DrivingResearch.

vru crash typology

Classification and patterns of crashes involving vulnerable road users: pedestrian, cyclist, and motorcyclist crash types, contributing scenarios, impact configurations, and epidemiological breakdowns of non-occupant collisions. The angle is aggregate crash patterns and taxonomy across VRU types, not the moment-to-moment behavior of any single road user (pedestrian_behavior_perception, cyclist_safety) or the live driver-VRU negotiation (driver_vru_interaction). It describes how and which VRU crashes occur rather than how to signal or prevent them.

310 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

  1. Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety Research Project · 2023 · Jackson, Steve et al. · archived
  2. Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990’s · 1996 · Hunter, William W. et al. · archived
  3. Mining patterns of autonomous vehicle crashes involving vulnerable road users to understand the associated factors · 2021 · Das, Subasish · archived
  4. Analysis of Factors Affecting Crash Severity of Pedestrian and Bicycle Crashes Involving Vehicles at Intersections · 2020 · Alshehri, Abdulaziz et al. · archived
  5. Investigation on the driver-victim pairs in pedestrian and bicyclist crashes by latent class clustering and random forests · 2023 · Zhu, Chunwu et al. · archived
  6. Crash Data Safety Factors Evaluation · 2017 · Donnell, Eric T. et al. · archived
  7. Single Unprotected Road User Crashes: Europe we have a Problem! ↗ · 2016 · Methorst, Rob et al. · indexed
  8. Identifying Crash Patterns on Roundabouts ↗ · 2014 · Polders, Evelien et al. · indexed
  9. Urban Transportation Infrastructure and Cyclist and Pedestrian Safety · 2021 · Sharif, Hatim et al. · archived
  10. Analysis of bicycle crashes in Sweden involving injuries with high risk of health loss · 2019 · Ohlin, Maria et al. · archived
  11. The injury epidemiology of cyclists based on a road trauma registry · 2011 · Amoros, Emmanuelle et al. · archived
  12. Comparison of moped, scooter and motorcycle crash risk and crash severity · 2013 · Blackman, Ross et al. · archived
  13. Injuries to Pedestrians and Bicyclists: An Analysis Based on Hospital Emergency Department Data · 1999 · NHTSA · archived
  14. Analysis of light vehicle crashes and pre-crash scenarios based on the 2000 General Estimates System · 2003 · Najm, W G et al. · archived
  15. Connected and Automated Vehicles and Safety of Vulnerable Road Users: A Systems Approach · 2018 · McDonald, Noreen C et al. · archived
  16. Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT): Version 2.0 Application Manual · 2006 · Harkey, David L. et al. · archived
  17. In-depth understanding of single bicycle crashes in Sweden - Crash characteristics, injury types and health outcomes differentiated by gender and age-groups · 2022 · Algurén, Beatrix et al. · archived
  18. Safety of vulnerable road users · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
  19. Improving Safety of the Surface Transportation System by Addressing the Issues of Vulnerable Road Users: Case of the Motorcyclists · 2012 · Dissanayake, Sunanda et al. · archived
  20. Pedestrians under influence (PUI) crashes: Patterns from correspondence regression analysis · 2020 · Das, Subasish et al. · archived
  21. Using Integrated Data to Examine Characteristics Related to Pedestrian Injuries · 2021 · Harmon, Katherine J et al. · archived
  22. Vulnerable road user safety and freight vehicles: A case study in North Carolina and Tennessee ↗ · 2022 · Wang, Jueyu et al. · indexed
  23. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety – Literature Review · 2025 · Brookshire, Kristen et al. · archived
  24. Crash characteristics of on-road single-bicycle crashes: an under-recognised problem · 2019 · Beck, Ben et al. · archived
  25. A Compendium of NHTSA Pedestrian and Bicyclist Research Projects: 1969–2007 · 2007 · Cleven, Arlene M. et al. · archived
  26. Motor Vehicle Crash Injury Rates by Mode of Travel, United States: Using Exposure-Based Methods to Quantify Differences ↗ · 2007 · Beck, L. F. et al. · indexed
  27. Review of: "Crash severity analysis of vulnerable road users using machine learning" · 2021 · Ziakopoulos, Apostolos · archived
  28. Review of Studies on Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety, 1991–2007 · 2012 · Karsch, H. M. et al. · archived
  29. Investigating the Vulnerability of Motorcyclists to Crashes and Injury · 2020 · Khattak, Asad et al. · archived
  30. A multimodal data framework for motorcyclist injury severity on rural undivided roads · 2026 · Barua, Swastika et al. · archived
  31. Fatality rate of pedestrians and fatal crash involvement rate of drivers in pedestrian crashes: a case study of Iran ↗ · 2017 · Kashani, Ali Tavakoli et al. · indexed
  32. Contribution of a Geographic Information System to the Prevention of Crashes Among Vulnerable Road Users in the City of Cotonou: Exploratory Study · 2022 · Daddah, Donatien et al. · archived
  33. Examining the Characteristics of Fatal Pedestrian Crashes · 2016 · Burbidge, Shaunna K. · archived
  34. Comparison of motor vehicle-involved e-scooter and bicycle crashes using standardized crash typology ↗ · 2021 · Shah, Nitesh R. et al. · indexed
  35. Crash-type manual for pedestrians · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
  36. Analysis of Crash Reports for Recumbent Bicycles and Tricycles ↗ · 2019 · Ayres, Thomas J. · indexed
  37. Supervised association rules mining on pedestrian crashes in urban areas: identifying patterns for appropriate countermeasures · 2018 · Das, Subasish et al. · archived
  38. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety – Literature Review [Traffic Tech] · 2025 · NHTSA · archived
  39. Problem Definition for Pre-Crash Sensing Advanced Restraints · 2009 · Eigen, Ana Maria et al. · archived
  40. Identifying urban features for vulnerable road user safety in Europe · 2021 · Klanjčić, Marina et al. · archived
  41. Utah Crash Summary, 1997 · 1997 · NHTSA · archived
  42. Epidemiology of pedestrian–MVCs by road type in Cluj, Romania ↗ · 2015 · Hamann, Cara et al. · indexed
  43. Geographic and Time-of-Day Shifts in Pedestrian Crashes by Injury Severity Level · 2024 · Schneider, Robert J et al. · archived
  44. Epidemiologic Study of Road Traffic Injuries by Road User Type Characteristics and Road Environment in Iran: A Community-Based Approach ↗ · 2012 · Hatamabadi, Hamidreza et al. · indexed
  45. Utah Crash Summary, 1998 · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
  46. Data-Mining Techniques for Exploratory Analysis of Pedestrian Crashes ↗ · 2011 · Montella, Alfonso et al. · indexed
  47. Identifying urban features for vulnerable road user safety in Europe · 2022 · Klanjčić, Marina et al. · archived
  48. Development of a Speeding-Related Crash Typology · 2010 · Council, Forrest M. et al. · archived
  49. Evaluating risk factors associated with fatalities among powered two-wheeler crashes in the United States ↗ · 2025 · Terranova, Paolo et al. · indexed
  50. Impaired Active Transportation Users · 2023 · Burbidge, Shaunna K. et al. · archived
  51. Effects of local urban characteristics and driving behaviour on injuries among pedestrians and cyclists in Malta · 2025 · Attard, Maria et al. · archived
  52. Causation analysis of crashes and near crashes using naturalistic driving data ↗ · 2022 · Wang, Xuesong et al. · indexed
  53. Geo-demographic analysis of fatal motorcycle crashes · 2001 · Shankar, Umesh et al. · archived
  54. Summarizing vehicle driving decision-making methods on vulnerable road user collision avoidance · 2023 · Yuan, Quan et al. · archived
  55. Factors associated with fatal pedestrian crashes in Virginia's urban areas-1985-1987 : final report. · 1991 · Worthington, Michael E · archived
  56. Assessment of Motorcycle Safety in Wyoming: Fatal and Severe Crashes, Contributing Factors and Potential Countermeasures · 2022 · Zlatkovic, Milan et al. · archived
  57. Child vulnerable road user crash injury severity · 2024 · Uba Abdulazeez, Muhammad et al. · archived
  58. 2003 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2003 · NHTSA · archived
  59. The potential of different countermeasures to prevent injuries with high risk of health loss among bicyclists in Sweden · 2020 · Rizzi, Maria C. et al. · archived
  60. Seeing through eyes of Drivers: Space consideration in investigating visibility of Vulnerable road users involved in crashes ↗ · 2023 · Kutela, Boniphace et al. · indexed
  61. Characteristics of Police-reported road traffic crashes in Ethiopia over a six year period ↗ · 2013 · Tulu, Getu Segni et al. · indexed
  62. Examination of Factors Associated in Motorcycle Crashes in Work Zones · 2013 · Stakleff, Brandon et al. · archived
  63. Application of demographic analysis to pedestrian safety : final report. · 2017 · Lin, Pei-Sung et al. · archived
  64. Severity of Pedestrian Crashes in Developing Countries: Analysis and Comparisons Using Decision Tree Techniques ↗ · 2022 · Jaber, Ahmed et al. · indexed
  65. Hit and run crashes: Knowledge extraction from bicycle involved crashes using first and frugal tree · 2018 · Das, Subasish et al. · archived
  66. What characterizes bicycle and e-scooter accidents not included in official accident statistics? Lessons learned from the ReCyCLIST project in Agder, Norway · 2025 · Bjørnskau, Torkel et al. · archived
  67. Dimensions of Motor Vehicle Crash Risk · 2011 · Blincoe, Lawrence J. et al. · archived
  68. Pedestrian and Bike Rider Crashes on National Highway: A Unique Case of Pakistan · 2025 · Ali Shah, Muhammad Zafar et al. · archived
  69. Motorcycle injuries in a developing country and the vulnerability of riders, passengers, and pedestrians · 2006 · Solagberu, Babatunde A. et al. · archived
  70. Spatio-temporal analysis of road traffic crashes by severity ↗ · 2025 · Gedamu, Wondwossen Taddesse et al. · indexed
  71. Utah Crash Summary, 2003 · 2003 · NHTSA · archived
  72. Work-related road traffic crashes: emergence of new modes of personal journey. Analysis based on data from a register of road traffic crashes · 2024 · Fort, Emmanuel et al. · archived
  73. Evaluation of Injury Severity for Pedestrian–Vehicle Crashes in Jordan Using Extracted Rules ↗ · 2019 · Mujalli, Randa Oqab et al. · indexed
  74. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Fatalities in Large Truck Crashes 2013 · 2016 · Britton, Daniel · archived
  75. How does distraction affect cyclists’ severe crashes? A hybrid CatBoost-SHAP and random parameters binary logit approach ↗ · 2025 · Agheli, Ali et al. · indexed
  76. How Does Pedestrian-Driver Behavior Influence in the Number of Crashes? A Michigan’s Case Study · 2021 · Alhomaidat, Fadi et al. · archived
  77. The Pattern of Road Traffic Crashes in South East Iran · 2016 · Rad, Mahdieh et al. · archived
  78. Utah Crash Summary, 2001 · 2001 · NHTSA · archived
  79. Pedestrian safety, the identification of precipitating factors and possible countermeasures : appendices. · 1971 · Snyder, Monroe B. et al. · archived
  80. Do sports utility vehicles (SUVs) and light truck vehicles (LTVs) cause more severe injuries to pedestrians and cyclists than passenger cars in the case of a crash? A systematic review and meta-analysis ↗ · 2025 · Robinson, Elsa et al. · indexed
  81. Utah Crash Summary, 2000 · 2000 · NHTSA · archived
  82. Utah Crash Summary, 1999 · 1999 · NHTSA · archived
  83. Distribution of road traffic deaths by road user group: a global comparison ↗ · 2009 · Naci, Huseyin et al. · indexed
  84. 2001 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2001 · NHTSA · archived
  85. Utah Crash Summary, 2002 · 2002 · NHTSA · archived
  86. General Estimates System Coding Manual 1995 · 1995 · NHTSA · archived
  87. Examination of Crash Contributing Factors Using National Crash Databases · 2003 · Campbell, Brittany N. et al. · archived
  88. Application of Extremely Randomised Trees for exploring influential factors on variant crash severity data · 2022 · Afshar, Farshid et al. · archived
  89. Exploring Traffic Crash Dynamics at Unsignalized Intersections: Insights from Dhaka Metropolitan Area · 2025 · Morshed, Md. Rashel et al. · archived
  90. Injury risk curves for motorcycles in the United States ↗ · 2025 · Terranova, Paolo et al. · indexed
  91. Examining Pedestrian Crash Frequency, Severity, and Safety in Numbers Using Pedestrian Exposure from Utah Traffic Signal Data ↗ · 2022 · Islam, Ahadul et al. · indexed
  92. Protecting Vulnerable Road Users from Injury · 2010 · Constant, Aymery et al. · archived
  93. Vulnerable road user groups: a review of younger drivers, motorcyclists and older drivers · 2012 · Freeman, James et al. · archived
  94. What Is the Extent of Harm in Rail-Pedestrian Crashes? · 2016 · Khattak, Asad J. et al. · archived
  95. Bicycles’ Role in Road Accidents a Review of Literature · 2016 · Levulytė, Loreta et al. · archived
  96. Description of light-vehicle pre-crash scenarios for safety applications based on vehicle-to-vehicle communications · 2013 · Najm, Wassim G. et al. · archived
  97. Safety in Numbers: A Literature Review · 2022 · Kehoe, N. P. et al. · archived
  98. Analysis and prediction of injury severity in single micromobility crashes with Random Forest ↗ · 2023 · Sanjurjo-de-No, Almudena et al. · indexed
  99. Impact Area and Speed Effects on Powered Two-Wheeler Crash Fatality and Injury Risk ↗ · 2023 · Terranova, Paolo et al. · indexed
  100. Factors Influencing the Pedestrian Injury Severity of Micromobility Crashes · 2023 · Sanjurjo-de-No, Almudena et al. · archived
  101. 2003 West Virginia Crash Data · 2003 · NHTSA · archived
  102. Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries Treated in a Large Romanian Emergency Department in Tîrgu-Mureş Between 2009 and 2010 ↗ · 2015 · Rus, D et al. · indexed
  103. Pedestrian Safety: The Identification of Precipitating Factors and Possible Countermeasures. Volume 1 · 1971 · Snyder, Monroe B. et al. · archived
  104. Analysis of Injury Severity of Drivers Involved Different Types of Two-Vehicle Crashes Using Random-Parameters Logit Models with Heterogeneity in Means and Variances · 2023 · Wu, Qiang et al. · archived
  105. Investigation of pedestrian crashes on two-way two-lane rural roads in Ethiopia · 2015 · Tulu, Getu Segni et al. · archived
  106. Maryland Traffic Safety Facts 2006 · 2007 · NHTSA · archived
  107. Using linked data to evaluate motor vehicle crashes involving elderly drivers in Connecticut : Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) linked data demonstration project · 1999 · Jacobs, G. Z. L. et al. · archived
  108. 2001 Road Traffic Crashes in Queensland: a Report on the Road Toll · 2002 · NHTSA · archived
  109. Magnitude of road traffic accident related injuries and fatalities in Ethiopia ↗ · 2018 · Abagaz, Teferi et al. · indexed
  110. SM 02-2008 Factors influencing road traffic crashes on unpaved roads ↗ · 2018 · Ackaah, Williams et al. · indexed
  111. Fall- and collision-related injuries among pedestrians in road traffic environment – A Swedish national register-based study · 2022 · Amin, Khabat et al. · archived
  112. 1995 Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety Report · 1995 · Sims, Mike · archived
  113. Fatalities of Pedestrians, Bicycle Riders, and motorists Due to Distracted driving motor Vehicle Crashes in the U.S., 2005–2010 · 2013 · Stimpson, Jim P. et al. · archived
  114. The Economic and Societal Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2010 (Revised) · 2015 · Blincoe, Lawrence J. et al. · archived
  115. Driver Pattern Identification in Road Crashes in Spain · 2020 · Sanjurjo-De-No, Almudena et al. · archived
  116. Magnitude of road traffic accident related injuries and fatalities in Ethiopia · 2019 · Abegaz, Teferi et al. · archived
  117. Topic Models from Crash Narrative Reports of Motorcycle Crash Causation Study · 2021 · Das, Subasish et al. · archived
  118. 2005 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2005 · NHTSA · archived
  119. Comparison of Severity of Motorcyclist Injury by Crash Types ↗ · 2011 · Schneider, William H. et al. · indexed
  120. 2004 Road Traffic Crashes in Queensland · 2009 · NHTSA · archived
  121. Traffic Safety Facts 2009: a Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System · 2009 · NHTSA · archived
  122. Examining spatial heterogeneity in built environment and climate factors affecting motorcycle crashes. ↗ · 2026 · Li, Y et al. · indexed
  123. 1999 Road Traffic Crashes in Queensland: A Report on the Road Toll · 2000 · NHTSA · archived
  124. Motorcycle accident cause factors and identification of countermeasures. Volume 2 : appendix/supplemental data · 1981 · Hurt, Hugh H. et al. · archived
  125. The Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Severity of Bicyclist Injury in Bicyclist-Vehicle Crashes · 2021 · Macioszek, Elżbieta et al. · archived
  126. Analyzing Pedestrian–Automated Vehicle Crash Dynamics: A Comparative Study of Autonomous and Conventional Precrash Mode ↗ · 2025 · Das, Subasish · indexed
  127. Traffic Safety Facts 2008: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data From the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System · 2008 · NHTSA · archived
  128. Traffic Safety Facts 2007: a Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System · 2007 · NHTSA · archived
  129. Risk Factors for Road Traffic Injuries among Different Road Users in the Gambia ↗ · 2017 · Sanyang, Edrisa et al. · indexed
  130. The pattern of orthopedic fractures and visceral injury in road traffic crash victims, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia · 2021 · Mengistu, Zuriyash et al. · archived
  131. Assessment of Safety Benefits of Technologies to Reduce Pedestrian Crossing Fatalities at Midblock Locations · 2020 · Ogle, Jennifer H et al. · archived
  132. Active Road User Interactions With Autonomous Vehicles: Proactive Safety Assessment ↗ · 2023 · Alozi, Abdul Razak et al. · indexed
  133. Brazilian Road Traffic Fatalities: A Spatial and Environmental Analysis · 2014 · de Andrade, Luciano et al. · archived
  134. 2001 West Virginia Crash Data · 2001 · NHTSA · archived
  135. Exploring Risk Factors to Disparities in Pedestrian and Bicyclist Fatalities and Serious Injuries · 2024 · Dadashova, Bahar et al. · archived
  136. Assumed risk by vulnerable roadway users: traffic rules transgressions in a capital city of Southwester Colombia, 2009 ↗ · 2012 · Morales-Quintero, F.J. et al. · indexed
  137. Accidents and Accessibility: Measuring Influences of Demographic and Land Use Variables in Honolulu, Hawaii ↗ · 2010 · Kim, Karl et al. · indexed
  138. Use of Fatal Real-Life Crashes to Analyze a Safe Road Transport System Model, Including the Road User, the Vehicle, and the Road ↗ · 2008 · Stigson, Helena et al. · indexed
  139. Multiple Correspondence Analysis of Pedestrian Crashes in Rural Illinois ↗ · 2018 · Baireddy, Raghunandan et al. · indexed
  140. Frequency of target crashes for IntelliDrive safety systems · 2010 · Najm, Wassim G et al. · archived
  141. Accident severity analysis using ordered probit model ↗ · 2007 · Rifaat, Shakil Mohammad et al. · indexed
  142. 2002 Road Traffic Crashes in Queensland: a Report on the Road Toll · 2003 · NHTSA · archived
  143. Linking built environments and pre-crash pedestrian behaviors: A Safe Systems approach to crash severity ↗ · 2026 · Park, Shinah et al. · indexed
  144. Dataset of traffic accidents in motorcyclists in Bogotá, Colombia · 2022 · Ospina-Mateus, Holman et al. · archived
  145. Maryland Traffic Safety and Injury Facts 2005 · 2007 · NHTSA · archived
  146. 2002 West Virginia Crash Data · 2003 · NHTSA · archived
  147. Motorcycle Accidents and Their Outcomes amongst Victims Admitted to Health Facilities in Guinea: A Cross-Sectional Study ↗ · 2020 · Delamou, Alexandre et al. · indexed
  148. 1999 Wisconsin Traffic Crash Facts · 2000 · NHTSA · archived
  149. 2000 Road Traffic Crashes in Queensland: A Report on the Road Toll · 2001 · NHTSA · archived
  150. Traffic conflicts of speed pedelecs and bicycles: A naturalistic driving study ↗ · 2021 · Vlakveld, Willem et al. · indexed
  151. 2007 Wisconsin Traffic Crash Facts · 2008 · NHTSA · archived
  152. Pedestrian/Bicyclist Safety in Numbers Program Evaluation · 2022 · Jackson, Steve et al. · archived
  153. Wyoming's 2009 Report on Traffic Crashes · 2010 · NHTSA · archived
  154. A Review of Pedestrian Safety Research in the United States and Abroad · 2003 · Campbell, B. J. et al. · archived
  155. Extreme heat disproportionately increases severe road traffic crashes in high conflict settings and among vulnerable road users in California. · 2026 · Hsu, Cheng-Kai et al. · archived
  156. Federal Highway Administration Focus Area Data Definitions · 2014 · Satterfield, Cathy et al. · archived
  157. 2009 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2009 · NHTSA · archived
  158. 2004 Wisconsin Traffic Crash Facts · 2005 · NHTSA · archived
  159. Understanding the Factors That Are Associated with Motorcycle Crash Severity in Rural and Urban Areas of Ghana ↗ · 2021 · Agyemang, William et al. · indexed
  160. Elderly Pedestrians and Road Safety: Findings from the Slovenian Accident Database and Measures for Improving Their Safety · 2023 · Laković, Stanko et al. · archived
  161. Accelerating Roundabout Implementation in the United States - Volume IV of VII: Review of Fatal and Severe Injury Crashes at Roundabouts · 2015 · Steyn, Hermanus et al. · archived
  162. 2010 traffic crash facts annual report · 2010 · NHTSA · archived
  163. Utah Crash Summary, 2006 · 2006 · NHTSA · archived
  164. 2000 Wisconsin Traffic Crash Facts · 2001 · NHTSA · archived
  165. 2006 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2006 · NHTSA · archived
  166. State Data System: Crash Data Report: 1990-1999 · 2002 · NHTSA · archived
  167. 2008 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2008 · NHTSA · archived
  168. 2004 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2004 · NHTSA · archived
  169. Using Deep Learning in Severity Analysis of At-Fault Motorcycle Rider Crashes · 2018 · Das, Subasish et al. · archived
  170. Which set of factors contribute to increase the likelihood of pedestrian fatality in road crashes? ↗ · 2018 · Besharati, Mohammad Mehdi et al. · indexed
  171. Characteristics of Fatal, Pedestrian-Involved, Motor Vehicle Crashes in West Virginia: A Cross-Sectional and Spatial Analysis ↗ · 2023 · Rudisill, Toni M. et al. · indexed
  172. In-Depth Investigation of Contributing Factors to Car-Motorcycle Accidents in Budapest City · 2019 · Danish, Farooq et al. · archived
  173. 2007 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2007 · NHTSA · archived
  174. Ensuring Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) and Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) Safety Through Infrastructure · 2022 · Weaver, Starla et al. · archived
  175. Safe walking in the Commonwealth : an analysis of the issues and proposed clarifications of the code of Virginia. · 1995 · Stoke, Charles B et al. · archived
  176. Modeling Farm Equipment Vehicle crash injury severity using random parameters logit and multi-class support vector machine in a developing country. · 2026 · Nasab, EJ et al. · archived
  177. Risk of Road Traffic Injuries for Pedestrians, Cyclists, Car Occupants and Powered Two‐Wheel Users, based on a Road Trauma Registry and Travel Surveys, Rhône, France · 2016 · Blaizot, Stéphanie et al. · archived
  178. Analysis of Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Crashes in San Antonio, Texas ↗ · 2021 · Billah, Khondoker et al. · indexed
  179. Spatial characteristics of bicycle–motor vehicle crashes in Christchurch, New Zealand: A case-control approach ↗ · 2018 · Williams, Thomas et al. · indexed
  180. Work-related road traffic accidents: emergence of new modes of personal journey – analysis based on data from a register of road traffic accidents in France · 2025 · Fort, Emmanuel et al. · archived
  181. Development of a statewide motorcycle safety plan for Texas : technical report. · 2013 · Turner, Patricia et al. · archived
  182. Utah Crash Summary, 2007 · 2007 · NHTSA · archived
  183. Modeling Automated Vehicle Crashes with a Focus on Vehicle At-Fault, Collision Type, and Injury Outcome ↗ · 2022 · Kutela, Boniphace et al. · indexed
  184. An analysis of motorcyclists' injury severities in work-zone crashes with unobserved heterogeneity ↗ · 2022 · Islam, Mouyid · indexed
  185. Unpacking temporal trends in U.S. road injury mortality by mode of transportation and sex: An age–period–cohort analysis ↗ · 2025 · Hsu, Cheng-Kai · indexed
  186. 2000 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 2000 · NHTSA · archived
  187. Identification of factors associated with road crashes among functionally classified transport modes in Namibia ↗ · 2020 · Adanu, Emmanuel Kofi et al. · indexed
  188. Applying Bayesian hierarchical models to examine motorcycle crashes at signalized intersections · 2009 · Haque, Md. Mazharul et al. · archived
  189. Distraction of cyclists: how does it influence their risky behaviors and traffic crashes? ↗ · 2018 · Useche, Sergio A. et al. · indexed
  190. The rising burden of non-motor vehicle crashes: An emerging challenge for road traffic injury prevention in China, 1997-2023. ↗ · 2026 · Deng R et al. · indexed
  191. Analysis of Pedestrian Accidents in Irbid City, Jordan · 2013 · Al-Omari, Bashar H. et al. · archived
  192. Incidence of road traffic accidents and pattern of injury among commercial motorcyclists in a rural community in south western Nigeria ↗ · 2005 · Owoaje, Eme et al. · indexed
  193. Causative Factors and Countermeasures for Rural and Suburban Pedestrian Accidents: Accident Data Collection and Analysis–Appendices · 1977 · Knoblauch, Richard L. et al. · archived
  194. Risk Factor Analysis of Single Motorcycle Accidents in Road Traffic ↗ · 2026 · Kozłowski, Edward et al. · indexed
  195. Analyzing feature importance for older pedestrian crash severity: A comparative study of DNN models, emphasizing road and vehicle types with SHAP interpretation ↗ · 2025 · Akter, Rocksana et al. · indexed
  196. Assessing bicycle-vehicle conflicts at urban intersections utilizing a VR integrated simulation approach ↗ · 2023 · Xu, Zheng et al. · indexed
  197. Factors Influencing Bicycle Crash Severity on Two-Lane, Undivided Roadways in North Carolina ↗ · 1999 · Klop, Jeremy R. et al. · indexed
  198. Injury severity of pedestrians involved in road traffic crashes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia · 2017 · Tulu, Getu Segni et al. · archived
  199. Motorcycle crashes resulting in hospital admissions in South Australia: Crash characteristics and injury patterns · 2020 · Thompson, James et al. · archived
  200. Community design and the incidence of crashes involving pedestrians and motorists aged 75 and older. · 2012 · Dumbaugh, Eric et al. · archived
  201. Pedestrian and pedalcyclist injury costs in the United States by age and injury severity. ↗ · 2004 · Miller, Ted R. et al. · indexed
  202. 1998 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
  203. National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data Systems: 1994-1996 · 1999 · NHTSA · archived
  204. Finding strategies to improve pedestrian safety in rural areas · 2001 · Ivan, John N. et al. · archived
  205. Understanding the Increase in Fatal Hit-and-Run Crashes: Prevalences of Crashes, Injuries, and Deaths in the United States, 2017-2023 · 2026 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety et al. · archived
  206. Investigating the factors of three-wheeled autorickshaw (3W-AR) crash severity: comparison of explainable machine learning models ↗ · 2026 · Ambo, Tefera Bahiru et al. · indexed
  207. Road safety in less-motorized environments: future concerns ↗ · 2002 · Mohan, Dinesh · indexed
  208. Influence of seating position and crash-related factors on passenger injury severity in motor vehicles-involved crashes ↗ · 2026 · Atombo, Charles et al. · indexed
  209. Addressing Oregon’s Rise in Deaths and Serious Injuries for Senior Drivers and Pedestrians · 2020 · Monsere, Christopher et al. · archived
  210. Cyclists injured in traffic crashes in Hong Kong: A call for action. · 2019 · Xu, Pengpeng et al. · archived
  211. Analysis of Covid restrictions influence on road traffic crashes and related road users behaviour in the Czech Republic · 2023 · Bucsuházy, Kateřina et al. · archived
  212. 2003 Virginia Traffic Crash Facts · 2004 · NHTSA · archived
  213. Semantic modelling of pedestrian behaviours at shared-use path crossings: insights from BERT-based architectures and structural topic modelling ↗ · 2026 · Mimi, Mahmuda Sultana et al. · indexed
  214. Pedestrian Safety: Assessment of Crashworthiness Test Procedures · 2023 · Hu, Jingwen et al. · archived
  215. 1999 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report · 1999 · NHTSA · archived
  216. What is on the Bicycle Paths? A Detailed Vehicle Taxonomy with Mode Share Data for Off-Street Paths in Metropolitan Vancouver, Canada ↗ · 2023 · Hassanpour, Amir et al. · indexed
  217. Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2013 Annual Report ↗ · 2014 · Graves, Fay et al. · indexed
  218. Wyoming’s Comprehensive Report on Traffic Crashes 2004 · 2005 · NHTSA · archived
  219. Characteristics and comparison between e-scooters and bicycle-related trauma: a multicentre cross-sectional analysis of data from a road collision registry · 2022 · Benhamed, Axel et al. · archived
  220. Road Accident Prediction Models and Influence of Traffic Flow, Road Length, Road Class, and Vehicle Class on Accidents ↗ · 2008 · Memon, Abdul Qadeer · indexed
  221. 2002 Traffic Crash Facts Annual Report: State of Nebraska · 2002 · NHTSA · archived
  222. Alternative Ordered Response Frameworks for Examining Pedestrian Injury Severity in New York City ↗ · 2013 · Yasmin, Shamsunnahar et al. · indexed
  223. 1998 Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics · 1998 · NHTSA · archived
  224. Crashes and Injuries on Rural Roads in Alaska – Toward a Better Understanding of Rural Safety Issues Through Linked Data and Environmental Factors Task B: Environmental and Geometric Safety Factors of Rural Crashes · 2025 · Vasudevan, Vinod · archived
  225. Statistical Evaluation of Motorcycle Crash Injury Severities by Using Multinomial Models ↗ · 2006 · Lan, Chang-Jen et al. · indexed
  226. Crashes involving distracted pedestrians: Identifying risk factors and their relationships to pedestrian severity levels and distraction modes ↗ · 2023 · Das, Subasish · indexed
  227. Wyoming’s Comprehensive Report on Traffic Crashes, 2005 · 2006 · NHTSA · archived
  228. Pattern of road traffic injuries in Ghana: Implications for control ↗ · 2003 · Afukaar, Francis K. et al. · indexed
  229. Nighttime Pedestrian Safety in Different Communities: Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques · 2025 · Usman, Sheikh M. et al. · archived
  230. Identification of factors increasing the risk of pedestrian death in road accidents involving a pedestrian with a motor vehicle · 2023 · Macioszek, Elżbieta et al. · archived
  231. Utah Crash Summary, 2009 · 2010 · NHTSA · archived
  232. Computer Accident Typing for Bicyclist Accidents: Training Manual · 1983 · NHTSA · archived
  233. Methods for studying of frequency, spatial distribution and severity of traffic crashes related to pedestrians in urban areas: a review article ↗ · 2016 · Moradi, Ali et al. · indexed
  234. An Open Simulation Approach to Identify Chances and Limitations for Vulnerable Road User (VRU) Active Safety ↗ · 2013 · Seiniger, Patrick et al. · indexed
  235. 2010 Michigan Traffic Crash Facts · 2011 · NHTSA · archived
  236. Computer & Manual Accident Typing for Bicyclist Accidents: Practice Cases Booklet · 1983 · NHTSA · archived
  237. 2003 Michigan Traffic Crash Facts · 2004 · NHTSA · archived
  238. 1997 Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics · 1997 · NHTSA · archived
  239. Injury severity levels and associated factors among road traffic collision victims referred to emergency departments of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: the study based on the Haddon matrix · 2019 · Baru, Ararso et al. · archived
  240. Road Traffic Accidents Presenting to the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study ↗ · 2021 · Jha, Rohan et al. · indexed
  241. Utah Crash Summary: 2010 · 2011 · NHTSA · archived
  242. Involvement of Road Users from the Productive Age Group in Traffic Crashes in Saudi Arabia: An Investigative Study Using Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques ↗ · 2022 · Islam, Md Kamrul et al. · indexed
  243. 2004 Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics · 2004 · NHTSA · archived
  244. Fatality risks of intersection crashes in Bangladesh ↗ · 2007 · Barua, Upal et al. · indexed
  245. 2007 Oklahoma Crash Facts · 2009 · NHTSA · archived
  246. 2003 Pennsylvania Crash Facts & Statistics · 2003 · NHTSA · archived
  247. Examining Injury Severity of Moped and Motorcycle Occupants with Real-Time Traffic and Weather Data ↗ · 2018 · Theofilatos, Athanasios et al. · indexed
  248. Utah Crash Summary, 2008 · 2008 · NHTSA · archived
  249. Pedestrian/Bicyclist Safety in Numbers: Program Evaluation [Traffic Tech] · 2022 · NHTSA · archived
  250. Increased injury severity and age-related mortality in trauma victims after e-bike versus conventional bicycle accidents: a concerning call to action! · 2026 · Özman, DD et al. · archived
  251. 2001 Michigan Traffic Crash Facts · 2002 · NHTSA · archived
  252. An Epidemiologic Study of Deceased Pedestrians in Road Traffic Accidents in Iran during 2012-2013 ↗ · 2017 · Hasani, Jalil et al. · indexed
  253. Factors Affecting Crash Severity among Elderly Drivers: A Multilevel Ordinal Logistic Regression Approach · 2022 · Alrumaidhi, Mubarak et al. · archived
  254. Post COVID-19 Transformation in the Frequency and Location of Traffic Crashes Involving Older Adults ↗ · 2023 · Soltani, Ali et al. · indexed
  255. <i>Notes from the Field:</i> Emergency Department Visits for Nonfatal Pedal Cyclist Injuries Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, 2019–2020 · 2023 · Navon, Livia et al. · archived
  256. Cyclist-Involved Crashes and Level of Traffic Stress: Evidence from Arizona ↗ · 2025 · Gehrke, Steven R. et al. · indexed
  257. Pedestrian safety in Australia · 1999 · Cairney, P. · archived
  258. Examining the Pre-Crash Circumstances Leading to Pedestrian Fatalities · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  259. 2007 Michigan traffic crash facts · 2008 · NHTSA · archived
  260. Impact Speed and a Pedestrian&#8217;s Risk of Severe Injury or Death · 2011 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
  261. 1996 Pennsylvania Crash Facts &amp; Statistics · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
  262. 1999 Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics · 1999 · NHTSA · archived
  263. Road traffic crashes at night-time: characteristics and risk factors ↗ · 2020 · Ackaah, Williams et al. · indexed
  264. The effect of natural and built environmental characteristics on pedestrian-vehicle crash severity in Ghana ↗ · 2016 · Amoh-Gyimah, Richard et al. · indexed
  265. Illinois Crash Facts and Statistics, 1999 · 1999 · NHTSA · archived
  266. CHILD PEDESTRIAN FATALITY RATES BY STRIKING VEHICLE BODY TYPE: A COMPARISON OF PASSENGER CARS, SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES, PICKUPS, AND VANS ↗ · 2003 · Starnes, Marc et al. · indexed
  267. 2001 Virginia Traffic Crash Facts · 2002 · NHTSA · archived
  268. A Fuzzy Clustering Approach to Identify Pedestrians’ Traffic Behavior Patterns · 2023 · Saeipour, Parisa et al. · archived
  269. Factors affecting injury severity in vehicle-pedestrian crashes: A day-of-week analysis using random parameter ordered response models and Artificial Neural Networks ↗ · 2020 · Mokhtarimousavi, Seyedmirsajad et al. · indexed
  270. Pedestrian Injury and Human Behaviour: Observing Road-Rule Violations at High-Incident Intersections · 2011 · Cinnamon, Jonathan et al. · archived
  271. A Study of Typical P-AEB Test Scenarios Based on Accident Data ↗ · 2026 · Luo, Yajun et al. · indexed
  272. Bikesharing and Bicycle Safety · 2016 · Botha, Jan et al. · archived
  273. Wyoming&#039;s Comprehensive Report on Traffic Crashes 2006 · 2007 · NHTSA · archived
  274. 2006 Virginia Traffic Crash Facts · 2007 · NHTSA · archived
  275. Pedestrian Crash Exposure Analysis Using Alternative Geographically Weighted Regression Models ↗ · 2021 · Almasi, Seyed Ahmad et al. · indexed
  276. "Epidemiological, Characteristics and Outcomes of Road Traffic Accident Among Patients in Emergency Units" · 2021 · Hussein Alogaili, Ahmed Abdulhasan · archived
  277. Wyoming&#039;s 2010 Report on Traffic Crashes · 2011 · NHTSA · archived
  278. Factors contributing to the severity of intersection crashes ↗ · 2007 · Tay, Richard et al. · indexed
  279. Does more cycling also reduce the risk of single-bicycle crashes? ↗ · 2011 · Schepers, Paul · indexed
  280. Enhancing Safe Traffic Operations Using Connected Vehicles Data and Technologies · 2017 · Li, Zhibin et al. · archived
  281. Mitigation of road traffic crash hazard in Pakistan ↗ · 2014 · Rafi, Muhammad Masood et al. · indexed
  282. Modeling the effect of operator and passenger characteristics on the fatality risk of motorcycle crashes ↗ · 2015 · Kashani, Ali Tavakoli et al. · indexed
  283. Epidemiology of Traffic Injuries before, during and 1 Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions ↗ · 2022 · Alsofayan, Yousef M. et al. · indexed
  284. 2000 Virginia Traffic Crash Facts · 2001 · NHTSA · archived
  285. The Epidemiology of Road Traffic Accidents in Jordan ↗ · 1989 · Jadaan, Khair · indexed
  286. 2008 Michigan Traffic Crash Facts · 2009 · NHTSA · archived
  287. 1999 Michigan Traffic Crash Facts · 2000 · NHTSA · archived
  288. Illinois Crash Facts and Statistics, 1997 · 1997 · NHTSA · archived
  289. Modelling pedestrian crash severity at mid-blocks ↗ · 2016 · Pour, Alireza Toran et al. · indexed
  290. Profiles of pregnant women encountering motor vehicle crashes in Taiwan, 2008–2017 · 2023 · Chang, Ya-Hui et al. · archived
  291. Do Light Truck Vehicles (LTV) Impose Greater Risk of Pedestrian Injury Than Passenger Cars? A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review ↗ · 2010 · Desapriya, E. et al. · indexed
  292. Heat-induced risks of road crashes among older motorcyclists: Evidence from three motorcycle-dominant cities in Taiwan ↗ · 2024 · Hsu, C. S. · indexed
  293. Crash Severity Analysis of Child Bicyclists Using Arm-Net and Mambanet · 2025 · Somvanshi, Shriyank et al. · archived
  294. Identifying Conflict Points for the Examination of Automated Vehicles in the Presence of Vulnerable Road Users ↗ · 2020 · Mayerhofer, Anysia et al. · indexed
  295. Potential Safety Benefit of the Blind Spot Detection System for Large Trucks on the Vulnerable Road Users in Taiwan · 2016 · Ming-Hang, Wang et al. · archived
  296. Descriptive analysis of reports on autonomous vehicle collisions in California: January 2021–June 2022 · 2022 · Pokorny, Petr et al. · archived
  297. Different patterns and characteristics of Talar injuries at two main orthopedic trauma centers in Shiraz, south of Iran · 2021 · Vosoughi, Amir Reza et al. · archived
  298. Modeling Pedestrian Injury Severity: A Case Study of Using Extreme Gradient Boosting Vs Random Forest in Feature Selection ↗ · 2024 · Wu, Zhenxi et al. · indexed
  299. ANALYZE THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DELIVERY MOTORCYCLE CRASHES AND IDENTIFY THE RELATED FACTORS · 2022 · Putra, I. G. B. et al. · archived
  300. A comparison of heat effects on road injury frequency between active travelers and motorized transportation users in six tropical and subtropical cities in Taiwan ↗ · 2024 · Hsu, C. S. et al. · indexed
  301. Lower Genitourinary Injuries Following Traffic Accidents: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes · 2026 · Kara, Norelyakin et al. · archived
  302. Study of the possible relationships between tramway front-end geometry and pedestrian injury risk · 2019 · Chevalier, Marie-Christine et al. · archived
  303. Older pedestrians hit by motor vehicles in South Australia · 2023 · Thompson, James et al. · archived
  304. A New Functional Classification for Improved Multimodal Designs ↗ · 2018 · Stamatiadis, Nikiforos et al. · indexed
  305. Pedestrian Injuries due to Single and Collision Accidents in Sweden’s Road Traffic Environment - Investigating the Magnitude, Risk Factors, and Potential Solutions · 2025 · Amin, Khabat · archived
  306. What are the challenges of pedestrian safety from the viewpoints of traffic and transport stakeholders? A qualitative Study · 2020 · Haghighi, Morteza et al. · archived
  307. DTP-M3Net: Monocular Multiclass Multistage Vulnerable Road User Detection, Tracking and Prediction for Autonomous Driving ↗ · 2024 · Xiong, Hui et al. · indexed
  308. Pediatric Pelvic Fractures in Side Impact Collisions ↗ · 2002 · Arbogast, Kristy B. et al. · indexed
  309. Biomechanics of Lumbar Spine Injury in Road Barrier Collision–Finite Element Study · 2021 · Pachocki, L. et al. · archived
  310. Comparison of the aPLI, FlexPLI with Upper Body Mass, and FlexPLI Pedestrian Legforms in Matched-Pair Vehicle Tests · 2022 · Suntay, Brian et al. · archived