trust in automation foundations

Trust in automation as a foundational construct: definitions and models of human trust in automated and robotic systems (Lee and See), trust formation, violation, and repair, reliance and compliance, trust scales and their validation, and human-robot trust outside the driving domain. The trust construct itself, distinct from trust_calibration (a driver matching reliance to a vehicle system during use) and from acceptance_adoption (consumer willingness to adopt).

121 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Handling Trust Between Drivers and Automated Vehicles for Improved Collaboration · 2021 · Tilbury, Dawn M. et al. · archived
2. Using Trust in Automation to Enhance Driver-(Semi)Autonomous Vehicle Interaction and Improve Team Performance · 2021 · Azevedo-Sa, Hebert et al. · archived
3. From Initial to Situational Automation Trust: The Interplay of Personality, Interpersonal Trust, and Trust Calibration in Young Males · 2026 · Tang, Menghan et al. · archived
4. What's Driving Me? Exploration and Validation of a Hierarchical Personality Model for Trust in Automated Driving · 2020 · Kraus, Johannes et al. · archived
5. Building Trust Profiles in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2023 · Avetisyan, Lilit et al. · archived
6. Trust in Level 3 Automated Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review ↗ · 2025 · Alkurdi, Duha et al. · indexed
7. The More You Know: Trust Dynamics and Calibration in Highly Automated Driving and the Effects of Take-Overs, System Malfunction, and System Transparency · 2019 · Kraus, Johannes et al. · archived
8. Context-Adaptive Management of Drivers’ Trust in Automated Vehicles · 2020 · Azevedo-Sa, Hebert et al. · archived
9. Is trust a belief, observation, or state: Results from an active inference analysis of driver-automation transitions of control ↗ · 2023 · Wei, Ran et al. · indexed
10. Real-Time Estimation of Drivers' Trust in Automated Driving Systems · 2020 · Azevedo-Sa, Hebert et al. · archived
11. An Investigation of Drivers' Dynamic Situational Trust in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2021 · Ayoub, Jackie et al. · archived
12. Team and Individual Trust Progression for Human-Autonomy Teaming in Next Generation Combat Vehicles ↗ · 2022 · Graham, Hudson D. et al. · indexed
13. Automated or human: Which driver wins the race for the passengers’ trust? Examining passenger trust in human-driven and automated vehicles following a dangerous situation · 2024 · Lohaus, Leonie et al. · archived
14. To Trust or Not to Trust? A Simulation-Based Experimental Paradigm · 2018 · Knodler Jr., Michael A. et al. · archived
15. An Expansion of System Wide Trust Theory Using In-Vehicle Automation ↗ · 2012 · Blair, Kasha et al. · indexed
16. No Risk No Trust ↗ · 2019 · Li, Mengyao et al. · indexed
17. Explicit behaviors affected by driver's trust in a driving automation system · 2019 · Liu, Hailong et al. · archived
18. Creating Appropriate Trust in Automated Vehicle Systems: A Framework for HMI Design ↗ · 2017 · Ekman, Fredrick et al. · indexed
19. Drivers’ trust in an autonomous system ↗ · 2016 · Wright, Timothy J. et al. · indexed
20. Real-time Trust Prediction in Conditionally Automated Driving Using Physiological Measures · 2022 · Ayoub, Jackie et al. · archived
21. The mediating effects of emotions on trust through risk perception and system performance in automated driving · 2025 · Avetisyan, Lilit et al. · archived
22. Scared to Trust? - Predicting Trust in Highly Automated Driving by Depressiveness, Negative Self-Evaluations and State Anxiety · 2020 · Kraus, Johannes et al. · archived
23. Keep Your Scanners Peeled ↗ · 2016 · Hergeth, Sebastian et al. · indexed
24. Anthropomorphizing information to enhance trust in autonomous vehicles · 2018 · Niu, Dongfang et al. · archived
25. Do we trust automated vehicles? A driving simulator study · 2024 · De, Giulia et al. · archived
26. Bimodal Trust: High and Low Trust in Vehicle Automation Influence Response to Automation Errors · 2023 · Kamaraj, Amudha V. et al. · archived
27. To Trust or Not to Trust? A Simulation-Based Experimental Paradigm [supporting datasets] · 2019 · Knodler Jr., Michael A. et al. · archived
28. Anticipated emotions associated with trust in autonomous vehicles · 2022 · Avetisian, Lilit et al. · archived
29. Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle ↗ · 2015 · Choi, Jong Kyu et al. · indexed
30. A Case Study of Trust on Autonomous Driving · 2019 · Sheng, Shili et al. · archived
31. Happiness and high reliability develop affective trust in in-vehicle agents ↗ · 2023 · Zieger, Scott et al. · indexed
32. Paying Attention to Trust: Exploring the Relationship Between Attention Control and Trust in Automation ↗ · 2021 · Textor, Claire et al. · indexed
33. Building Contextualized Trust Profiles in Conditionally Automated Driving · 2024 · Avetisyan, Lilit et al. · archived
34. Trusting autonomous vehicles: An interdisciplinary approach ↗ · 2020 · Raats, Kaspar et al. · indexed
35. Expectations and Trust in Automated Vehicles · 2020 · Zhang, Qiaoning et al. · archived
36. Driver Trust in Automated Driving Systems: The Case of Overtaking and Passing ↗ · 2018 · Abe, Genya et al. · indexed
37. Psychophysics of Trust in Vehicle Control Algorithms ↗ · 2016 · Price, Morgan A. et al. · indexed
38. Looking at Trust in Mediated Conditionally Automated Driving: Smooth vs. Close Driving Maneuvers and Initial Trust Groups ↗ · 2026 · Hollander, Cornelia et al. · indexed
39. Influence of an Innovative HMI for Highly Automated Driving on Trust · 2026 · Rauh, Nadine et al. · archived
40. Comparing the Effects of False Alarms and Misses on Humans' Trust in (Semi)Autonomous Vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Azevedo-Sa, Hebert et al. · indexed
41. Effects of False-Alarm vs. Miss-Prone Automation and Likelihood Alarm Technology on Trust, Reliance, and Compliance in a Miss-Prone Task ↗ · 2010 · Davenport, Randy B. et al. · indexed
42. Changes in Trust after Driving Level 2 Automated Cars ↗ · 2018 · Walker, Francesco et al. · indexed
43. Reliable and transparent in-vehicle agents lead to higher behavioral trust in conditionally automated driving systems · 2023 · Taylor, Skye et al. · archived
44. Human After All ↗ · 2016 · Kraus, Johannes et al. · indexed
45. Factors Affecting Pedestrians’ Trust in Automated Vehicles: Literature Review and Theoretical Model ↗ · 2021 · Zhou, Siyuan et al. · indexed
46. Supporting operator reliance on automation through continuous feedback · 2009 · Seppelt, Bobbie · archived
47. Trust in Smart Systems ↗ · 2012 · Verberne, Frank M. F. et al. · indexed
48. Evaluating effects of automation reliability and reliability information on trust, dependence and dual-task performance ↗ · 2018 · Zhang, Qiaoning · indexed
49. Modeling dispositional and initial learned trust in automated vehicles with predictability and explainability · 2021 · Ayoub, Jackie et al. · archived
50. Enhancing Trust Repair in Driving: The Role of AI Emotional Expression and Perceived Control ↗ · 2025 · Hu, Xinyue et al. · indexed
51. A Cross-Cultural Study of Trust Building in Autonomous Vehicles ↗ · 2018 · Du, Na et al. · indexed
52. Driving behavior model considering driver's over-trust in driving automation system · 2019 · Liu, Hailong et al. · archived
53. Situational Awareness, Drivers Trust in Automated Driving Systems and Secondary Task Performance · 2019 · Petersen, Luke et al. · archived
54. Perceived safety and trust in SAE Level 2 partially automated cars: Results from an online questionnaire · 2021 · Nordhoff, Sina et al. · archived
55. Transfer from Highly Automated to Manual Control: Performance & Trust · 2016 · Schwarz, Chris et al. · archived
56. Using Multiple Imperfect Diagnostic Automation ↗ · 2009 · Keller, David et al. · indexed
57. Do driver’s characteristics, system performance, perceived safety, and trust influence how drivers use partial automation? A structural equation modelling analysis · 2023 · Nordhoff, Sina et al. · archived
58. Using fNIRS to Identify Transparency- and Reliability-Sensitive Markers of Trust Across Multiple Timescales in Collaborative Human-Human-Agent Triads · 2022 · Eloy, Lucca et al. · archived
59. The Impact of Cybersecurity Attacks on Human Trust in Autonomous Vehicle Operations ↗ · 2025 · Lim, Cherin et al. · indexed
60. Trust in Automated Vehicles under Normal and Drowsy Driving Conditions ↗ · 2023 · Morris, Nichole L. et al. · indexed
61. How internal and external risks affect the relationships between trust and driver behavior in automated driving systems · 2021 · Tilbury, Dawn M. et al. · archived
62. Effect of Procedural Elements on Trust and Compliance with anImperfect Decision Aid ↗ · 2021 · Pharmer, Rebecca L. et al. · indexed
63. Automation Use: The Roles of Self-Confidence, Trust, and Workload ↗ · 2023 · Patton, Colleen E. · indexed
64. Explainable Automation: Personalized and Adaptive UIs to Foster Trust and Understanding of Driving Automation Systems ↗ · 2020 · Wintersberger, Philipp et al. · indexed
65. Assessing Drivers’ Trust of Automated Vehicle Driving Styles With a Two-Part Mixed Model of Intervention Tendency and Magnitude ↗ · 2021 · Lee, John D. et al. · indexed
66. Explanations and Expectations ↗ · 2018 · Haspiel, Jacob et al. · indexed
67. Overtrust in External Cues of Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2019 · Holländer, Kai et al. · indexed
68. EFFECTS OF AUGMENTED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS ON DRIVER TRUST IN SEMI-AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE OPERATION · 2017 · Tilbury, Dawn M. · archived
69. A Trust in Air Traffic Controllers (T-ATC) Scale ↗ · 2019 · Baugh, Bradley S et al. · indexed
70. Trust-based route planning for automated vehicles · 2021 · Sheng, Shili et al. · archived
71. ERROR TYPE, RISK, PERFORMANCE, AND TRUST: INVESTIGATING THE IMPACTS OF FALSE ALARMS AND MISSES ON TRUST AND PERFORMANCE ↗ · 2019 · Zhao, Huajing et al. · indexed
72. Situation Awareness, Mental Workload, and Trust in Automation: Viable, Empirically Supported Cognitive Engineering Constructs ↗ · 2008 · Parasuraman, Raja et al. · indexed
73. The first impression counts – A combined driving simulator and test track study on the development of trust and acceptance of highly automated driving ↗ · 2019 · Hartwich, Franziska et al. · indexed
74. THE INFLUENCE OF RISK ON DRIVER TRUST IN AUTONOMOUS DRIVING SYSTEMS · 2018 · Petersen, Luke et al. · archived
75. Characterizing Driver Trust in Vehicle Control Algorithm Parameters ↗ · 2018 · Domeyer, Joshua et al. · indexed
76. Driven by trust? Social norms increase trust in shared autonomous public transport · 2026 · Vassanyi, Sander et al. · archived
77. The effect of system aesthetics on trust, cooperation, satisfaction and annoyance in an imperfect automated system ↗ · 2012 · Weinstock, Alona et al. · indexed
78. Designing for Trust and Situational Awareness in Automated Vehicles: Effects of Information Type and Error Type ↗ · 2023 · Ding, Yaohan et al. · indexed
79. Pedestrian Trust in Automated Vehicles: Role of Traffic Signal and AV Driving Behavior · 2019 · Jayaraman, Suresh Kumaar et al. · archived
80. Voice Design and Trust in Automated Vehicles: Findings and a Research Agenda ↗ · 2025 · Zhang, Qiaoning · indexed
81. Look who's talking now: Implications of AV's explanations on driver's trust, AV preference, anxiety and mental workload · 2019 · Du, Na et al. · archived
82. Look who's talking now: Implications of AV's explanations on driver's trust, AV preference, anxiety and mental workload · 2019 · Haspiel, Jacob · archived
83. Planning for Automated Vehicles with Human Trust · 2022 · Sheng, Shili et al. · archived
84. Interactions of Automated Vehicles with Road Users · 2022 · Dey, Debargha et al. · archived
85. Evaluating feedback requirements for trust calibration in automated vehicles ↗ · 2021 · Wintersberger, Philipp et al. · indexed
86. Exploring Factors Related to Drivers' Mental Model of and Trust in Advanced Driver Assistance System · 2024 · Huang, Chunxi et al. · archived
87. Active Inference Models of AV Takeovers: Relating Model Parameters to Trust, Situation Awareness, and Fatigue ↗ · 2024 · Wei, Ran et al. · indexed
88. Humans: Still Vital After All These Years of Automation ↗ · 2008 · Parasuraman, Raja et al. · indexed
89. Presenting system uncertainty in automotive UIs for supporting trust calibration in autonomous driving ↗ · 2013 · Helldin, Tove et al. · indexed
90. Evaluating the Human-Automated Maintenance Vehicle Interaction for Improved Safety and Facilitating Long-Term Trust · 2021 · Miller, Erika E. et al. · archived
91. Beyond adaptive cruise control and lane centering control: drivers' mental model of and trust in emergency lane keeping ↗ · 2023 · Huang, Chunxi et al. · indexed
92. How can design help enhance trust calibration in public autonomous vehicles? · 2021 · Klebanov, Yuri et al. · archived
93. Users’ Trust in and Concerns about Automated Driving Systems · 2021 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
94. Investigation of Behavioral Adaptation to Lane Departure Warnings ↗ · 2002 · Rudin-Brown, Christina M. et al. · indexed
95. Measuring Trust Degradation in AVs: Opportunities and Challenges Using Body Posture and Deep Learning ↗ · 2025 · Lim, Cherin et al. · indexed
96. Enhancing Trust in Autonomous Vehicles through Intelligent User Interfaces That Mimic Human Behavior · 2018 · Ruijten, Peter A. M. et al. · archived
97. Detecting a Single Automation Failure: The Impact of Expected (But Not Experienced) Automation Reliability ↗ · 2023 · Bowden, Vanessa K. et al. · indexed
98. Improving Passenger Experience and Trust in Automated Vehicles Through User-Adaptive HMIs: “The More the Better” Does Not Apply to Everyone · 2021 · Hartwich, Franziska et al. · archived
99. 5205 Toward Maintaining Appropriate Driver's Trust in and Reliance on a Forward Vehicle Collision Avoidance System · 2008 · Itoh, Makoto et al. · archived
100. Impact of Road Event Recognition Reliability in Autonomous Vehicles on Driver Trust and Takeover Performance · 2025 · Chen, Shan-chih et al. · archived
101. Watch Out for Explanations: Information Type and Error Type Affect Trust and Situational Awareness in Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2025 · Du, Na et al. · indexed
102. Increasing anthropomorphism and trust in automated driving functions by adding speech output ↗ · 2017 · Forster, Yannick et al. · indexed
103. Investigating drivers’ trust in autonomous vehicles’ decisions of lane changing events ↗ · 2020 · Ayoub, Jackie et al. · indexed
104. Examining Driver Takeover Decisions and Trust of AVs at Rural Intersections · 2026 · Morris, Nichole L. et al. · archived
105. Fully Automated Driving ↗ · 2015 · Payre, William et al. · indexed
106. Human–Agent Teaming for Multirobot Control: A Review of Human Factors Issues ↗ · 2014 · Chen, Jessie Y. C. et al. · indexed
107. Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Effects of Explanations on Drivers' Trust, Preference, and Anxiety in Highly Automated Vehicles · 2022 · Du, Na et al. · archived
108. Effect of riding experience and HMI on users' trust and riding comfort in fully driverless autonomous motorcycles · 2025 · Xie, Weiyin et al. · archived
109. Transparent systems, opaque results: a study on automation compliance and task performance · 2025 · Pharmer, Rebecca L. et al. · archived
110. How is the Reliability of Automated Aids Determined Using System-Wide Trust? ↗ · 2009 · Keller, David et al. · indexed
111. Understanding Explanation Content for Cognitive and Affective Trust in Automated Vehicles · 2025 · Zhang, Qiaoning · archived
112. Automated decision aids: When are they advisors and when do they take control of human decision making? · 2023 · Strickland, Luke et al. · archived
113. Author response of: A Simple Model for Complex Technology: Introducing and Testing a Framework to Understand Acceptance of Shared Automated Vehicles. Round#1 · 2025 · Aasvik, Ole et al. · archived
114. Return-to-Manual Performance can be Predicted Before Automation Fails ↗ · 2022 · Griffiths, Natalie et al. · indexed
115. Virtual Reality Study on Pedestrians’ Perceived Trust in Interactions with Automated Vehicles ↗ · 2024 · Ilic, Mario et al. · indexed
116. Promoting trust in HAVs of following manual drivers through implicit and explicit communication during minimal risk maneuvers · 2023 · Hub, Fabian et al. · archived
117. How Does Variation in AI Performance Affect Trust in AI-infused Systems: A Case Study With In-Vehicle Systems · 2024 · Gu, Feiqi et al. · archived
118. Artificial intelligence voice gender, gender role congruity, and trust in automated vehicles · 2025 · Zhang, Qiaoning · archived
119. Signaling when (and when not) to be cautious and self-protective: Impulsive and reflective trust in close relationships. ↗ · 2011 · Murray, Susan et al. · indexed
120. Personal Space in Human-Robot Interaction at Work: Effect of Room Size and Working Memory Load · 2022 · Leichtmann, Benedikt et al. · archived
121. A Real-time Framework for Trust Monitoring in a Network of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ↗ · 2020 · Keshavarz, Mahsa et al. · indexed