Effects of various in-vehicle human–machine interfaces on drivers’ takeover performance and gaze pattern in conditionally automated vehicles
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103362
archive: archived pipeline: cataloged verified
Get this paper ↗ (DOI — opens at the source; we link to it, we don't host it)
Summary
This study investigates the impact of different in-vehicle human–machine interfaces (HMIs) on driver takeover performance and gaze patterns in conditionally automated vehicles (Level 3). As automated driving systems increasingly handle routine tasks, drivers must be able to resume control safely when the system encounters limitations. The research addresses a critical gap: while instrument panels and head-up displays (HUDs) are common for presenting takeover requests (TORs), they may distract drivers from the road. The authors hypothesize that peripheral HMIs, which utilize the driver’s peripheral vision, might improve safety by allowing concurrent processing of TORs and road information. The study also examines whether the type of TOR—generic (simple warning) versus informative (providing specific hazard details)—modifies these effects. The researchers conducted a simulated driving experiment with 30 participants who engaged in a non-driving-related task (playing Tetris) during automated driving. The experimental design was a 3 (HMI type: instrument panel, HUD, peripheral HMI) × 2 (TOR type: generic, informative) mixed design. Participants encountered takeover scenarios involving either braking or lane changing due to a broken-down vehicle ahead. Takeover performance was measured by takeover time and maximum resultant acceleration. Eye-tracking data captured gaze distribution across areas of interest, including the road, mirrors, and HMI. Subjective ratings assessed workload, usefulness, and satisfaction. Results indicated that the peripheral HMI significantly reduced takeover time compared to the instrument panel and HUD, particularly when informative TORs were used. Informative TORs generally led to faster takeovers and lower maximum resultant acceleration than generic TORs, indicating better maneuver quality. Eye-tracking analysis revealed that the peripheral HMI encouraged drivers to spend more time gazing at the road and less time looking at the TOR interface, promoting a safer gaze pattern. In contrast, the HUD risked creating an "attention tunnel," capturing driver focus away from the broader traffic environment. Additionally, informative TORs reduced the time drivers spent looking at rear-view mirrors compared to generic TORs. Subjectively, drivers rated the peripheral HMI as more useful and satisfactory than conventional interfaces. The findings suggest that peripheral HMIs are superior for presenting takeover requests in automated vehicles, as they minimize visual competition with the road and improve reaction times. The study highlights the importance of combining peripheral interfaces with informative TORs to enhance situational awareness and driving safety. These insights provide empirical evidence for designers to prioritize peripheral visual cues over central displays like instrument panels or HUDs, thereby supporting safer transitions of control in automated driving systems.
Provenance
The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed.
| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | Crossref | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| archive | success | unpaywall | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-09 |
| extract | success | cached | — | — | 3 | 2026-08-10 |
| clean | success | clean | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| chunk | success | chunk | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| embed | success | embed | Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-8B | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| enrich | failed | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-23 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-08-09 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b-nvidia | summ-v5 | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 10 | 2026-08-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 2 | 2026-08-10 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-nvidia on 2026-08-10; verification: verified.
Topics
Ranked by relevance to this paper. Hover a topic for its definition.
Information type
What kind of knowledge this paper contributes, grouped by family — independent of topic (what it is about) and method (how it was studied).
- Applied Guidance: design guidelines
- Methodological Resource: measurement protocol
- Theoretical Contribution: conceptual framework