Multiple Sources of Safety Information from V2V and V2I: Phase II Final Safety Message Report

Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty; Richard, Christian M.; Venkatraman, Vindhya · 2022 · ROSA P / United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

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Summary

This report, part of the Human Factors for Connected Vehicles (HFCV) program, addresses the design considerations for safety messages in vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) systems. The research aims to minimize driver distraction and workload while ensuring that connected vehicle (CV) technologies effectively communicate pedestrian safety information. Specifically, the study focuses on how drivers process critical safety information from multiple sources, including vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. The primary motivation is to provide initial design guidelines for developers and state transportation personnel to implement V2I applications that alert drivers to pedestrians, thereby reducing crashes and injuries. The methodology involved a comprehensive review of existing transportation safety research and related domains, supplemented by a driving simulator study examining multiple V2P scenarios. The report synthesizes findings from the "Multiple Sources of Safety Information" project, specifically focusing on the Pedestrian in Signalized Crosswalk Warning (PISCA) and Pedestrian Mobility (PMA) applications. Due to the undeveloped nature of V2P technical specifications and limited existing research, the authors prioritized identifying driver information needs and heuristics rather than establishing formal, rigid design guidelines. The analysis covers implementation scenarios at signalized intersections and midblock crosswalks, evaluating both driver-infrastructure interfaces (DIIs) and driver-vehicle interfaces (DVIs). Key findings outline specific driver information needs for V2P safety messages. For DIIs, the report emphasizes the importance of salient placement, such as near traffic control devices, to ensure visibility without increasing visual demand. It highlights that DIIs can support targeted messaging and aid decision-making, particularly for detecting low-visibility pedestrians or alerting distracted drivers. The study identifies potential system conflicts and the need to support driver trust in safety systems. For DVIs, the findings focus on message visual characteristics, including salience, character features, and actionable information, as well as the benefits of multimodal messages (combining visual, auditory, or haptic alerts). The report notes that while DIIs provide widespread benefit regardless of vehicle market saturation, DVIs offer redundant safety messages and imminent-collision warnings. The significance of this work lies in providing foundational design considerations for the integration of V2P technologies into the broader vehicle-to-everything (V2X) environment. By addressing human factors issues such as visual, cognitive, and manual distraction, the report helps ensure that CV systems enhance safety rather than introduce new risks. The findings offer practical inputs for engineers developing V2I and V2P applications, particularly in scenarios involving pedestrian conflicts at intersections and midblock crossings. Although the report does not provide comprehensive formal guidelines due to data limitations, it establishes a critical framework for future development, aiming to make interactions between roadway and vehicle systems safer and more efficient for all users.

Key finding

The report establishes initial design considerations and driver information needs for V2P safety messages, highlighting that current data is insufficient for comprehensive human factors guidelines but provides essential heuristics for system development.

Methodology

review

Provenance

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Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-10; verification: verified.

Topics

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• vru facing ehmi
• ehmi external hmi
• feedback modes
• v2x connected vehicle
• driver vru interaction
• odd communication

Information type

What kind of knowledge this paper contributes, grouped by family — independent of topic (what it is about) and method (how it was studied).

• Applied Guidance: design guidelines