Field Measurement of Naturalistic Backing Behavior
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Summary
This study investigated naturalistic backing behaviors to inform the design of in-vehicle backup warning systems. Researchers collected data from 21 drivers who performed eight distinct backing maneuvers in their own vehicles on public roads. Measurements included glance direction, vehicle speed, and time-to-collision with objects. Results indicated that backing speeds averaged approximately 3 mph, with younger drivers and males backing faster than older drivers and females. Glance patterns varied significantly by task, with elderly drivers relying more on mirrors than shoulder checks. Time-to-collision values remained relatively constant and typically exceeded two seconds, providing normative data for system designers.
Key finding
Elderly drivers relied more heavily on mirrors and backed at slower speeds than younger drivers, while time-to-collision values remained relatively constant and typically exceeded two seconds across all groups.
Methodology
field_study
Sample size: 21
Provenance
The full processing record for this entry. Every stage of this paper's journey through the pipeline is logged — what ran, with which tool and model, how many attempts it took, and when it last completed. Discovered via bulk_ingest_rosap on 2026-05-23 (7 acquisition events logged).
| Stage | Outcome | Tool | Model | Prompt | Attempts | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| discover | success | rosap | — | — | 2 | 2026-05-23 |
| archive | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-23 |
| extract | skipped | empty | — | — | 4 | 2026-06-10 |
| clean | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-01 |
| chunk | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-01 |
| embed | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-02 |
| enrich | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-23 |
| promote | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-05-23 |
| summarize | success | llm | qwen3.6-27b | — | 3 | 2026-06-01 |
| tag | success | vector_similarity | — | — | 19 | 2026-06-11 |
| verify | success | — | — | — | 1 | 2026-06-03 |
Summary generated by qwen3.6-27b-prismaquant on 2026-06-01; verification: verified.
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Information type
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- Empirical Findings: behavioral performance data, observational prevalence
- Methodological Resource: measurement protocol