An Analysis of Driver-Initiated Takeovers during Assisted Driving and their Effect on Driver Satisfaction
URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.13027v2
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Abstract
During the use of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), drivers can intervene in the active function and take back control due to various reasons. However, the specific reasons for driver-initiated takeovers in naturalistic driving are still not well understood. In order to get more information on the reasons behind these takeovers, a test group study was conducted. There, 17 participants used a predictive longitudinal driving function for their daily commutes and annotated the reasons for their takeovers during active function use. In this paper, the recorded takeovers are analyzed and the different reasons for them are highlighted. The results show that the reasons can be divided into three main categories. The most common category consists of takeovers which aim to adjust the behavior of the ADAS within its Operational Design Domain (ODD) in order to better match the drivers' personal preferences. Other reasons include takeovers due to leaving the ADAS's ODD and corrections of incorrect sensing state information. Using the questionnaire results of the test group study, it was found that the number and frequency of takeovers especially within the ADAS's ODD have a significant negative impact on driver satisfaction. Therefore, the driver satisfaction with the ADAS could be increased by adapting its behavior to the drivers' wishes and thereby lowering the number of takeovers within the ODD. The information contained in the takeover behavior of the drivers could be used as feedback for the ADAS. Finally, it is shown that there are considerable differences in the takeover behavior of different drivers, which shows a need for ADAS individualization.
Summary
Schwager, Grimm, Liu, Ewecker, Bruhl, Sohn & Hohmann (2024, arXiv 2404.13027) ran a naturalistic test-group study (N=17 commuters from Porsche AG) using a predictive longitudinal SAE Level 1/2 ADAS function. Participants self-annotated reasons for every driver-initiated takeover. Reasons clustered into three categories: (1) takeovers within the ADAS Operational Design Domain to better match personal preferences (the most common), (2) takeovers when leaving the ODD, and (3) corrections of incorrect sensing-state information. Questionnaire results showed that the number and frequency of within-ODD takeovers was a significant negative predictor of driver satisfaction, and there was substantial between-driver heterogeneity in takeover behavior.
Key finding
Most driver-initiated ADAS takeovers happen inside the system's operational design domain to align ADAS behavior with personal preferences, and high within-ODD takeover rates significantly reduce driver satisfaction, motivating individualized ADAS adaptation.
Methodology
naturalistic
Sample size: 17
Quality score: 5 / 5