving simulator study ↗ · 2018 · Yamani, Yusuke et al. · indexed
143. Visual Scanning Training for Older Drivers: A Literature Review · 2018 · Lococo, Kathy H. et al. · archived
144. Focal and Ambient Visual Contributions and Driver Visual Scanning in Lane Keeping and Hazard Detection ↗ · 2004 · Horrey, William J. et al. · indexed
145. EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR OCULAR MEASUREMENT AS AN INDEX OF FATIGUE AND THE BASIS FOR ALERTNESS MANAGEMENT ↗ · 1998 · Dinges, David F. et al. · indexed
146. Towards Safe and Comfortable Vehicle Control Transitions: A Systematic Review of Takeover Time, Time Budget, and Takeover Performance · 2025 · Liang, Kexin et al. · archived
147. Supporting Driver Attention Toward Potential Hazards During Takeover: A Preliminary Result ↗ · 2024 · Tilbury, Dawn M. et al. · indexed
148. Drivers Glance Like Lizards during Cell Phone Distraction in Assisted Driving ↗ · 2021 · Yang, Shiyan et al. · indexed
149. Third Annual Report of the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership, April 2003 – March 2004 · 2005 · Deering, Richard K. et al. · archived
150. The Effect of Driving Automation on Drivers' Anticipatory Glances · 2021 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
151. A Systematic Review of Metrics Measuring Takeover Performance in Conditionally Automated Driving ↗ · 2025 · Tilbury, Dawn M. et al. · indexed
152. Looks Are (Almost) Everything: Where Drivers Look to Get Information ↗ · 2008 · Shinar, David · indexed
153. Bridging Gaps Among Human, Assisted, and Automated Driving With DVIs: A Conceptional Experimental Study ↗ · 2018 · Wang, Jiao et al. · indexed
154. Method for the evaluation of distraction effects of head-up displays in vehicles using the example of smart glasses ↗ · 2023 · Wiedemann, Katharina et al. · indexed
155. Visual Monitoring of Driver Inattention · 2008 · Bergasa, Luis M. et al. · archived
156. Prediction of take-over time in highly automated driving by two psychometric tests · 2015 · Körber, Moritz et al. · archived
157. The influence of alcohol and automation on drivers visual behavior during test track driving · 2023 · Tivesten, Emma · archived
158. Improving Methods to Measure Attentiveness through Driver Monitoring · 2022 · NHTSA · archived
159. Visual Demand of Driving and the Execution of Display-Intensive in-Vehicle Tasks ↗ · 2001 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
160. Comparison Between Visual and Tactile Signal Detection Tasks Applied to the Safety Assessment of In-Vehicle Information Systems ↗ · 2005 · Engström, Johan et al. · indexed
161. Assessing Different Methods for Detection of Distracted Driving ↗ · 2023 · Woods, Amber N. et al. · indexed
162. Impact of Temporary Browsing Restrictions on Drivers’ Situation Awareness When Interacting with In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems · 2022 · Meyer, Jason et al. · archived
163. Blink Rate as a Measure of Driver Workload during Simulated Driving ↗ · 2020 · Yahoodik, Sarah et al. · indexed
164. An Eye-Fixation Related Electroencephalography Technique for Predicting Situation Awareness: Implications for Driver State Monitoring Systems ↗ · 2023 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
165. Design of Conditional Driving Automation Variables to Improve Takeover Performance ↗ · 2019 · Tanshi, Foghor et al. · indexed
166. Computer Training Program Improves Teen Drivers’ Attention to the Road [Traffic Tech] · 2011 · NHTSA · archived
167. Evaluation of techniques for ocular measurement as an index of fatigue and as the basis for alertness management · 1998 · Dinges, David F. et al. · archived
168. Eye-head coordination and dynamic visual scanning as indicators of visuo-cognitive demands in driving simulator. · 2020 · Mikula, Laura et al. · archived
169. Comparing drivers’ visual attention at Junctions in Real and Simulated Environments · 2019 · Robbins, Chloe J. et al. · archived
170. The Effects of Lead Time of Take-Over Request and Nondriving Tasks on Taking-Over Control of Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2018 · Wan, Jingyan et al. · indexed
171. Toward Integrated Takeover Performance Measurement: Validation of Fréchet Distance as a Takeover Performance Metric ↗ · 2024 · Han, Doo Won et al. · indexed
172. Modeling Drivers' Situational Awareness from Eye Gaze for Driving Assistance · 2024 · Biswas, Abhijat et al. · archived
173. Review of Eye-related Measures of Drivers’ Mental Workload ↗ · 2015 · Marquart, Gerhard et al. · indexed
174. Gaze Fixation System for the Evaluation of Driver Distractions Induced by IVIS · 2012 · Gil-Jiménez, Pedro et al. · archived
175. Visual Scanning Training for Older Drivers [Traffic Tech] · 2022 · Staplin, L. et al. · archived
176. Age-related differences in the cognitive, visual, and temporal demands of in-vehicle information systems · 2020 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
177. Measuring Distraction: Task Duration and the Lane-Change Test (LCT) ↗ · 2005 · Burns, Peter C. et al. · indexed
178. Proactive Evaluation of Traffic Signs Using a Traffic Sign Simulator · 2015 · De Ceunynck, Tim et al. · archived
179. Measuring Distraction at the Levels of Tactical and Strategic Control: The Limits of Capacity-Based Measures for Revealing Unsafe Visual Sampling Models · 2011 · Kujala, Tuomo et al. · archived
180. Driving context influences drivers' decision to engage in visual–manual · 2015 · Tivesten, Emma et al. · archived
181. Towards online detection of driver distraction: Eye-movement simulation based on a combination of vestibulo–ocular reflex and optokinetic reflex models ↗ · 2019 · Le, Anh Son et al. · indexed
182. Cardiac Measures of Driver Workload during Simulated Driving with and without Visual Occlusion ↗ · 2003 · Backs, Richard W et al. · indexed
183. In-Vehicle Information Systems Demand Model (Research Update) · 2000 · Dingus, Tom et al. · archived
184. Devil in the details: Systematic review of TOR signals in automated driving with a generic classification framework ↗ · 2022 · Jansen, Reinier J. et al. · indexed
185. Argos: An Advanced In-Vehicle Data Recorder on a Massively Sensorized Vehicle for Car Driver Behavior Experimentation ↗ · 2010 · Perez, Antonio et al. · indexed
186. Evaluating driver distraction countermeasures ↗ · 2005 · Karlsson, Rikard · indexed
187. Real-Time Detection of Driver Cognitive Distraction Using Support Vector Machines ↗ · 2007 · Liang, Yulan et al. · indexed
188. Drivers’ situational awareness of surrounding vehicles during takeovers: Evidence from a driving simulator study ↗ · 2024 · Jia, Lesong et al. · indexed
189. Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed · 2019 · Schnebelen, Damien et al. · archived
190. The Effects of Non-Driving-Related Task Engagement on Automated Driving Takeover Performance During the Nighttime ↗ · 2022 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
191. Effects of an active visuomotor steering task on covert attention · 2019 · Tuhkanen, Samuel et al. · archived
192. Driving simulator validation studies: A systematic review ↗ · 2024 · Zhang, Siyang et al. · indexed
193. Effects of In-Vehicle Touchscreen Location on Driver Task Performance, Eye Gaze Behavior, and Workload During Conditionally Automated Driving: Nondriving-Related Task and Take-Over ↗ · 2024 · Ban, Gayoung et al. · indexed
194. The Effect of Stimulus Modality on Signal Detection: Implications for Assessing the Safety of In-Vehicle Technology ↗ · 2008 · Merat, Natasha et al. · indexed
195. Investigating the correspondence between driver head position and glance location · 2018 · Lee, Joonbum et al. · archived
196. Vehicle-Based Drowsy Driver Detection: Current Status and Future Prospects · 1994 · Knipling, Ronald R. et al. · archived
197. Opportunities and Limitations of a Gaze-Contingent Display to Simulate Visual Field Loss in Driving Simulator Studies ↗ · 2022 · Biebl, Bianca et al. · indexed
198. Effects of Non-Driving-Related Task Attributes on Takeover Quality in Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Lee, Seul Chan et al. · indexed
199. Vehicle-Based Drowsy Driver Detection: Current Status And Future Prospects · 1994 · NHTSA · archived
200. Validation of a Driving Simulation Facility for Instrument Panel Task Performance ↗ · 1990 · Kurokawa, Ko et al. · indexed
201. Memory for a Hazard is Interrupted by Performance of a Secondary In-Vehicle Task ↗ · 2014 · Borowsky, Avinoam et al. · indexed
202. How Dangerous Is Looking Away From the Road? Algorithms Predict Crash Risk From Glance Patterns in Naturalistic Driving ↗ · 2012 · Liang, Yulan et al. · indexed
203. Effects of Quantity and Size of Buttons of In-Vehicle Touch Screen on Drivers’ Eye Glance Behavior ↗ · 2017 · Feng, Fred et al. · indexed
204. Reliable but multi-dimensional cognitive demand in operating partially automated vehicles · 2024 · Lohani, M et al. · archived
205. Economical Visual Attention Test for Elderly Drivers · 2020 · Onishi, Akinari · archived
206. It’s Out of Our Hands Now! Effects of Non-Driving Related Tasks During Highly Automated Driving on Drivers’ Fatigue ↗ · 2017 · Jarosch, Oliver et al. · indexed
207. Estimating the out-of-the-loop phenomenon from visual strategies during highly automated driving · 2020 · Schnebelen, Damien et al. · archived
208. Towards standardized metrics for measuring takeover performance in conditionally automated driving: A systematic review · 2021 · Tilbury, Dawn M. et al. · archived
209. Study of road safety from the position of driver information load ↗ · 2024 · Pugachev, I. N. et al. · indexed
210. New Measure of Inattentiveness to Forward Roadway ↗ · 2012 · Pollatsek, Alexander et al. · indexed
211. Overview of research on driver drowsiness definition and driver drowsiness detection ↗ · 1995 · Wierwille, Walter W. · indexed
212. Overview of research on driver drowsiness definition and driver drowsiness detection ↗ · 1995 · Wierwille, Walter W. · indexed
213. Identifying novice drivers in need of hazard perception ability improvement for takeover performance ↗ · 2024 · Weng, Shixuan et al. · indexed
214. Driver Inattention Detection based on Eye Gaze—Road Event Correlation ↗ · 2009 · Fletcher, Luke et al. · indexed
215. The effects of commercial electronic variable message signs (CEVMS) on driver attention and distraction : an update · 2009 · Molino, John A. et al. · archived
216. Risk Awareness and Perception Training Using VR Headsets: The Validation of VR Headsets to Measure Hazard Anticipation Behaviors · 2019 · Fitzpatrick, Cole et al. · archived
217. Glass half-full: On-road glance metrics differentiate crashes from near-crashes in the 100-car data ↗ · 2017 · Seppelt, Bobbie et al. · indexed
218. On-Road Evaluation of In-vehicle Interface Characteristics and Their Effects on Performance of Visual Detection on the Road and Manual Entry · 2018 · Suh, Youngbo et al. · archived
219. Authoring critical situations for assessing driving ability among drivers with visual field defects ↗ · 2015 · Peters, Björn et al. · indexed
220. Assessment of Driver Situation for Control Authority Transition from Conditionally Automated Vehicles using Chassis and Galvanic Skin Response Sensors ↗ · 2025 · Dogan, Daghan et al. · indexed
221. Applying data visualisation for a rapid overview and comparison of HFE measures to evaluate in-vehicle interfaces ↗ · 2016 · Geitner, Claudia et al. · indexed
222. Investigating and Developing Methods for Traditional Participant-based Data Collection with Remote Experimenters · 2023 · Miller, Marty · archived
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224. Optic Flow and Tunnel Vision in the Detection Response Task ↗ · 2019 · van Winsum, Wim · indexed
225. Age-related effects of executive function on takeover performance in automated driving · 2022 · Peng, Qijia et al. · archived
226. A Gaze-Based Driver Distraction Warning System and Its Effect on Visual Behavior ↗ · 2013 · Ahlstrom, Christer et al. · indexed
227. Detection and controlling of drivers' visual focus of attention ↗ · 2017 · Debnath, Partha Pratim et al. · indexed
228. Engagement in Non-Driving Related Tasks as a Non-Intrusive Measure for Mode Awareness: A Simulator Study ↗ · 2020 · Forster, Yannick et al. · indexed
229. Age-Related Differences in Vehicle Control and Eye Movement Patterns at Intersections: Older and Middle-Aged Drivers · 2016 · Yamani, Yusuke et al. · archived
230. Visual and Cognitive Demands of Using In-Vehicle Information Systems · 2017 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety et al. · archived
231. A Systematic Review on Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Eye Activity Measures ↗ · 2024 · Kolus, Ahmet · indexed
232. Head-Up Displays and Distraction Potential · 2023 · Russell, Sheldon M. et al. · archived
233. A Survey of Eye Tracking in Automobile and Aviation Studies: Implications for Eye-Tracking Studies in Marine Operations · 2021 · Mao, Runze et al. · archived
234. The Driver Distraction Detection Algorithm AttenD ↗ · 2017 · Kircher, Katja et al. · indexed
235. Driver Visual Behavior in the Presence of Commercial Electronic Variable Message Signs (CEVMS) · 2011 · Perez, William A. et al. · archived
236. Evaluating Older Drivers&#039; Skills · 2013 · Chaudhary, Neil K. et al. · archived
237. Real-Time System for Monitoring Driver Vigilance ↗ · 2006 · Bergasa, L.M. et al. · indexed
238. Surprise Braking Trials, Time-to-Collision Judgments, and “First Look” Maneuvers Under Realistic Rear-End Crash Scenarios · 2005 · Kiefer, R. J. et al. · archived
239. What Can Be Predicted from Six Seconds of Driver Glances? · 2017 · Fridman, Lex et al. · archived
240. Car Drivers' Pattern of Eye Fixations on the Road and in the Laboratory ↗ · 1981 · Cohen, Amos S. · indexed
241. The Effects of a Scheduled Driver Engagement Strategy in Automated Driving ↗ · 2015 · Blommer, Mike et al. · indexed
242. Inference of large truck driver's intent to change lanes to pass a lead vehicle via analyses of driver's eye glance behavior in the real world ↗ · 2007 · Itoh, M. et al. · indexed
243. New, Improved, Comprehensive, and Automated Driver’s License Test and Vision Screening System · 2005 · Straus, Sandy H. · archived
244. A study on traffic accidents involving pedestrians facing the backward by using driving simulator and near-miss incident database · 2017 · TSUTSUMI, Shigeyoshi et al. · archived
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246. Age-Related Differences in the Cognitive, Visual and Temporal Demands of In-Vehicle Information Systems · 2019 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
247. Reducing Older Driver Crashes: Technology, Training and Livable Communities · 2015 · Romoser, Matthew R. E. et al. · archived
248. Examining Driver Situation Awareness in the Takeover Process of Conditionally Automated Driving With the Effect of Age ↗ · 2024 · Ding, Wen et al. · indexed
249. 2013–2014 National Roadside Study of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers: Methodology · 2016 · Kelley-Baker, Tara et al. · archived
250. Vigilance Decrement During On-Road Partially Automated Driving Across Four Systems · 2023 · Strayer, David L. · archived
251. Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control ↗ · 2017 · Eriksson, Alexander et al. · indexed
252. Effects of integrated takeover request warning with personal portable device on takeover time and post-takeover performance in level 3 driving automation ↗ · 2024 · Talukder, Niloy et al. · indexed
253. Age-Related Differences in the Cognitive, Visual and Temporal Demands of In-Vehicle Information Systems · 2019 · Cooper, Joel M. et al. · archived
254. Assessing the Impact of Age on Cognitively Induced Visual Tunneling · 2013 · Reimer, Bryan · archived
255. Driver Visual Behavior in the Presence of Commercial Electronic Variable Message Signs (CEVMS) · 2012 · Perez, William A. et al. · archived
256. Drugs, driving, and models to measure driving impairment ↗ · 2009 · Owens, Katherine et al. · indexed
257. PRECURSOR SYSTEM ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III: AUTOMATED CHECK-OUT · 1995 · Turan, Levent et al. · archived
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261. DReye VR: Democratizing Virtual Reality Driving Simulation for Behavioural &amp; Interaction Research ↗ · 2022 · Silvera, Gustavo et al. · indexed
262. On-Road Study of Drivers’ Use of Rearview Video Systems (ORSDURVS) · 2008 · Mazzae, Elizabeth N. et al. · archived
263. How to Use Driving Simulators Properly: Impacts of Human Sensory and Perceptual Capabilities on Visual Fidelity ↗ · 2018 · Zhao, Xi et al. · indexed
264. A temporal analysis of safety drivers taking back control in public roadway automated driving trials ↗ · 2019 · Corcoran, Nicole et al. · indexed
265. Driving Assessment Tools Used by Driver Rehabilitation Specialists: Survey of Use and Implications for Practice ↗ · 2013 · Dickerson, Anne E. · indexed
266. Task analysis of intersection driving scenarios : information processing bottlenecks · 2006 · Richard, Christian M. et al. · archived
267. The validity of driving simulation for assessing differences between in-vehicle informational interfaces: A comparison with field testing ↗ · 2010 · Wang, Ying et al. · indexed
268. Quantifying the Night Driver&#039;s Visual Environment · 1980 · Olsen, R. A. · archived
269. Übernahmeaufforderungen beim hochautomatisierten Fahren mit fahrfremden Tätigkeiten – welche Modalitäten sind geeignet? Takeover requests at conditional automated driving with non-driving related activities—which are suitable modalities? · 2022 · Müller, Andreas Lars et al. · archived
270. Assessing Driver Distraction From Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Under‐Bridge Inspection Trucks: A Driving Simulator Study Using Eye Tracker and EEG ↗ · 2026 · Kusha, Zainab Afzali et al. · indexed
271. Multitasking induced contextual blindness · 2025 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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273. Measuring the Applicability of Intersection-Based Older Driver Training Programs ↗ · 2020 · Schneider, Craig A. et al. · indexed
274. Utilization of Drivetime – Performing Non-Driving Related Tasks While Driving Highly Automated ↗ · 2015 · Gold, Christian et al. · indexed
275. Comparing the responses and visual behaviors of older and younger drivers in car-to-cyclist collisions using a driving simulator · 2025 · Zhao, Yuqing et al. · archived
276. S.A.D.E.—A Standardized, Scenario-Based Method for the Real-Time Assessment of Driver Interaction with Partially Automated Driving Systems ↗ · 2022 · Schömig, Nadja et al. · indexed
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278. A Link Between Trust in Technology and Glance Allocation in On-Road Driving · 2017 · Geitner, Claudia et al. · archived
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281. Autonomous driving: investigating the feasibility of car-driver handover assistance · 2015 · Walch, Marcel et al. · archived
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283. Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking ↗ · 2018 · Moore, Katherine Sledge et al. · indexed
284. Glances That Matter: Applying Quantile Regression to Assess Driver Distraction from Off-Road Glances ↗ · 2018 · Liu, Shu-Yuan et al. · indexed
285. The Effects of Momentary Visual Disruption on Hazard Anticipation and Awareness in Driving ↗ · 2014 · Borowsky, Avinoam et al. · indexed
286. HMI and Safety-Related Driver Performance ↗ · 2004 · Östlund, Johan Lind et al. · indexed
287. Determining Key Parameters with Data-Assisted Analysis of Conditionally Automated Driving · 2023 · Gruden, Timotej et al. · archived
288. Information as a Source of Distraction · 2015 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · archived
289. Review of real-time visual driver distraction detection algorithms ↗ · 2010 · Ahlström, Christer et al. · indexed
290. PERCLOS: A Valid Psychophysiological Measure of Alertness As Assessed by Psychomotor Vigilance · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
291. Time to Focus on the Road: Adaptive Monitoring Requests Design for Attentional Shift in Conditional Automated Driving ↗ · 2025 · Lim, Yeonsu et al. · indexed
292. Effects of a PC-Based Attention Maintenance Training Program on Driver Behavior Can Last Up to Four Months: Simulator Study ↗ · 2016 · Divekar, Gautam et al. · indexed
293. Detecting Critical Mismatched Driver Visual Attention During Lane Change: An Embedding Kernel Algorithm ↗ · 2024 · Xu, Jingbin et al. · indexed
294. Noncritical State Transitions During Conditionally Automated Driving on German Freeways: Effects of Non–Driving Related Tasks on Takeover Time and Takeover Quality ↗ · 2019 · Naujoks, Frederik et al. · indexed
295. The role of visual attention in predicting driving impairment in older adults. ↗ · 2005 · Hoffman, Lesa et al. · indexed
296. An Evaluation of Inclusive Dialogue-Based Interfaces for the Takeover of Control in Autonomous Cars ↗ · 2018 · Politis, Ioannis et al. · indexed
297. Developing a Standardized Performance Evaluation of Vehicles with Automated Driving Features · 2019 · Basantis, Alexis et al. · archived
298. Comparative safety analysis of take-over control mechanisms of conditionally automated vehicles ↗ · 2025 · Karimi, Arastoo et al. · indexed
299. Shift the gaze ↗ · 2026 · Illgner, Johannes et al. · indexed
300. An Experimental Study on Drivers’ Eye Movement Behavior When Using an Automated Lane Change System ↗ · 2025 · Guan, Muhua et al. · indexed
301. Distracted when Using Driving Automation: A Quantile Regression Analysis of Driver Glances Considering Task Type · 2022 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
302. Takeover Safety Analysis with Driver Monitoring Systems and Driver–Vehicle Interfaces in Highly Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2021 · Yu, Dongyeon et al. · indexed
303. Summary and Evaluation of Responses Received on the Alcohol Safety Interlock System · 1971 · Sussman, E. Donald · archived
304. National Advanced Driving Simulator Measures Driver Interactions with Automated Driving System · 2017 · NHTSA · archived
305. Koordination von Übernahmemanövern beim hochautomatisierten Fahren unter Berücksichtigung der Fahrerverfügbarkeit Coordination of Takeover Maneuvers in Highly Automated Driving Considering Driver Availability · 2021 · Albers, Franz et al. · archived
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308. Development of Countermeasures for Driver Maneuver Errors · 1999 · Hanscom, Fred R et al. · archived
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312. Traffic control device conspicuity. · 2013 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · archived
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315. In-Vehicle Avatars to Elicit Social Response and Change Driving Behaviour ↗ · 2011 · Rakotonirainy, Andry et al. · indexed
316. Draft Research Test Procedure Performability Assessment for Five ADAS Variants · 2021 · Arquette, Tyler E. et al. · archived
317. Cognitive Distraction Detection Using Gaze and Pupil with an Interpretable Approach · 2025 · Tamura, Kimimasa et al. · archived
318. In-Vehicle Avatars to Elicit Social Response and Change Driving Behaviour ↗ · 2009 · Rakotonirainy, Andry et al. · indexed
319. Latent Psychological Data Structure of Secondary Driving Tasks ↗ · 2004 · Curry, Reates · indexed
320. The Influence of Visual-Manual Distractions on Anticipatory Driving · 2022 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
321. Development and Pilot Testing of the Driving Check-Up: Expanding the Continuum of Services Available to Assist Older Drivers · 2018 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
322. Studying Person-Specific Pointing and Gaze Behavior for Multimodal Referencing of Outside Objects from a Moving Vehicle · 2020 · Gomaa, Amr et al. · archived
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330. Effects of User Interfaces on Take-Over Performance: A Review of the Empirical Evidence · 2021 · Kim, Soyeon et al. · archived
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332. Impact of the difficulty of the box task on its sensitivity when combined with a detection response task to assess secondary task workload ↗ · 2025 · Trommler, Daniel et al. · indexed
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359. The Static and Dynamic Analyses of Drivers’ Gaze Movement Using VR Driving Simulator ↗ · 2022 · Chung, Ji-Yong et al. · indexed
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378. A Differential 2D Gaussian Ellipse-Based Eye Movement Analysis · 2025 · Zhang, Jiahao et al. · archived
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388. Examination of Limitations Associated with Observing Driver Distraction ↗ · 2014 · Wenners, Keith E. et al. · indexed
389. Human system patterns for interaction and cooperation of automated vehicles and humans ↗ · 2023 · Flemisch, Frank et al. · indexed
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439. Impact of Cognitive Distractions on Drivers’ Hazardous Event Anticipation and Mitigation Behavior in Vehicle–Bicycle Conflict Situations ↗ · 2020 · Ebadi, Yalda et al. · indexed
440. Adaptive Time Budgets for Safe and Comfortable Vehicle Control Transition in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2025 · Liang, Kexin et al. · archived
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444. Haptic Interface for Vehicular Touch Screens · 2013 · Colgate, J. Edward et al. · archived
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466. Secondary Tasks and Autonomous Vehicles ↗ · 2019 · Jones, Vanessa et al. · indexed
467. Evaluation of Take-Over Request Lead Time Based on Driving Behavioral Interaction Between Autonomous Vehicles and Manual Vehicles ↗ · 2025 · Ko, Jieun et al. · indexed
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472. Designing Alert Systems in Takeover Transitions: The Effects of Display Information and Modality ↗ · 2021 · Du, Na et al. · indexed
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474. Attentional capture in driving displays ↗ · 2016 · Arexis, Mahé et al. · indexed
475. Impact of alcohol on lane placement and glance patterns when passing a parked active law enforcement vehicle. · 2014 · Finley, Melisa D. et al. · archived
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477. Road Hazard Stimuli: Annotated naturalistic road videos for studying hazard detection and scene perception · 2023 · Song, Jiali et al. · archived
478. Acute methamphetamine and alcohol usage alters gaze behaviour during driving: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study ↗ · 2024 · Hayley, Amie C et al. · indexed
479. Design and Evaluation of Signs and Pavement MarkingsUsing Driving Simulators ↗ · 2011 · Chrysler, Susan et al. · indexed
480. Effects of Varying Text Message Length and Driving Speed on the Disruptive Effects of Texting on Driving Simulator Performance: Differential Effects on Eye Glance Measures ↗ · 2024 · Taneja, Rimzim et al. · indexed
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491. Evidence from a Partial Report Task for Forgetting in Dynamic Spatial Memory ↗ · 1998 · Gugerty, Leo · indexed
492. Gaze and steering strategies while driving around bends with shoulders · 2022 · Mecheri, Sami et al. · archived
493. Driver intervention performance assessment as a key aspect of L3–L4 automated vehicles deployment ↗ · 2021 · Rodak, Aleksandra et al. · indexed
494. Investigating the role of flight phase and task difficulty on low-time pilot performance, gaze dynamics and subjective situation awareness during simulated flight · 2024 · Ayala, Naila et al. · archived
495. On validating a generic camera-based blink detection system for cognitive load assessment · 2023 · Biondi, Francesco N. et al. · archived
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498. Steer-By-WiFi ↗ · 2018 · Schartmüller, Clemens et al. · indexed
499. Sleep Inertia Countermeasures in Automated Driving: A Concept of Cognitive Stimulation ↗ · 2020 · Wörle, Johanna et al. · indexed
500. OSARI, an Open-Source Anticipated Response Inhibition Task · 2021 · He, Jason et al. · archived