road complexity
Visual and cognitive complexity of the driving scene: how much information the roadside environment imposes on the driver at once — clutter, number of competing elements, scene density, and the resulting demand on perception and workload. This is about the richness of the scene the driver must process, NOT the number of other vehicles present (traffic_density), NOT the physical curve/grade/alignment of the road (road_geometry), and NOT the layout of any single junction (intersection_design).
135 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic
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Factors influencing visual search in complex driving environments. · 2016 · Hunter, Michael P. et al. · archived
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Research on the impact of driving environment complexity on driving safety based on Driver Sky View Index (DSVI). · 2026 · Quan, L et al. · archived
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Perceptual Load in Different Regions of the Visual Scene and Its Relevance for Driving · 2015 · Marciano, Hadas et al. · archived
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Quantifying the Night Driver's Visual Environment · 1980 · Olsen, R. A. · archived
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Increased visual and cognitive demands emphasize the importance of meeting visual needs at all distances while driving · 2021 · Patoine, Amigale et al. · archived
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Increased visual and cognitive demands emphasize the importance of meeting visual needs at all distances while driving · 2020 · Patoine, Amigale et al. · archived
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Towards a Human-Centred Cognitive Model of Visuospatial Complexity in Everyday Driving · 2020 · Suchan, Jakob · archived
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Effects of roadway factors and demographic characteristics on drivers’ perceived complexity of simulated roadway videos ↗ · 2018 · Shaw, F. Atiyya et al. · indexed
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How do drivers mitigate the effects of naturalistic visual complexity? · 2023 · Suchan, Jakob · archived
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A Review of Driver Mental Workload in Driver-Vehicle-Environment System · 2011 · Ba, Yutao et al. · archived
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Quantitative Description of Informational Dimensions of Urban Freeways · 2004 · Tsyganov, Alexei et al. · archived
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Driver distraction by advertising: genuine risk or urban myth? · 2003 · Wallace, B. · archived
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Variation in drivers' cognitive load. Effects of driving through village areas and rural junctions · 1991 · Harms, Lisbeth · archived
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Cognitive load while driving impairs memory of moving but not stationary elements within the environment. ↗ · 2014 · Blalock, Lisa Durrance et al. · indexed
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Effects of Visual Demand and In-Vehicle Task Complexity on Driving and Task Performance as Assessed by Visual Occlusion ↗ · 1999 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
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Mental workload and driving · 2014 · Paxion, Julie et al. · archived
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Development of In-Vehicle Information Dissemination Mechanisms to Reduce Cognitive Burden in the Information-Rich Driving Environment · 2022 · Agrawal, Shubham et al. · archived
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 3, task analysis data collection · 1996 · Kiger, Steven et al. · archived
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Minimizing driver errors: examining factors leading to failed target tracking and detection. · 2013 · Beck, Melissa R. et al. · archived
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 4, review of workload and related research · 1996 · Wierwille, W. et al. · archived
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Simulator Study of Involuntary Driver Distraction Under Different Perceptual Loads ↗ · 2017 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
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Sign Luminance Requirements for Various Background Complexities · 1985 · Mace, D. J. et al. · archived
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Assessing the visual and cognitive demands of in-vehicle information systems · 2019 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
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Development of a Human Performance Simulation Model to Evaluate In-Vehicle Information and Control Systems in Commercial Trucking Operations · 2007 · Griffin, Meredith J. et al. · archived
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The Impact of Load on Dynamic versus Static Situational Knowledge While Driving ↗ · 2009 · Clegg, Benjamin A. · indexed
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Task acceptability and workload of driving city streets, rural roads, and expressways : ratings from video clips. · 2007 · Schweitzer, Jason et al. · archived
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Influence of Task Knowledge and Display Features on Driver Attention to Cluttered Navigation Displays ↗ · 2017 · Pankok, Carl et al. · indexed
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Development and Evaluation of New Anchors for Ratings of Driving Workload · 2012 · Lin, Brian T W et al. · archived
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Eye-head coordination and dynamic visual scanning as indicators of visuo-cognitive demands in driving simulator. · 2020 · Mikula, Laura et al. · archived
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Driving Under Involuntary Distraction and Varied Perceptual Loads ↗ · 2016 · Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty et al. · indexed
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Display formats and commercial vehicle operator (CVO) workload · 1997 · Carney, Cher et al. · archived
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Volume 1: Urban Driver Mental Frameworks and Implications · 2023 · Eluru, Naveen et al. · archived
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Analysis of Traffic Signs Information Volume Affecting Driver’s Visual Characteristics and Driving Safety ↗ · 2022 · Han, Lei et al. · indexed
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Measures of Driver Behavior and Cognitive Workload in a Driving Simulator and in a Real Traffic Environment - Experiences from Two Experimental Studies in Sweden · 2001 · Cici, Ruggero et al. · archived
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Visual Attention and Roadway Landmark Identification in At-Risk Older Drivers, · 2001 · Crowe, Amy et al. · archived
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Perceptual load in central and peripheral regions and its effects on driving performance: advertizing billboards ↗ · 2012 · Marciano, Hadas et al. · indexed
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Using the ISO detection response task to measure the cognitive load of driving four separate vehicles on two distinct highways · 2024 · Biondi, FN et al. · archived
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In-Vehicle Interface Adaptation to Environment-Induced Cognitive Workload · 2022 · Meiser, Elena et al. · archived
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Perceived Clutter in Advanced Cockpit Displays: Measurement and Modeling with Experienced Pilots ↗ · 2008 · Kaber, David B. et al. · indexed
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A Visual Comparison of a Single Scenario in Three Driving Simulators ↗ · 2012 · Balk, Stacy A. · indexed
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Driver Visual Behavior in the Presence of Commercial Electronic Variable Message Signs (CEVMS) · 2011 · Perez, William A. et al. · archived
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Validating two assessment strategies for visual and cognitive load in a simulated driving task ↗ · 2016 · Castro, S et al. · indexed
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What's Scene and Not Seen: Influences of Movement and Task Upon What We See ↗ · 2000 · Wallis, Guy et al. · indexed
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Toward a Theory of Visual Information Acquisition in Driving ↗ · 2022 · Wolfe, Benjamin et al. · indexed
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Bottom-up and Top-down Contributors to Pilot Perceptions of Display Clutter in Advanced Flight Deck Technologies ↗ · 2008 · Alexander, Amy L. et al. · indexed
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 1, task analysis data and protocols review · 1996 · Tijerina, L et al. · archived
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Mental workload while driving: Effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making. ↗ · 2003 · Recarte, Miguel A. et al. · indexed
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The View from the Driver's Seat: What Good Is Salience? ↗ · 2013 · McCarley, Jason S. et al. · indexed
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Driving Simulator Based Interactive Experiments : Understanding Driver Behavior, Cognition and Technology Uptake under Information and Communication Technologies · 2018 · Agrawal, Shubham et al. · archived
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Visual Attention in Driving: The Effects of Cognitive Load and Visual Disruption ↗ · 2007 · Lee, Yi-Ching et al. · indexed
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Human factors evaluation of the effectiveness of multi-modality displays in advanced traveler information systems · 1999 · Liu, Yung-Ching et al. · archived
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The Effects of Cognitive and Visual Workload on Peripheral Detection in the Detection Response Task ↗ · 2018 · van Winsum, Wim · indexed
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In-Vehicle Information Systems Behavioral Model and Design Support: Final Report · 2000 · Hankey, J. M. et al. · archived
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Overload depending on driving experience and situation complexity: Which strategies faced with a pedestrian crossing? · 2015 · Paxion, Julie et al. · archived
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Evaluation of a Method to Estimate Driving Workload in Real Time: Watching Video Clips Versus Simulated Driving · 2011 · Green, Paul et al. · archived
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Using an Integrated Cognitive Architecture to Model the Effect of Environmental Complexity on Drivers’ Situation Awareness ↗ · 2019 · Rehman, Umair et al. · indexed
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Drivers have Impaired Working Memory under High Cognitive Load and Visual Distraction: Safety Implications for Transitions of Control from Vehicle Automation ↗ · 2026 · Goncalves, Rafael Cirino et al. · indexed
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ROAD ENVIRONMENT AND VISUAL ANTICIPATION OF A COLLISION DURING SELF-MOTION ↗ · 1999 · Berthelon, Catherine et al. · indexed
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Road Hazard Stimuli: Annotated naturalistic road videos for studying hazard detection and scene perception · 2023 · Song, Jiali et al. · archived
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Task analysis of intersection driving scenarios : information processing bottlenecks · 2006 · Richard, Christian M. et al. · archived
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Assessment of Contextual Complexity and Risk Using Unsupervised Clustering Approaches with Dynamic Traffic Condition Data Obtained from Autonomous Vehicles · 2024 · Ogle, Jennifer H et al. · archived
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Sensitivity of Detection Response Task (DRT) to the Driving Demand and Task Difficulty · 2013 · Bruyas, Marie-Pierre et al. · archived
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Visual demand of curves and fog-limited sight distance and its relationship to brake response time. · 2006 · Cullinane, Brian et al. · archived
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Measuring the Useful Field of View During Simulated Driving With Gaze-Contingent Displays · 2016 · Gaspar, John G. et al. · archived
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Evaluation of the driver’s mental workload: a necessity in a perspective of in-vehicle system design for road safety improvement · 2014 · Pauzié, Annie · archived
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How Perceptual and Cognitive Factors are Involved in a Car Accident: A Case Study ↗ · 2011 · Dominguez, Vanessa et al. · indexed
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Visual Demand of Driving Curves as Determined by Visual Occlusion ↗ · 1980 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
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Holistically Identifying Road Complexity and Relating It to Fatal Crashes · 2025 · Wang, Meng et al. · archived
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Driving Performance, Adaptation, and Cognitive Workload Costs of Logo Panel Detection as Mediated by Driver Age · 2017 · Lau, Mei Ying et al. · archived
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Using the ISO Detection response task to measure the cognitive load of driving four separate vehicles on two distinct highways ↗ · 2024 · Biondi, Francesco N. et al. · indexed
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Assessment of Drivers’ Mental Workload by Multimodal Measures during Auditory-Based Dual-Task Driving Scenarios ↗ · 2024 · Huang, Jiaqi et al. · indexed
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Driver Situation Awareness and Cognitive Workload Effects of Novel Interchange Configurations and Associated Signage · 2022 · Liu, Yunmei et al. · archived
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Freeway Guide Sign Performance at Complex Interchanges: Reducing Information Overload · 2024 · Li, Yingfeng (Eric) et al. · archived
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Extending the Detection Response Task to Simultaneously Measure Cognitive and Visual Task Demands ↗ · 2016 · Strayer, David L. · indexed
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Study of road safety from the position of driver information load ↗ · 2024 · Pugachev, I. N. et al. · indexed
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Investigation of Driver Comprehension of Traffic Information on Graphical Congestion Display Panels using a Driving Simulator · 2004 · Richards, Andy et al. · archived
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Estimation of traffic sign visibility considering local and global features in a driving environment ↗ · 2014 · Doman, Keisuke et al. · indexed
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What's on your mind? A Mental and Perceptual Load Estimation Framework towards Adaptive In-vehicle Interaction while Driving · 2022 · Gomaa, Amr et al. · archived
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Perception of the visual environment · 2016 · Tatler, Benjamin W. · archived
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A Statistical and Machine Learning Approach to Assess Contextual Complexity of the Driving Environment Using Autonomous Vehicle Data— Technology Transfer Activities · 2024 · Ogle, Jennifer H et al. · archived
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Vision-Language Hazard Reasoning for Driver Distraction and Workload Estimation ↗ · 2025 · Ng, Shu-Kay et al. · indexed
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Environmental Cues Involved in the Visual Anticipation of a Collision ↗ · 2000 · Catherine, Berthelon et al. · indexed
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EEG-Based Mental Workload Neurometric to Evaluate the Impact of Different Traffic and Road Conditions in Real Driving Settings ↗ · 2018 · Di Flumeri, Gianluca et al. · indexed
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Cognitive processing of bilingual traffic signs: an eye-tracking study in a driving simulator ↗ · 2026 · David, Maximilian et al. · indexed
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Research on the Efficiency of Visual Search for Car Interface Icons Based on Visual Complexity and Spatial Frequency · 2023 · Gong, Yong et al. · archived
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Driving on Rough Surface Requires Care and Attention · 2017 · Kawamura, Akira et al. · archived
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Multidimensional Measure of Display Clutter and Pilot Performance for Advanced Head-up Display ↗ · 2011 · Kim, Sang-Hwan et al. · indexed
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Study on Drivers’ Visual Load Features in Lighting Environments of Interior Zones of Extra-Long Tunnels over 10 km ↗ · 2022 · Zhou, Yuantao et al. · indexed
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The Influence of Individual Differences in Perceptual Performance on Pilot Perceptions of Head-Up Display Clutter ↗ · 2010 · Kaufmann, Karl et al. · indexed
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Does driving experience delay overload threshold as a function of situation complexity ↗ · 2013 · Paxion, Julie et al. · indexed
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Authoring critical situations for assessing driving ability among drivers with visual field defects ↗ · 2015 · Peters, Björn et al. · indexed
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DETECTION TIME OF A LEADING VEHICLE'S MOTION: EFFECTS OF DRIVING SPEED AND ROAD LAYOUT. ↗ · 1997 · Santos, Jorge A. · indexed
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Development of human factors guidelines for advanced traveler information systems and commercial vehicle operations : definition and prioritization of research studies · 1997 · Kantowitz, B. H. et al. · archived
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Let Complexity Bring Clarity: A Multidimensional Assessment of Cognitive Load Using Physiological Measures · 2022 · Nilsson, Emma J. et al. · archived
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Effects of Color Commonality of Overlay Clutter and Information Access Effort on Tasks Requiring Visual Search · 2023 · Warden, Amelia C. et al. · archived
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How to Use Driving Simulators Properly: Impacts of Human Sensory and Perceptual Capabilities on Visual Fidelity ↗ · 2018 · Zhao, Xi et al. · indexed
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An Approach for the Selection and Description of Elements Used to Define Driving Scenarios · 2021 · Rao, Sughosh J. et al. · archived
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Effects of Cognitive Distraction and Driving Environment Complexity on Adaptive Cruise Control Use and Its Impact on Driving Performance: A Simulator Study · 2025 · Halin, Anaïs et al. · archived
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Cardiac Measures of Driver Workload during Simulated Driving with and without Visual Occlusion ↗ · 2003 · Backs, Richard W et al. · indexed
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THE EFFECT OF FIELD OF VIEW AND SURFACE TEXTURE ON DRIVER STEERING PERFORMANCE ↗ · 1999 · Chatziastros, A et al. · indexed
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The association between physiological and eye-tracking metrics and cognitive load in drivers: A meta-analysis · 2024 · Wang, Ange et al. · archived
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Quantitative effects of overlay clutter and information access effort: Examining the scan-clutter trade-off in displays with geospatial maps. · 2024 · Warden, Amelia C. et al. · archived
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Simulation Analysis on Driving Behavior during Traffic Sign Recognition ↗ · 2011 · Sun, Lishan et al. · indexed
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Perception of relative distance in a driving simulator<sup>1,2</sup> ↗ · 2005 · BAUMBERGER, BERNARD et al. · indexed
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Visual Search for Traffic Signs: The Effects of Clutter, Luminance, and Aging ↗ · 2001 · Ho, Geoffrey et al. · indexed
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Predicting cognitive load in immersive driving scenarios with a hybrid CNN-RNN model · 2024 · Khan, Mehshan Ahmed et al. · archived
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 2, standard vehicle configuration/specifications · 1996 · Turanski, Alan et al. · archived
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Visual Complexity and Its Effects on Referring Expression Generation ↗ · 2018 · Elsner, Micha et al. · indexed
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A Relationship Between Visual Complexity and Aesthetic Appraisal of Car Front Images: An Eye-Tracker Study ↗ · 2015 · Chassy, Philippe et al. · indexed
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Data Base Overlay in Electronic Map Design: Testing a Computational Model ↗ · 2000 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
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Perspective and Coplanar Cockpit Displays of Traffic Information: Implications for Maneuver Choice, Flight Safety, and Mental Workload ↗ · 2005 · Alexander, Amy L. et al. · indexed
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Do cognitive load and ADHD traits affect the tendency to prioritise social information in scenes? ↗ · 2021 · Martinez-Cedillo, Astrid Priscilla et al. · indexed
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What affects fixations during image viewing? Working memory load, saliency, and ADHD-like traits ↗ · 2020 · Cedillo, Astrid Priscilla Martinez et al. · indexed
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Perceptual Load Affects Eyewitness Accuracy & Susceptibility to Leading Questions · 2016 · Murphy, Gillian et al. · archived
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Complexity in Air Traffic Control Towers: A Field Study Part 1— Complexity Factors · 2003 · Koros, Anton et al. · archived
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Do cognitive load and ADHD traits affect the tendency to prioritise social information in scenes? · 2022 · Martinez-Cedillo, Astrid Priscilla et al. · archived
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How do you get there from here? Mental representations of route descriptions ↗ · 1999 · Schneider, Laura F. et al. · indexed
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Identifying and Localizing Multiple Objects Using Artificial Ventral and Dorsal Cortical Visual Pathways ↗ · 2023 · Han, Zhixian et al. · indexed
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Design and Validation of a Synthetic Task Environment to Study Dynamic Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Re-Planning ↗ · 2009 · Cook, Maia B. et al. · indexed
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Naïve Realism: Limits of Realism as a Display Principle ↗ · 2005 · Smallman, Harvey S. et al. · indexed
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Assessing the objective and subjective impacts of nature for reducing cognitive fatigue ↗ · 2025 · Marois, Alexandre et al. · indexed
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Path Planning Method for UAVs Based on Constrained Polygonal Space and an Extremely Sparse Waypoint Graph ↗ · 2021 · Majeed, Abdul et al. · indexed
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Enhanced Multi-UAV Path Planning in Complex Environments With Voronoi-Based Obstacle Modelling and Q-Learning ↗ · 2024 · Su, Wenjia et al. · indexed