Can Shared Control Improve Overtaking Performance? Combining Human and Automation Strengths for a Safer Maneuver
DOI: 10.3390/s22239093
archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified
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Summary
This study investigates whether Shared Control (SC) systems, which allow drivers and automated driving systems to control a vehicle simultaneously, can improve safety and performance during overtaking maneuvers on two-way roads with oncoming traffic. The research is motivated by the high fatality rates associated with head-on collisions during improper overtaking and the limitations of current SAE Level 2 automation, which often lacks the perception capabilities to safely execute overtakes in complex traffic scenarios. While fully automated systems struggle with legal and technical constraints, and manual driving is prone to human error, SC aims to combine human situational awareness with automated precision. The authors specifically address the gap in literature regarding SC systems that handle control transitions and provide steering corrections to avoid collisions with oncoming vehicles. The researchers conducted an experimental study using a Driver-in-the-Loop (DiL) simulator with 13 real drivers. The experiment compared the proposed SC system against a conventional SAE Level 2 system featuring Automated Lane Centering and Adaptive Cruise Control. The SC system incorporated three key innovations: a steering control strategy for smooth, context-dependent transitions between manual and automated modes; steering torque corrections proportional to a driving risk indicator to avoid oncoming vehicles; and a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) that informs the driver of system limitations and suggests when to take control. The evaluation included both objective performance metrics and subjective assessments using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and System Acceptance Scale (SAS). The results demonstrated that the Shared Control system was the superior solution for assisting drivers during overtaking in terms of both safety and user acceptance. Objectively, the SC system’s longer and smoother control transitions facilitated better cooperative driving compared to the abrupt interactions typical of conventional L2 systems. Subjectively, participants rated the SC system significantly higher in usability, usefulness, and satisfaction. The study confirms that integrating human and automation strengths through shared control mitigates the drawbacks of partial automation, such as loss of situational awareness or over-trust, by keeping the driver actively engaged in the tactical and control levels of driving. The significance of this work lies in its validation of Shared Control as a viable intermediate step toward fully autonomous driving, particularly for complex maneuvers like overtaking. By enhancing user experience, trust, and acceptance, SC systems can improve road safety without requiring the immediate deployment of fully autonomous vehicles. The findings suggest that future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems should prioritize cooperative interaction models that leverage the complementary strengths of human drivers and automated algorithms, rather than relying solely on either manual control or full automation. This approach addresses critical safety concerns while maintaining driver engagement and skill retention.
Provenance
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| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| archive | success | openalex | — | — | 5 | 2026-08-09 |
| extract | success | pdftotext | — | — | 5 | 2026-08-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-nvidia | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 17 | 2026-08-11 |
| verify | partial | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-nvidia on 2026-08-10; verification: verified_with_issues.
Topics
Ranked by relevance to this paper. Hover a topic for its definition.
- automation
- takeover transitions
- automation surprise
- manual
- automation complacency bias
- situational awareness
Information type
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- Empirical Findings: behavioral performance data
- Theoretical Contribution: computational model, conceptual framework