mental demand
Mental demand / cognitive load imposed by a driving task: how taxing a manoeuvre, road, or interface is on cognitive resources — task difficulty, subjective effort, situational load. The DEMAND a task imposes, distinct from the instruments used to quantify it (workload_measurement) and from concurrent-task interference (dual_task_performance).
Relevant standards
- ISO 12214:2018 — Road vehicles — Direction-of-motion stereotypes for automotive hand controls
- SAE J1139 — Direction-of-Motion Stereotypes for Automotive Hand Controls
375 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic
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Mental Workload, Task Demand and Driving Performance: What Relation? ↗ · 2014 · da Silva, Fátima Pereira · indexed
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A Review of Driver Mental Workload in Driver-Vehicle-Environment System · 2011 · Ba, Yutao et al. · archived
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Mental workload and driving · 2014 · Paxion, Julie et al. · archived
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Using the ISO Detection response task to measure the cognitive load of driving four separate vehicles on two distinct highways ↗ · 2024 · Biondi, Francesco N. et al. · indexed
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Using the ISO detection response task to measure the cognitive load of driving four separate vehicles on two distinct highways · 2024 · Biondi, FN et al. · archived
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Sensitivity of Detection Response Task (DRT) to the Driving Demand and Task Difficulty · 2013 · Bruyas, Marie-Pierre et al. · archived
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Evaluation of the driver’s mental workload: a necessity in a perspective of in-vehicle system design for road safety improvement · 2014 · Pauzié, Annie · archived
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Assessing the visual and cognitive demands of in-vehicle information systems · 2019 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 4, review of workload and related research · 1996 · Wierwille, W. et al. · archived
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Task acceptability and workload of driving city streets, rural roads, and expressways : ratings from video clips. · 2007 · Schweitzer, Jason et al. · archived
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Strategic changes in task performance in simulated car driving as an adaptive response to task demands · 2000 · Cnossen, Fokie et al. · archived
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Measures of Driver Behavior and Cognitive Workload in a Driving Simulator and in a Real Traffic Environment - Experiences from Two Experimental Studies in Sweden · 2001 · Cici, Ruggero et al. · archived
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Development of a Human Performance Simulation Model to Evaluate In-Vehicle Information and Control Systems in Commercial Trucking Operations · 2007 · Griffin, Meredith J. et al. · archived
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Variation in drivers' cognitive load. Effects of driving through village areas and rural junctions · 1991 · Harms, Lisbeth · archived
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Impact of the difficulty of the box task on its sensitivity when combined with a detection response task to assess secondary task workload ↗ · 2025 · Trommler, Daniel et al. · indexed
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In-Vehicle Interface Adaptation to Environment-Induced Cognitive Workload · 2022 · Meiser, Elena et al. · archived
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Speed maintenance under cognitive load – Implications for theories of driver behaviour · 2011 · Lewis-Evans, Ben et al. · archived
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Visual and cognitive demands of using in-vehicle infotainment systems · 2017 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 3, task analysis data collection · 1996 · Kiger, Steven et al. · archived
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What's on your mind? A Mental and Perceptual Load Estimation Framework towards Adaptive In-vehicle Interaction while Driving · 2022 · Gomaa, Amr et al. · archived
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 1, task analysis data and protocols review · 1996 · Tijerina, L et al. · archived
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Visual and cognitive demands of using in-vehicle infotainment systems · 2017 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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Effects of Cognitive Load on Driving Performance: The Cognitive Control Hypothesis · 2017 · Engström, Johan et al. · archived
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Multiple Resource Modeling of Task Interference in Vehicle Control, Hazard Awareness and In-vehicle Task Performance · 2003 · Horrey, William J. et al. · archived
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Driver Workload Metrics Project: Task 2 Final Report ↗ · 2006 · U.S. Department of Transportation · indexed
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Measuring mental workload with the NASA-TLX needs to examine each dimension rather than relying on the global score: an example with driving · 2017 · Galy, Édith et al. · archived
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The power and sensitivity of four core driver workload measures for benchmarking the distraction potential of new driver vehicle interfaces · 2021 · McDonnell, AS et al. · archived
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Mental Workload of Common Voice-Based Vehicle Interactions across Six Different Vehicle Systems · 2014 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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Mental workload of common voice-based vehicle interactions across six different vehicle systems · 2014 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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Extending the Detection Response Task to Simultaneously Measure Cognitive and Visual Task Demands ↗ · 2016 · Strayer, David L. · indexed
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What's on your mind? A Mental and Perceptual Load Estimation Framework towards Adaptive In-vehicle Interaction while Driving · 2022 · Gomaa, Amr et al. · archived
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Validating two assessment strategies for visual and cognitive load in a simulated driving task ↗ · 2016 · Castro, S et al. · indexed
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Assessment of Drivers’ Mental Workload by Multimodal Measures during Auditory-Based Dual-Task Driving Scenarios ↗ · 2024 · Huang, Jiaqi et al. · indexed
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Visual and Cognitive Demands of Using In-Vehicle Information Systems · 2017 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety et al. · archived
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Reliable but multi-dimensional cognitive demand in operating partially automated vehicles · 2024 · Lohani, M et al. · archived
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Assessing Interference from Mental Workload Using a Naturalistic Simulated Driving Task: A Pilot Study ↗ · 2006 · Horrey, William J. et al. · indexed
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Evaluation of a Method to Estimate Driving Workload in Real Time: Watching Video Clips Versus Simulated Driving · 2011 · Green, Paul et al. · archived
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EEG-Based Mental Workload Neurometric to Evaluate the Impact of Different Traffic and Road Conditions in Real Driving Settings ↗ · 2018 · Di Flumeri, Gianluca et al. · indexed
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Measuring cognitive distraction in the automobile II · 2014 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
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In-Vehicle Information Systems Behavioral Model and Design Support: Final Report · 2000 · Hankey, J. M. et al. · archived
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Utilizing a remote LED stimulus to concurrently measure cognitive and visual task demand ↗ · 2018 · Motzkus, CJ et al. · indexed
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Occlusion Paradigm as a Tool to Assess Visual Distraction from In-Vehicle Telematics ↗ · 2002 · Frank, Tracy L. et al. · indexed
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Examining potential confounds in use of the detection response task for in-vehicle system evaluation · 2017 · Goethe, RM et al. · archived
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Predicting Relative Crash Risk from the Attentional Effects of the Cognitive Demand of Visual-Manual Secondary Tasks ↗ · 2017 · Young, Richard A. · indexed
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Effects of Visual Demand and In-Vehicle Task Complexity on Driving and Task Performance as Assessed by Visual Occlusion ↗ · 1999 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
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Subjective mental workload measurement using video fragments ↗ · 2014 · Christoph, M. et al. · indexed
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Individual differences in peripheral physiology and implications for the real-time assessment of driver state (phase I & II). · 2013 · Reimer, Bryan · archived
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Display formats and commercial vehicle operator (CVO) workload · 1997 · Carney, Cher et al. · archived
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Examining cognitive interference and adaptive safety behaviours in tactical vehicle control ↗ · 2007 · Horrey, William J. et al. · indexed
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Increased visual and cognitive demands emphasize the importance of meeting visual needs at all distances while driving · 2021 · Patoine, Amigale et al. · archived
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Increased visual and cognitive demands emphasize the importance of meeting visual needs at all distances while driving · 2020 · Patoine, Amigale et al. · archived
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In-Vehicle Information Systems Demand Model (Research Update) · 2000 · Dingus, Tom et al. · archived
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Evaluating Demands Associated with the Use of Voice-Based In-Vehicle Interfaces ↗ · 2016 · Strayer, David L. · indexed
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Driver mental workload measurement trends and cognitive impacts: a literature review ↗ · 2026 · Faidah, Uyun Nadzirotul et al. · indexed
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From Driver to Supervisor: Comparing Cognitive Load and EEG-based Attentional Resource Allocation across Automation Levels · 2023 · Figalova, Nikol et al. · archived
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Mental workload of voice interactions with 6 real-world driver interfaces · 2015 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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Visual and cognitive demands of using Apple's CarPlay, Google's Android Auto and five different OEM infotainment systems · 2018 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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Let Complexity Bring Clarity: A Multidimensional Assessment of Cognitive Load Using Physiological Measures · 2022 · Nilsson, Emma J. et al. · archived
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The effect of cognitive load on Detection-Response Task (DRT) performance during day- and night-time driving: A driving simulator study · 2023 · Öztürk, İbrahim et al. · archived
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Development and Evaluation of New Anchors for Ratings of Driving Workload · 2012 · Lin, Brian T W et al. · archived
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Measures and Methods Used to Assess the Safety and Usability of Driver Information Systems · 1995 · Green, Paul · archived
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Visual and Cognitive Demands of a Large Language Model-Powered In-vehicle Conversational Agent · 2026 · Monk, Chris et al. · archived
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Mental workload while driving: Effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making. ↗ · 2003 · Recarte, Miguel A. et al. · indexed
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Theoretical Review of the Secondary Task Methodology for Evaluating Intelligent Automobile Displays ↗ · 1987 · Noy, Y. Ian · indexed
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The Effect of Varying Task Difficulty on Subjective Workload ↗ · 1985 · Yen, Yei-Yu et al. · indexed
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Assessing the Impact of Age on Cognitively Induced Visual Tunneling · 2013 · Reimer, Bryan · archived
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Measuring Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile II: Assessing In-Vehicle Voice-Based Interactive Technologies · 2014 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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Attentional Overload, stress, and simulate Driving Performance ↗ · 1996 · Matthews, Gerald et al. · indexed
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The association between physiological and eye-tracking metrics and cognitive load in drivers: A meta-analysis · 2024 · Wang, Ange et al. · archived
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Modeling Driver Behavior and Aggressiveness Using Biobehavioral Methods – Phase II · 2020 · Kondyli, Alexandra et al. · archived
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Comparison of concurrent cognitive load measures during n-back tasks ↗ · 2024 · Pillai, Prarthana et al. · indexed
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Driver Situation Awareness and Cognitive Workload Effects of Novel Interchange Configurations and Associated Signage · 2022 · Liu, Yunmei et al. · archived
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The Dissociation between Subjective Workload and Performance: A Multiple Resource Approach ↗ · 1983 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
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Preface to the special section on measuring cognitive workload in human factors ↗ · 2021 · Biondi, FN et al. · indexed
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Cognitive workload measurement and modeling under divided attention. · 2019 · Strayer, David L. et al. · archived
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Mental workload and cognitive task automaticity: an evaluation of subjective and time estimation metrics ↗ · 1994 · Liu, Yili et al. · indexed
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Age-Related Differences in the Cognitive, Visual and Temporal Demands of In-Vehicle Information Systems · 2019 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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TASK-INDUCED FATIGUE EFFECTS ON SIMULATED DRIVING PERFORMANCE ↗ · 1998 · Desmond, Paula A. et al. · indexed
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Modeling cognitive load effects of conversation between a passenger and driver · 2017 · Strayer, David L. et al. · archived
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Performance and workload trends: The effects of repeated exposure to "high" demand tasks · 2018 · Wheatley, CL et al. · archived
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Measuring Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile III: A Comparison of Ten 2015 In-Vehicle Information Systems · 2015 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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Comparison of Static and Driving Simulator Venues for the Tactile Detection Response Task · 2013 · Engström, Johan et al. · archived
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Cognitive load and task switching in drivers: Implications for road safety in semi-autonomous vehicles ↗ · 2024 · Xu, Jinhui et al. · indexed
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Perceptual Load in Different Regions of the Visual Scene and Its Relevance for Driving · 2015 · Marciano, Hadas et al. · archived
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Visual and cognitive demands of using Apple's CarPlay, Google's Android Auto and five different OEM infotainment systems · 2018 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
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Age-related differences in the cognitive, visual, and temporal demands of in-vehicle information systems · 2020 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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Driver Cognitive Load Classification Based on Physiological Data—Case Study 7 · 2021 · He, Dengbo et al. · archived
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A subjective one-item measure based on NASA-TLX to assess cognitive workload in driver-vehicle interaction ↗ · 2022 · von Janczewski, Nikolai et al. · indexed
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CVO driver fatigue and complex in-vehicle systems · 1997 · Lee, Jacsik et al. · archived
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Development of a Steering Entropy Method for Evaluating Driver Workload ↗ · 1999 · Nakayama, Okihiko et al. · indexed
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Driver State Classification: Identifying High Cognitive Load and Drowsiness Through Driver Performance · 2026 · Ayas, Suzan et al. · archived
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The impact of repeated cognitive tasks on driving performance and visual attention ↗ · 2010 · Wang, Ying et al. · indexed
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Modeling Driver Behavior and Aggressiveness Using Biobehavioral Methods –Phase III · 2022 · Kondyli, Alexandra et al. · archived
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Effects of Secondary Task Demands on Drivers’ Responses to Events During Driving: Surrogate Methods and Issues · 2007 · Angell, Linda S · archived
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 7B, in-cab text message system and cellular phone use by heavy vehicle drivers in a part-task driving simulator · 1996 · Hanowski, Richard et al. · archived
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Development of In-Vehicle Information Dissemination Mechanisms to Reduce Cognitive Burden in the Information-Rich Driving Environment · 2022 · Agrawal, Shubham et al. · archived
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A survey of the relationship between the mental workload and cognitive failure in taxi drivers, 2017 ↗ · 2017 · Kazemi, Reza et al. · indexed
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Talking to your car can drive you to distraction · 2016 · Strayer, DL et al. · archived
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Cognitive load while driving impairs memory of moving but not stationary elements within the environment. ↗ · 2014 · Blalock, Lisa Durrance et al. · indexed
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Dynamic workload measurement and modeling: Driving and conversing · 2023 · Castro, SC et al. · archived
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Age-Related Differences in the Cognitive, Visual and Temporal Demands of In-Vehicle Information Systems · 2019 · Cooper, Joel M. et al. · archived
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Modeling Driver Behavior and Aggressiveness Using Biobehavioral Methods - Phase I · 2018 · Kondyli, Alexandra et al. · archived
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Using a user-independent approach for automotive human-machine interface assessment · 2018 · Biondi, F et al. · archived
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State of science: mental workload in ergonomics · 2014 · Young, Mark S. et al. · archived
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No difference in arousal or cognitive demands between manual and partially automated driving: A multi-method on-road study · 2021 · Lohani, M et al. · archived
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Task 2, standard vehicle configuration/specifications · 1996 · Turanski, Alan et al. · archived
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From Driver to Supervisor: Comparing Cognitive Load and EEG-Based Attentional Resource Allocation Across Automation Levels · 2023 · Figalova, Nikol et al. · archived
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Visual and Cognitive Demands of Using Apple CarPlay, Google’s Android Auto and Five Different OEM Infotainment Systems · 2018 · Esplin, J et al. · archived
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Recherche d’indicateurs électrodermaux pour l’analyse de la charge mentale en conduite automobile ↗ · 2009 · Clarion, Antoine · indexed
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Mental workload accumulation effect of mobile phone distraction in L2 autopilot mode · 2022 · Zhao, Hongfei et al. · archived
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A Surrogate Test for Cognitive Demand: Tactile Detection Response Task (TDRT) ↗ · 2015 · Hsieh, Li et al. · indexed
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The Effect of Secondary Cognitive Task Difficulty on Headway Maintenance and Perceived Workload While Using Lane Keeping Systems ↗ · 2019 · Liang, Nade et al. · indexed
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Overload depending on driving experience and situation complexity: Which strategies faced with a pedestrian crossing? · 2015 · Paxion, Julie et al. · archived
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Measuring driver distraction – Evaluation of the box task method as a tool for assessing in-vehicle system demand ↗ · 2020 · Morgenstern, Tina et al. · indexed
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Heavy vehicle driver workload assessment: Task 7b: In-cab text message system and cellular phone use by heavy vehicle drivers in a part-task driving simulator · 1996 · Hanowski, Richard et al. · archived
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Effects of Cognitive Load and Anticipation on Driver Responses to a Critical Traffic Event ↗ · 2018 · Engström, Johan et al. · indexed
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EFFECTS OF TWO DIFFERENT MENTAL TASKS ON VISUAL SEARCH BEHAVIOUR WHILE DRIVING ↗ · 1999 · Recarte, Miguel A. et al. · indexed
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Measuring cognitive load with subjective rating scales during problem solving: differences between immediate and delayed ratings · 2014 · Schmeck, Annett et al. · archived
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Driving Simulator Based Interactive Experiments : Understanding Driver Behavior, Cognition and Technology Uptake under Information and Communication Technologies · 2018 · Agrawal, Shubham et al. · archived
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The smartphone and the driver's cognitive workload: A comparison of Apple, Google, and Microsoft's intelligent personal assistants ↗ · 2017 · Strayer, DL et al. · indexed
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In-Vehicle Voice Control Interface Evaluation: Preliminary Driver Workload and Risk Analysis · 2020 · Jenness, James et al. · archived
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Factors related to drivers' perception of interference from in-vehicle activities ↗ · 2010 · Horrey, William J. et al. · indexed
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Changes in driver behaviour as a function of handsfree mobile phones— A simulator study · 1994 · Alm, Håkan et al. · archived
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Driving monotonous routes in a train simulator: the effect of task demand on driving performance and subjective experience ↗ · 2012 · Dunn, Naomi et al. · indexed
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Driving on Rough Surface Requires Care and Attention · 2017 · Kawamura, Akira et al. · archived
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A Review of Psychophysiological Measures to Assess Cognitive States in Real-World Driving · 2019 · Strayer, David L. · archived
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A STEERING WHEEL REVERSAL RATE METRIC FOR ASSESSING EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND COGNITIVE SECONDARY TASK LOAD ↗ · 2006 · Marrkula, G et al. · indexed
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Driving performance analysis of the ACAS FOT data and recommendations for a driving workload manager. · 2006 · Eoh, Hong et al. · archived
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Examining the effect of infotainment auditory-vocal systems' design components on workload and usability · 2019 · Biondi, FN et al. · archived
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The Smartphone and the Driver’s Cognitive Workload: A Comparison of Apple, Google, and Microsoft’s Intelligent Personal Assistants · 2015 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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The Impact of Load on Dynamic versus Static Situational Knowledge While Driving ↗ · 2009 · Clegg, Benjamin A. · indexed
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In-Vehicle Navigation Devices: Effects on the Safety of Driver Performance · 1990 · Walker, J. et al. · archived
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Cardiac Measures of Driver Workload during Simulated Driving with and without Visual Occlusion ↗ · 2003 · Backs, Richard W et al. · indexed
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Your Interface, Your Control: Adapting Takeover Requests for Seamless Handover in Semi-Autonomous Vehicles · 2025 · Gomaa, Amr et al. · archived
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Visual Attention in Driving: The Effects of Cognitive Load and Visual Disruption ↗ · 2007 · Lee, Yi-Ching et al. · indexed
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Driving Performance, Adaptation, and Cognitive Workload Costs of Logo Panel Detection as Mediated by Driver Age · 2017 · Lau, Mei Ying et al. · archived
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The Smartphone and the Driver’s Cognitive Workload: A Comparison of Apple, Google, and Microsoft’s Intelligent Personal Assistants · 2015 · Strayer, David L. et al. · archived
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Dissociating eye movements and workload on lateral lane position variability · 2010 · Medeiros-Ward, N et al. · archived
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Visual Demand of Driving and the Execution of Display-Intensive in-Vehicle Tasks ↗ · 2001 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · indexed
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Handbook of Human Performance Measures and Crew Requirements for Flight Deck Research · 1995 · Rehmann, Albert J. · archived
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Factors influencing visual search in complex driving environments. · 2016 · Hunter, Michael P. et al. · archived
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Competing for cognitive resources: Measuring workload in a time pressured dual-task environment. · 2018 · Strayer, David L. et al. · archived
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Age related changes in cognitive response style in the driving task. · 2009 · Reimer, Bryan · archived
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The Effects of Cognitive and Visual Workload on Peripheral Detection in the Detection Response Task ↗ · 2018 · van Winsum, Wim · indexed
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Driving simulator scenarios and measures to faithfully evaluate risky driving behavior: A comparative study of different driver age groups · 2017 · Michaels, Jesse et al. · archived
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Task analysis of intersection driving scenarios : information processing bottlenecks · 2006 · Richard, Christian M. et al. · archived
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Review of Relationships Between Steering Wheel Reversal Rate and Driving Task Demand ↗ · 1980 · Macdonald, Wendy A. et al. · indexed
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The effect of navigation modalities on driver performance, workload and user experience: a simulator study · 2026 · Norell, Marius Brudvik et al. · archived
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Unravelling the Physiological Correlates of Mental Workload · 2022 · John, Alka Rachel et al. · archived
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The effects of voice system design components on driver workload ↗ · 2018 · Getty, D et al. · indexed
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Multiple Resources and Mental Workload · 2008 · Wickens, Christopher D. · archived
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Task-induced fatigue states and simulated driving performance ↗ · 2002 · Matthews, Gerald et al. · indexed
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Allocation of Driver Attention for Varying In-Vehicle System Modalities ↗ · 2020 · Li, Ning et al. · indexed
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Diagnosticity and multidimensional subjective workload ratings ↗ · 1996 · TSANG, PAMELA S. et al. · indexed
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Reading While Driving: A Study on Drivers’ Strategies of In-Vehicle Task Initiation ↗ · 2012 · Liang, Yulan et al. · indexed
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Investigating the interplay between cognitive workload and situation awareness during full driving automation ↗ · 2025 · Sahoo, P et al. · indexed
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The effect of cognitive tasks on predicting eventis in traffic ↗ · 2008 · Baumann, Michael R. et al. · indexed
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Effects of Memory Rehearsal on Driver Performance: Experiment and Theoretical Account ↗ · 2008 · Salvucci, Dario D. et al. · indexed
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Assessment of driver fatigue-related brain responses and causal factors during driving under different traffic conditions · 2024 · Adachi, Masataka et al. · archived
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The Underpinnings of Workload in Unmanned Vehicle Systems · 2017 · Hooey, Becky L. et al. · archived
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Effects of non-driving related tasks on mental workload and take-over times during conditional automated driving · 2021 · Müller, Andreas et al. · archived
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Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Eye tracking for Cognitive Load classification in a Driving Simulator Using Deep Learning · 2024 · Khan, Mehshan Ahmed et al. · archived
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Human-Machine Interface Evaluation Using EEG in Driving Simulator · 2023 · Liu, Yuan-Cheng et al. · archived
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Distracted worker: Using pupil size and blink rate to detect cognitive load during manufacturing tasks ↗ · 2022 · Biondi, Francesco et al. · indexed
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ERGONOMICS OF THE DRIVER'S INTERFACE WITH THE ROAD ENVIRONMENT: THE CONTRIBUTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH ↗ · 2002 · Saad, Fathinul Syahir Ahmad · indexed
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An Analysis of the Processing Requirements of a Complex Perceptual-Motor Task ↗ · 1983 · Kramer, Arthur F. et al. · indexed
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Research on the impact of driving environment complexity on driving safety based on Driver Sky View Index (DSVI). · 2026 · Quan, L et al. · archived
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On the measurement of pilot perceptual workload: a comparison of assessment techniques addressing sensitivity and intrusion issues ↗ · 1984 · Casali, John G. et al. · indexed
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The impact of eye movements and cognitive workload on lateral position variability in driving · 2013 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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Effects of practice, age, and task demands, on interference from a phone task while driving · 2004 · Shinar, David et al. · archived
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Using Microworlds to Design Intelligent Interfaces that Minimize Driver Distraction · 2001 · Kantowitz, Barry H · archived
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Validation of a Driving Simulation Facility for Instrument Panel Task Performance ↗ · 1990 · Kurokawa, Ko et al. · indexed
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Manipulation specific effects of mental fatigue: Evidence from novelty processing and simulated driving ↗ · 2010 · Massar, Stijn A. A. et al. · indexed
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Effect of changing driving conditions on driver behavior towards design of a safe and efficient traffic system. · 2013 · Aghazadeh, Fereydoun et al. · archived
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Intelligent route guidance: will the new horse be as good as the old? ↗ · 2003 · Noy, Y. Ian · indexed
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Steering Reversals as a Measure of Driver Performance and Steering Task Difficulty ↗ · 1975 · McLean, John et al. · indexed
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Dissociation of Performance and Subjective Measures of Workload ↗ · 1988 · Yeh, Yei-Yu et al. · indexed
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Assessing the Driver’s Current Level of Working Memory Load with High Density Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy: A Realistic Driving Simulator Study · 2017 · Unni, Anirudh et al. · archived
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Effects of roadway factors and demographic characteristics on drivers’ perceived complexity of simulated roadway videos ↗ · 2018 · Shaw, F. Atiyya et al. · indexed
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Cognitive workload and driving behavior in persons with hearing loss · 2013 · Thorslund, Birgitta et al. · archived
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Effects of physical workload on cognitive task performance and situation awareness ↗ · 2006 · Perry, Carlene M. et al. · indexed
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Linking the Detection Response Task and the AttenD Algorithm Through Assessment of Human–Machine Interface Workload · 2017 · Lee, Joonbum et al. · archived
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Effects of Auditory Working Memory Tasks while Switching between Autonomous and Manual Driving ↗ · 2016 · McCarty, Madeleine M. et al. · indexed
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Evaluating Driver Performance on Rural Two-Lane Horizontal Curved Roadways Using a Driving Simulator · 2012 · Bertola, Mary Anne et al. · archived
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Development of human factors guidelines for advanced traveler information systems and commercial vehicle operations : definition and prioritization of research studies · 1997 · Kantowitz, B. H. et al. · archived
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This is your brain on autopilot 2.0: The influence of practice on driver workload and engagement during on-road, partially automated driving · 2024 · McDonnell, AS et al. · archived
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The Psychophysics of Workload — A Second Look at the Relationship between Subjective Measures and Performance ↗ · 1985 · Gopher, Daniel et al. · indexed
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Real-time prediction of short-timescale fluctuations in cognitive workload · 2021 · Boehm, U et al. · archived
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Predicting cognitive load in immersive driving scenarios with a hybrid CNN-RNN model · 2024 · Khan, Mehshan Ahmed et al. · archived
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Speech-Based Interaction with In-Vehicle Computers: The Effect of Speech-Based E-Mail on Drivers' Attention to the Roadway ↗ · 2001 · Lee, John D. et al. · indexed
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Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commercial Vehicle Operations: Task Analysis of ATIS/CVO Functions · 1996 · Wheeler, William A. et al. · archived
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Fatigue and mental underload further pronounced in L3 conditionally automated driving: Results from an EEG experiment on a test track · 2024 · Figalova, Nikol et al. · archived
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Blink Rate as a Measure of Driver Workload during Simulated Driving ↗ · 2020 · Yahoodik, Sarah et al. · indexed
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Towards a transactional ergonomics for driver stress and fatigue ↗ · 2002 · Matthews, Gerald · indexed
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Malleable Attentional Resources Theory: A New Explanation for the Effects of Mental Underload on Performance · 2002 · Young, Mark S. et al. · archived
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Analysis of driver behavior at grade-separated intersections to support design ↗ · 2024 · Liu, Y. et al. · indexed
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Estimating cognitive load using remote eye tracking in a driving simulator ↗ · 2010 · Palinko, Oskar et al. · indexed
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Type A behavior pattern, multiple-task performance, and subjective estimation of mental workload · 1985 · Damos, Diane L. et al. · archived
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Tracking drivers’ minds: Continuous evaluation of mental load and cognitive processing in a realistic driving simulator scenario by means of the EEG ↗ · 2023 · Wascher, Edmund et al. · indexed
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Comparing the driving performance of average and older drivers: The effect of surrogate in-vehicle information systems · 2005 · Merat, Natasha et al. · archived
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Measuring the Useful Field of View During Simulated Driving With Gaze-Contingent Displays · 2016 · Gaspar, John G. et al. · archived
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Understanding teleoperation: A human-centered framework for workplace design · 2025 · Nick, Alexandra et al. · archived
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Development of a personal computer-based secondary task procedure as a surrogate for a driving simulator · 2007 · Schrock, Steve (Steven Dale) · archived
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Validation of a one-item acute stress scale for driving tasks · 2024 · Dahlman, Anna Sjörs et al. · archived
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Exploring the Influence of Light and Cognitive Load on Pupil Diameter in Driving Simulator Studies · 2011 · Palinko, Oskar et al. · archived
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Temporal Analysis of Cognitive Workload During Manual and Partial Driving Automation Based on the Detection Response Task ↗ · 2025 · Mahmoodzadeh, Mobina et al. · indexed
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Temporal Analysis of Cognitive Workload During Manual and Partial Driving Automation Based on the Detection Response Task ↗ · 2025 · Strayer, David L. · indexed
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Human Performance in Vehicle Driving · 2026 · Abendroth, Bettina et al. · archived
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The effects of a dual task on gaze behavior examined during a simulated flight in low-time pilots · 2024 · Ayala, Naila et al. · archived
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Analysis of Autonomic Indexes on Drivers' Workload to Assess the Effect of Visual ADAS on User Experience and Driving Performance in Different Driving Conditions ↗ · 2018 · Ariansyah, Dedy et al. · indexed
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On-road driving assessment and route design for drivers with dementia ↗ · 2015 · Berndt, Angela H et al. · indexed
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Driver State Modeling through Latent Variable State Space Framework in the Wild · 2022 · Tavakoli, Arash et al. · archived
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Predicting Dual-Task Performance With the Multiple Resources Questionnaire (MRQ) ↗ · 2007 · Boles, David B. et al. · indexed
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Classification of Driver Cognitive Load based on Physiological Data: Exploring Recurrent Neural Networks · 2022 · Kumar, Shekhar et al. · archived
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Cue Utilization and Cognitive Load in Novel Task Performance · 2016 · Brouwers, Sue et al. · archived
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Travtek Evaluation Task C3: Camera Car Study · 1995 · NHTSA · archived
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Workload Demands of Remotely Piloted Vehicle Supervision and Control: (1) Single Vehicle Performance ↗ · 2002 · Wickens, C. D. · indexed
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Age Related Changes in Cognitive Response Style in the Driving Task: Part II · 2013 · Reimer, Bryan · archived
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Classification systems for individual differences in multiple-task performance and subjective estimates of workload ↗ · 1984 · Damos, Diane L. · indexed
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The Role of Situation Criticality in Affecting the Effect of Cognitive Load on Drivers’ Brake responses: A Driving Simulator Based Study ↗ · 2020 · Xue, Qingwan et al. · indexed
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The effect of in‐vehicle agent embodiment on drivers' perceived usability and cognitive workload: Evidence from subjective reporting, ECG, and fNIRS ↗ · 2024 · Ren, Zenggen et al. · indexed
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Effects of executive load on crashes and near-crashes for young versus older drivers ↗ · 2024 · Sullivan, Keith A. et al. · indexed
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Personalizing driver safety interfaces via driver cognitive factors inference · 2024 · Sumner, Emily S. et al. · archived
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Average heart rate for driver monitoring systems · 2016 · Biondi, F et al. · archived
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Evaluation of a Natural Speech Based Informational Inquiry System as a Potential Means to Increase Transit Utilization · 2013 · Glass, Jim · archived
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Classification of Driver Cognitive Load in Conditionally Automated Driving: Utilizing Electrocardiography and Eye Tracking · 2024 · Shi, Wenxin et al. · archived
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Assessment of Driver Cognitive Load in Autonomous Driving Using Extended Reality Simulation ↗ · 2026 · Hatchett, Seth et al. · indexed
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On the Workload of Vigilance: Comparison of the NASA-TLX and the MRQ ↗ · 2009 · Boles, David B. et al. · indexed
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Human factors evaluation of the effectiveness of multi-modality displays in advanced traveler information systems · 1999 · Liu, Yung-Ching et al. · archived
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Perceptual load in central and peripheral regions and its effects on driving performance: advertizing billboards ↗ · 2012 · Marciano, Hadas et al. · indexed
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Discrete task switching in overload: A meta-analyses and a model · 2015 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · archived
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The effects of objective workload on cognitive performance in a field setting: A two‐period cross‐over trial ↗ · 1995 · Parkes, Katharine R. · indexed
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Towards a Human-Centred Cognitive Model of Visuospatial Complexity in Everyday Driving · 2020 · Suchan, Jakob · archived
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Overloaded and at Work: Investigating the Effect of Cognitive Workload on Assembly Task Performance · 2020 · Biondi, Francesco et al. · archived
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Improving upper-limb prosthesis usability: Cognitive workload measures quantify task difficulty · 2022 · Cooper, JM et al. · archived
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Dual-Task Interference in a Simulated Driving Environment: Serial or Parallel Processing? · 2021 · Abbaszadeh, Mojtaba et al. · archived
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Assessment of visual demand of typical data entry tasks in automotive navigation systems for iPhone ↗ · 2012 · Quaresma, Manuela · indexed
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Workload Related Changes In Eye, Cardiac, Respiratory and Brain Activity During Simulated Air Traffic Control ↗ · 1995 · Wilson, Glenn F. et al. · indexed
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Does driving experience delay overload threshold as a function of situation complexity ↗ · 2013 · Paxion, Julie et al. · indexed
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Effects of Working Memory Load and Repeated Scenario Exposure on Emergency Braking Performance ↗ · 2010 · Engström, Johan et al. · indexed
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Human Mental Workload: A Survey and a Novel Inclusive Definition · 2022 · Longo, Luca et al. · archived
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Estimating Driver Personality Traits From On-Road Driving Data · 2023 · Kimura, Ryusei et al. · archived
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Alternative design consistency rating methods for two-lane rural highways · 2000 · Anderson, Ingrid et al. · archived
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Measuring the Workload of Sustained Attention: Further Evaluation of the Multiple Reources Questionnaire ↗ · 2008 · Boles, David B. et al. · indexed
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Cognitive Workload Estimation in Conditionally Automated Vehicles Using Transformer Networks Based on Physiological Data · 2024 · Wang, Ange et al. · archived
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Integrated Deployment Architecture for Predictive Real-Time Traffic Routing Incorporating Human Factors Considerations · 2014 · Song, Dongyoon et al. · archived
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The impact of smart driving aids on driving performance and driver distraction · 2011 · Birrell, S.A. et al. · archived
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Effects of Cognitive Distraction and Driving Environment Complexity on Adaptive Cruise Control Use and Its Impact on Driving Performance: A Simulator Study · 2025 · Halin, Anaïs et al. · archived
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Monitoring Radio Programs and Time of Day Affect Simulated Car-Driving Performance ↗ · 1994 · Jäncke, Lutz et al. · indexed
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The Event-Related Brain Potential as a Selective Index of Display Load ↗ · 1979 · Isreal, Jack B. et al. · indexed
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A Comparison of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Indices in Distinguishing Single-Task Driving and Driving Under Secondary Cognitive Workload ↗ · 2011 · Mehler, Bruce et al. · indexed
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Cardiac Autonomic Control During Simulated Driving With a Concurrent Verbal Working Memory Task ↗ · 2009 · Lenneman, John K. et al. · indexed
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A Method to Assess the Effect of Vertical Dynamics on Driving Performance in Driving Simulators: A Behavioural Validation Study · 2019 · Parduzi, Arben et al. · archived
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Viewing the Workload of Vigilance Through the Lenses of the NASA-TLX and the MRQ ↗ · 2013 · Boles, David B. et al. · indexed
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Using response time modeling to understand the sources of dual-task interference in a dynamic environment. · 2019 · Strayer, David L. et al. · archived
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Age-Related Differences in Pro-active Driving Behavior Revealed by EEG Measures · 2018 · Getzmann, Stephan et al. · archived
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Are Electrodermal Activity-Based Indicators of Driver Cognitive Distraction Robust to Varying Traffic Conditions and Adaptive Cruise Control Use? · 2025 · Halin, Anaïs et al. · archived
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Exploring the effects of visual cognitive load and illumination on pupil diameter in driving simulators ↗ · 2012 · Palinko, Oskar et al. · indexed
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Corrigendum: Human mental workload: A survey and a novel inclusive definition · 2022 · Longo, Luca et al. · archived
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Information about task progress modulates cognitive demand avoidance ↗ · 2021 · Devine, Sean et al. · indexed
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Application of the Multiple Resources Questionnaire (MRQ) to a Complex Gaming Environment ↗ · 2004 · Boles, David B. et al. · indexed
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Effects of Aging, Skill Modification, and Demand Alternation on Multiple- Task Performance ↗ · 1994 · Korteling, J. E.(Hans) · indexed
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Transitions Between Low and High Levels of Mental Workload can Improve Multitasking Performance ↗ · 2020 · Devlin, Shannon P. et al. · indexed
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Effort in Human Factors Performance and Decision Making ↗ · 2014 · Wickens, Christopher D. · indexed
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Perceptual load corresponds with factors known to influence visual search. ↗ · 2013 · Roper, Zachary J. J. et al. · indexed
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Beyond process model complexity: a multi-granular investigation across time and space based on eye-tracking · 2026 · Sorg, Thierry et al. · archived
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Human Factors for Connected Vehicles Transit Bus Research · 2019 · Graving, Justin et al. · archived
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Towards Intelligent Data Analytics: A Case Study in Driver Cognitive Load Classification ↗ · 2020 · Barua, Shaibal et al. · indexed
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Real-Time Prediction of Fluctuations in Cognitive Workload · 2019 · Strayer, David L. et al. · archived
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Is Attention Really Effort? Revisiting Daniel Kahneman's Influential 1973 Book Attention and Effort · 2018 · Bruya, Brian et al. · archived
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Review of Eye-related Measures of Drivers’ Mental Workload ↗ · 2015 · Marquart, Gerhard et al. · indexed
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Adaptive human machine interface based on the detection of driver's cognitive state using machine learning approach ↗ · 2014 · Pinotti, Daniele et al. · indexed
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On the use of a concurrent memory load to measure attention and automaticity. ↗ · 1979 · Logan, Gordon D. · indexed
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Transport Aircraft Crew Workload Assessment-Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? ↗ · 1987 · Sandry-Garza, Diane L. et al. · indexed
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Cognitive load affects gaze dynamics during real-world tasks · 2025 · Martinez-Cedillo, Astrid Priscilla et al. · archived
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Driving behavior in immersive Virtual Environments: a study on the role of cognitive workload, sense of presence and simulation sickness in the CAVE laboratory. ↗ · 2025 · Bruno, Giovanni et al. · indexed
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Visual and cognitive demands of CarPlay, Android Auto, and five native infotainment systems ↗ · 2019 · Strayer, DL et al. · indexed
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Preliminary Human Factors Guidelines for Traffic Management Centers · 1999 · Kelly, Michael J. · archived
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The Effect of Predictive Aid Usage on Controller Strategies & Mental Demand under Direct Routing ↗ · 2002 · Nunes, Ashley et al. · indexed
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On the relationship between source-code metrics and cognitive load: A systematic tertiary review ↗ · 2023 · Abbad-Andaloussi, Amine · indexed
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Monitoring Working Memory Load during Computer-Based Tasks with EEG Pattern Recognition Methods ↗ · 1998 · Gevins, Alan et al. · indexed
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The effect of cognitive load on linguistic fluency, lexical production, and emotional polarity: An exploratory study on self-directed French ↗ · 2025 · Hutin, Mathilde et al. · indexed
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Toward a Rational and Mechanistic Account of Mental Effort ↗ · 2017 · Shenhav, Amitai et al. · indexed
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Expertise and Age Effects on Pilot Mental Workload in a Simulated Aviation Task ↗ · 1996 · Morrow, Daniel · indexed
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Time Sharing Between Robotics and Process Control ↗ · 2016 · Wickens, Christopher D. et al. · indexed
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Does Workload Modulate the Difference between Cockpit Traffic Display Formats? ↗ · 2002 · Wickens, C. D. · indexed
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Perceived and Physiological Mental Workload and Emotion Assessments in En-Route ATC Environment: A Case Study ↗ · 2017 · Trapsilawati, Fitri et al. · indexed
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Cognitive load and strategic sophistication · 2016 · Allred, Sarah et al. · archived
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Cognitive Load and Strategic Sophistication · 2013 · Allred, Sarah et al. · archived
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An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance ↗ · 2013 · Kurzban, Robert et al. · indexed
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Estimating developers' cognitive load at a fine-grained level using eye-tracking measures ↗ · 2022 · Abbad-Andaloussi, Amine et al. · indexed
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Complexity in declarative process models: Metrics and multi-modal assessment of cognitive load ↗ · 2023 · Abbad-Andaloussi, Amine et al. · indexed
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Local Cognitive Load in Simultaneous Interpreting and its Implications for Empirical Research ↗ · 2008 · Gile, Daniel · indexed
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Application of Cognitive Performance Modeling for Usability Evaluation of Emergency Medical Services In-Vehicle Technology ↗ · 2020 · Park, Junho et al. · indexed
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Bar Graphs and Small Screens: Mitigating Cognitive Load in Mobile Visualizations ↗ · 2009 · Luong, Mary G. et al. · indexed
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Towards a Fine-grained Analysis of Cognitive Load During Program Comprehension ↗ · 2022 · Sorg, Thierry et al. · indexed
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Task Decomposition Model for Dispatchers in Dynanic Scheduling of Demand Responsive Transit Systems · 2000 · Rahimi, Mansour et al. · archived
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The Cost of Regulating Effort: Reward and Difficulty Cues With Longer Prediction Horizons Have a Stronger Impact on Performance · 2025 · Kukkonen, Nanne et al. · archived
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Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Mismatch between Planned Road Infrastructure and Traffic Demand in Large Cities · 2015 · Ivanchev, Jordan et al. · archived
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Cognitive load, affect, and regulatory strategies: a more integrated model · 2026 · Brockbank, Rebecca B. et al. · archived
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Is the juice worth the squeeze? Learning the marginal value of mental effort over time. ↗ · 2022 · Otto, A. Ross et al. · indexed
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The Importance of Determining Individual Operator Capabilities When Applying Adaptive Aiding ↗ · 2006 · Wilson, Glenn F. et al. · indexed
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Why do Controllers Choose the Conflict Resolution Maneuvers that They Do? ↗ · 2021 · Trapsilawati, Fitri et al. · indexed
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Optimizing cognitive load in digital nursing education: the role of pre-academic performance and material modalities · 2026 · Li, Yawen et al. · archived
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Memory processing and the glucose facilitation effect: The effects of stimulus difficulty and memory load ↗ · 2005 · Meikle, Andrew et al. · indexed
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The Subjective Value of Cognitive Effort is Encoded by a Domain-General Valuation Network ↗ · 2019 · Westbrook, Andrew et al. · indexed
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The Subjective Value of Cognitive Effort is Encoded by a Domain-General Valuation Network ↗ · 2018 · Westbrook, Andrew et al. · indexed
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The benefit of choice on task performance: Reduced difficulty effects in free-choice versus forced-choice tasks · 2024 · Mittelstädt, Victor et al. · archived
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Educational environment perception and cognitive load among physical therapy students during e-learning · 2023 · Mehmood, Zahid et al. · archived
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Psychosocial Working Conditions and Cognitive Complaints among Swedish Employees · 2013 · Stenfors, Cecilia U. D. et al. · archived
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Air Traffic Communication in a Second Language: Implications of Cognitive Factors for Training and Assessment ↗ · 2008 · Farris, Candace et al. · indexed
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Line Pilot Perspectives on Complexity of Terminal Instrument Flight Procedures [2016] · 2016 · Chandra, Divya C et al. · archived
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Analysis of Air Traffic Conflict Geometry on Brain Activity ↗ · 2018 · Trapsilawati, Fitri et al. · indexed
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Mental Fatigue From Smartphone Use or Stroop Task Does Not Affect Bench Press Force–Velocity Profile, One-Repetition Maximum, or Vertical Jump Performance · 2023 · Carlos Alix‐Fages et al. · archived
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Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific decision-making skill ↗ · 2016 · Smith, Mitchell R. et al. · indexed
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Large-Scale Dynamic Traffic Assignment: Implementation Issues and Computational Analysis ↗ · 2004 · Ziliaskopoulos, Athanasios et al. · indexed
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The Impact of Cognitive Load and Mathematical Proficiency on the SNARC Effect ↗ · 2026 · Zhang, Xinxin et al. · indexed
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Neural Mechanisms Underlying Motivation of Mental Versus Physical Effort · 2012 · Schmidt, Liane et al. · archived
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The association between cerebral blood flow and standing dual task performance is dependent upon age group and cognitive load · 2025 · Azizah J. Jor’dan et al. · archived
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Evaluation with Traffic Assignment Under Demand Uncertainty ↗ · 2001 · Waller, S. Travis et al. · indexed
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A bi-level gradient approximation method for dynamic traffic demand estimation: Sensitivity analysis and adaptive approach ↗ · 2013 · Cipriani, Ernesto et al. · indexed
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The Role of the Striatum in Effort-Based Decision-Making in the Absence of Reward · 2014 · Schouppe, Nathalie et al. · archived
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Listening to misinformation while driving: Cognitive load and the effectiveness of (repeated) corrections. · 2022 · Sanderson, Jasmyne A. et al. · archived
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An Ultra-Efficient Lightweight Electric Vehicle—Power Demand Analysis to Enable Lightweight Construction ↗ · 2021 · Stabile, Pietro et al. · indexed
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A Simulation-Based Decision-Support Framework for EV Charging Infrastructure Development Along a TEN-T Corridor ↗ · 2026 · Lis, Marek et al. · indexed
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Gaining Mathematical Understanding: The Effects of Creative Mathematical Reasoning and Cognitive Proficiency · 2020 · Jonsson, Bert et al. · archived
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Modeling of Load Demand Due to EV Battery Charging in Distribution Systems ↗ · 2010 · Qian, Kejun et al. · indexed
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Make it worth it: Effort-reward modulations on reinforcement-learning and prediction-error signaling across adolescence · 2025 · Kramer, Anne‐Wil et al. · archived
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A computational study of path-based methods for optimal traffic assignment with both inelastic and elastic demand ↗ · 2019 · Galligari, Alessandro et al. · indexed
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Analysis of the Energy Consumption of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle ↗ · 2023 · Rivera, Néstor et al. · indexed
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Load shift potential of electric vehicles in Europe · 2014 · Babrowski, Sonja et al. · archived
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Energy Demand Estimation in Turkey According to Road and Rail Transportation: Walrus Optimizer and White Shark Optimizer Algorithm-Based Model Development and Application ↗ · 2024 · Korkmaz, Ersin et al. · indexed
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Characterisation of micro turbine generator as a range extender using an automotive drive cycle for series hybrid electric vehicle application · 2021 · Shah, Raja Mazuir Raja Ahsan et al. · archived
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Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation · 2008 · Hadley, Stanton W. et al. · archived