Multiple Sources of Safety Information from V2V and V2I: Redundancy, Decision Making, and Trust—Safety Message Design Report

Richard, Christian M.; Morgan, Justin F; Bacon, L. Paige; Graving, Justin; Divekar, Gautam; Lichty, Monica G. · 2015 · ROSA P / United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research, Development, and Technology

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Summary

This report, produced by the Federal Highway Administration as part of the Human Factors for Connected Vehicles (HFCV) research program, addresses the challenge of designing safety messages for connected vehicle (CV) systems. The primary research question concerns how drivers process critical safety information from multiple sources, specifically vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. The motivation stems from the need to minimize driver workload and prevent visual, cognitive, and manual distractions while ensuring that CV technologies effectively reduce crashes and injuries. The report aims to provide initial design guidance for vehicle-to-infrastructure safety messages, particularly those delivered via driver-infrastructure interfaces (DIIs), such as changeable message signs and dynamic signals. The methodology relied on a comprehensive literature review and gap analysis of existing transportation safety research and related domains, rather than new empirical data collection. The authors synthesized findings to develop preliminary design guidelines for CV system designers and state transportation personnel. The report focuses on five specific safety applications: Stop Sign Assist (SSA), Signalized Left Turn Assist (SLTA), Red Light Violation Warning (RLVW), Curve Speed Warning (CSW), and Spot Weather Information Warning—Reduced Speed (SWIW-RS). The analysis covers the communication architecture, including V2V, V2I, and roadside equipment (RSE), and distinguishes between DIIs, which provide external information to multiple users, and driver-vehicle interfaces (DVIs), which provide targeted in-vehicle warnings. The findings are presented as a set of twelve design guideline topics addressing general and application-specific issues. Key recommendations include strategies for managing system-level conflicts and message-level incongruence between DII and DVI systems to ensure consistent information delivery. The report provides guidance on message content, emphasizing the appropriate use of symbols and text to support rapid comprehension. It also addresses factors affecting driver trust in safety systems and specific operational parameters for gap choice decisions in SSA and SLTA applications. For instance, the guidelines detail how DII placement and message timing should account for intersection sight distances and driver perception-reaction times to effectively support decision-making at stop-controlled and signalized intersections. The significance of this work lies in its contribution to the development of robust human factors guidelines for connected vehicle systems. By providing structured design guidance, the report helps ensure that V2I applications integrate safely with V2V systems, reducing the likelihood of driver confusion or distraction. The findings are intended to inform future versions of the NCHRP 600: Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems, thereby supporting the broader implementation of CV technologies. Ultimately, the report aims to facilitate the safe introduction of connected vehicle infrastructure, ensuring that safety messages enhance driver awareness and decision-making without imposing undue cognitive or visual burdens.

Key finding

The report establishes preliminary design guidance for V2I safety messages focusing on redundancy, decision making, and trust to support driver information needs and minimize distraction.

Methodology

review

Provenance

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Topics

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• vru facing ehmi
• ehmi external hmi
• feedback modes
• v2x connected vehicle
• odd communication
• public messaging

Information type

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• Applied Guidance: design guidelines