emergency work zone conspicuity

Making emergency and roadwork operations visible to approaching drivers: emergency-vehicle warning lights and color, fire/police/ambulance and tow conspicuity, truck-mounted attenuators (TMAs), high-visibility worker apparel, and work-zone delineation, cones, and markings. The object being made visible is a responder, work crew, or work zone, NOT an ordinary vehicle (vehicle_conspicuity) and NOT a pedestrian or cyclist in general traffic (vru_conspicuity).

372 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic

1. Work vehicle warning lights : color options and effectiveness. · 2015 · Howell, Brian et al. · archived
2. Study to Understand the Influence of Emergency Vehicle Color, Reflectance, Signing/Arrow Boards, and Lighting Configurations in Reducing Responder Involved Crashes · 2025 · Agarwal, Nithin et al. · archived
3. Evaluation of Green Lights on TMAS · 2018 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
4. Roadside Assistance Vehicle Lighting: Review of Scientific Research and State Regulations · 2025 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
5. Intelligent Warning Lights and Driving Safety ↗ · 2015 · Bullough, John D. · indexed
6. Protecting Roadside Workers: Field Evaluation of Flares, Cones, and Tow Truck Light Patterns · 2023 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
7. Evaluation of warning lights on maintenance of traffic devices and development of possible alternatives. · 2013 · Theiss, LuAnn et al. · archived
8. Recommendations for Highway Construction, Maintenance, and Service Equipment Warning Lights and Pavement Data Collection System Safety · 1998 · Ullman, Gerald et al. · archived
9. Improving the effectiveness of nighttime temporary traffic control warning devices, volume 2 : evaluation of nighttime mobile warning lights. · 2013 · Steele, Douglas A. et al. · archived
10. Identification of Traffic Control Devices for Mobile and Short Duration Work Operations · 2006 · Paswell, Robert E. et al. · archived
11. Improving Work Zone Safety for Freight Vehicles: Effective Design Patterns for Vehicle Mounted Attenuators · 2010 · Bham, Ghulam H. et al. · archived
12. Exploration of Color Patterns for Improving Work Zone Safety and Perception · 2025 · Wu, Hongyue et al. · archived
13. Impacts of Coordinating the Colors of Flashing Warning Lights and Vehicle Markings on Driver Perception ↗ · 2023 · Bullough, John D. et al. · indexed
14. Nighttime Highway Construction Illumination [URTC Report] · 2014 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
15. A driving simulator study : evaluation of vehicle mounted attenuator markings in work zones during different times of the day. · 2010 · Bham, Ghulam H. et al. · archived
16. Investigation of flashing and intensity characteristics for vehicle-mounted warning beacons · 2018 · Kersavage, Kristin et al. · archived
17. Driver Behavior in Response to Flashing Lights ↗ · 2019 · Kersavage, Kristin et al. · indexed
18. Evaluation of Steady-Burn Warning Lights on Channelizing Drums in Work Zones · 2010 · Datta, Tapan K. et al. · archived
19. Investigation of truck mounted attenuator (TMA) crashes in work zones in Virginia. · 2015 · Cottrell, Benjamin H. Jr. · archived
20. Toward the development of standards for yellow flashing lights used in work zones ↗ · 2016 · Rea, MS et al. · indexed
21. Improving Night Work Zone Traffic Control · 1999 · Cottrell, Benjamin H., Jr. · archived
22. Reducing work zone crashes by using vehicle’s flashers as a warning sign : final report · 2009 · Bai, Yong et al. · archived
23. Best practices for maximizing driver attention to work zone warning signs. · 2016 · Ukkusuri, Satish V. et al. · archived
24. Advancing Nighttime Work Zone Safety · 2026 · NHTSA · archived
25. Effect of flaggers and spotters in directing work zone traffic for Illinois expressways and freeways. · 2014 · El-Rayes, Khaled et al. · archived
26. Identification of Hazards Associated with Mobile and Short Duration Work Zones · 2003 · Ullman, Brooke R. et al. · archived
27. Design of an Alternative Work Zone Attenuator Device · 2022 · Mandokhot, Mohit et al. · archived
28. Younger driver's evaluation of vehicle mounted attenuator markings in work zones using a driving simulator ↗ · 2010 · Bham, Ghulam et al. · indexed
29. Considering Conspicuity for North Carolina Department of Transportation Light Trucks Final Report · 2022 · Sylcott, Brian · archived
30. Traffic control procedures for emergency responders. · 2006 · Walton, Jennifer R. et al. · archived
31. Human factors opportunities to improve Ohio’s transportation system : final report, June 2005. · 2005 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · archived
32. The Effect of Nighttime Lighting Systems on Workers’ Visibility and Safety [Tech Transfer Summary] · 2025 · Ho, Chun-Hsing et al. · archived
33. Guidelines for Enhancement of Visual Conspicuity of Trains at Grade Crossings · 1975 · Hopkins, John B. et al. · archived
34. Orange Work Zone Pavement Marking Midwest Field Test · 2018 · Shaw, John W et al. · archived
35. Evaluation of technology-enhanced flagger devices : focus group and survey studies in Kansas. · 2009 · Schrock, Steven D. et al. · archived
36. 0-6781 : improved nighttime work zone channelization in confined urban projects. · 2014 · Ullman, Gerald et al. · archived
37. High visibility safety apparel and nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians in work zones ↗ · 2004 · Sayer, James R. et al. · indexed
38. Improving the conspicuity of trailblazing signs for incident management. · 1998 · Barker, J. A. et al. · archived
39. Road sign vision and driver behaviour in work zones · 2019 · Vignali, Valeria et al. · archived
40. Improved work zone design guidelines and enhanced model of travel delays in work zones : Phase I, portability and scalability of interarrival and service time probability distribution functions for different locations in Ohio and the establishment of improved work zone design guidelines, final report, January 2006. · 2006 · Zwahlen, Helmut T. et al. · archived
41. Breakthroughs in Vision and Visibility for Highway Safety: Workshop Summary Report, August 13-14, 2014 · 2015 · McInnis, Catherine et al. · archived
42. Field Evaluation of Locomotive Conspicuity Lights · 1975 · Devoe, Donald B. et al. · archived
43. Assessing the visibility of raised pavement markers and alternative forms of delineation · 2020 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
44. Active Work Zone Safety Using Emerging Technologies · 2016 · Marks, Eric et al. · archived
45. Flagger Safety and Alternatives to Manual Flagging · 1987 · Ullman, G. L. et al. · archived
46. Developing Smart Signs for Traffic Control in Work Zones [Summary] · 2023 · Sandberg, Wayne et al. · archived
47. Analysis of the Dismounted Motorist and Road-Worker Model Pedestrian Safety Regulations · 1982 · Ulmer, Robert G. et al. · archived
48. Work Zone Traffic Control Delineation for Channelization · 1990 · Opiela, Kenneth S. et al. · archived
49. Improving the Safety of Moving Lane Closures · 2009 · Steele, Douglas A. et al. · archived
50. Analysis of Truck Drivers' Opinions on Safety and Traffic Control on Highway Work Zones - Volume I - Summary of Findings - Final Report · 1995 · Benekohal, Rahim et al. · archived
51. Identification of Traffic Control Problems on Urban Arterial Work Zones · 2003 · Tsyganov, Alexei et al. · archived
52. Improved business driveway delineation in urban work zones. · 2015 · Theiss, LuAnn et al. · archived
53. Orange Contrasted Temporary Pavement Delineation in Construction Zones · 2025 · Linke, Barbara et al. · archived
54. Assessment of the effectiveness of connected vehicle weather and work zone warnings in improving truck driver safety ↗ · 2020 · Raddaoui, Omar et al. · indexed
55. Comprehensive Study on CMV Safety Using ITS in Work Zones on Freeways and Arterials · 2023 · Jeihani, Mansoureh et al. · archived
56. Evaluation of Work Zone Safety Using the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data – Volume 1 Toolbox of Work Zone Countermeasures · 2022 · Hallmark, Shauna et al. · archived
57. Improvement of conspicuity of trailblazing signs, Phase III : evaluation of fluorescent colors. · 2001 · Neale, Vicki L · archived
58. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 51 No. 2 · 1987 · Andrews, William H. Jr. et al. · archived
59. Targeted Warning Messages to Protect Moving and Stationary Maintenance Lane Closures · 2024 · Soltani, Iman et al. · archived
60. Determining the Effectiveness of Graphic-aided Dynamic Message Signs in Work Zones · 2011 · Bai, Yong et al. · archived
61. Connected Simulation for Work Zone Safety Applications · 2022 · Balali, Vahid · archived
62. Safety of Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings: Use of Auxiliary External Alerting Devices to Improve Locomotive Conspicuity · 1995 · Carroll, Anya A. et al. · archived
63. Safety Aspects of Using Vehicle Hazard Warning Lights: Volume 2. Final Report · 1980 · Knoblauch, Richard L. et al. · archived
64. User-centered Smart Traffic Sign Development Study · 2023 · Morris, Nichole L. et al. · archived
65. Maximizing investments in work zone safety in Oregon : final report. · 2011 · Ross, June H. et al. · archived
66. In-vehicle work zone messages : final report. · 2017 · Craig, Curtis M. et al. · archived
67. Effectiveness of Speed Management Methods in Work Zones · 2022 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
68. Work zone safety : physical and behavioral barriers in accident prevention. · 2014 · Long, Suzanna et al. · archived
69. Impacts of Autonomous Truck-Mounted Attenuator (ATMA) on INDOT Work Zone Safety, Mobility, and Worker Productivity · 2024 · Tian, Chi et al. · archived
70. Traffic control device conspicuity. · 2013 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · archived
71. Evaluation of Digital Alert Systems Associated With Emergency Response Vehicles and Compliance With Move Over Law · 2026 · Talebpour, Alireza et al. · archived
72. Evaluation of mobile work zone alarm systems. · 2014 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
73. Prioritized Safety Consideration by Work Zone Types and Pilot Implementation · 2021 · Lin, Pei-Sung et al. · archived
74. Evaluation of Truck-Mounted Automated Flagger Assistance Devices in Missouri: Case Study ↗ · 2019 · Qing, Zhu et al. · indexed
75. Human Factors Study on the Use of Colors for Express Lane Delineators · 2019 · Abou-Senna, Hatem et al. · archived
76. Improved Road Safety at Work Zones using Advanced Traveler Information Systems · 2020 · Almallah, Mustafa Suhail et al. · archived
77. In-vehicle warnings for work zone and related rear-end collisions: A driving simulator experiment ↗ · 2022 · Hang, Junyu et al. · indexed
78. Supplemental advance warning devices ↗ · 1993 · Bowman, Brian · indexed
79. Evaluation of Retroreflective Sheetings for Use on Traffic Control Devices at Construction Work Zones · 1991 · Ahmed, Samir A. · archived
80. Implementation and Assessment of Highway Intrusion Technologies · 2023 · Hasanzadeh, Sogand et al. · archived
81. Increasing motorcycles attention and search conspicuity by using Alternating-Blinking Lights System (ABLS) ↗ · 2013 · Gershon, Pnina et al. · indexed
82. Approach-End Treatment of Channelization: Signing and Delineation · 1962 · Rowan, Neilon J. · archived
83. Improving Work Zone Safety Through Speed Management · 2013 · Sommers, Norman M. et al. · archived
84. Evaluation of arrow panel displays for temporary work zones : final report. · 2001 · Griffith, Andrew S. et al. · archived
85. Developing a smartphone based warning system application to enhance the safety at work zones : final report. · 2016 · Rahman, Ruksana et al. · archived
86. Work zone intrusion alarm effectiveness. · 2010 · Krupa, Cathy · archived
87. Optimizing Future Work Zones in New England for Improved Safety and Mobility · 2018 · Xie, Yuanchang et al. · archived
88. Improvement of the Effectiveness of Motorist Warnings at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings · 1977 · Hopkins, John B. et al. · archived
89. Highway signing for safety. · 1971 · Shepard, Frank D · archived
90. Informed Safety, Mobility, and Driver Comfort Enhancement Practices for Work Zones: Learnings from High-Fidelity Data · 2024 · Mishra, Sabyasachee et al. · archived
91. Improving Work Zone Safety: Integrating VR-CARLA Co-simulation and Eye Tracking for Behavior Analysis of Drivers around Work Zones · 2025 · Zhang, Shuo et al. · archived
92. Enhancing Conspicuity for Standard Signs and Retroreflectivity Strips on Posts [tech brief] · 2022 · Katz, Bryan et al. · archived
93. Examining Driver Behavior in Response to Work Zone Interventions: A Driving Simulator Study · 2010 · Reyes, Michelle L. et al. · archived
94. Improved Methods for Delineating Diverges in Work Zones ↗ · 2014 · Hunter, Michael et al. · indexed
95. Improving the conspicuity and safety of pedestrians and cyclists on night-time roads ↗ · 2023 · Wood, Joanne M. · indexed
96. Improving safety in pavement field testing. · 2017 · Lu, Qing et al. · archived
97. Evaluation of retroreflective markings to increase rail car conspicuity · 1998 · Ford, Robert E et al. · archived
98. An analysis of 'looked but failed to see' accidents involving parked police vehicles ↗ · 2002 · Langham, Martin et al. · indexed
99. Evaluating the Effects of Connected Vehicle Weather and Work Zone Warnings on Truck Drivers’ Workload and Distraction using Eye Glance Behavior ↗ · 2020 · Raddaoui, Omar et al. · indexed
100. Overhead Guide Sign Visibility Factors, Volume I: Final Report · 1989 · Stein, A. C. et al. · archived
101. Driver’s Safety Assessment In Two-Lane Rural Road Work Zones · 2020 · Valdés-Díaz, Didier M et al. · archived
102. Evolution of an Enhanced Rear Signaling System ↗ · 2003 · Lee, Suzanne E. et al. · indexed
103. Attention and search conspicuity of motorcycles as a function of their visual context ↗ · 2012 · Gershon, Pnina et al. · indexed
104. Field Operations Guide for Safety/Service Patrols · 2009 · Sparks, John et al. · archived
105. Detection of Emergency Vehicles: Driver Responses to Advance Warning in a Driving Simulator ↗ · 2008 · Lenné, Michael G. et al. · indexed
106. Using Lighting And Visual Information To Alter Driver Behavior · 2012 · Bullough, John D. et al. · archived
107. Light-Based External Human Machine Interface: Color Evaluation for Self-Driving Vehicle and Pedestrian Interaction · 2019 · Faas, Stefanie M. et al. · archived
108. Estimation of driver alertness to different colors and intensities using brain visual evoked potentials ↗ · 2016 · Bekdash, Mones et al. · indexed
109. Identification of Diverges in Freeway Work Zones: The Effects of Channelizing Devices ↗ · 2016 · Greenwood, Aaron T. et al. · indexed
110. Assessment of Work Zone Safety ↗ · 2018 · Khalil, Umar Ibrahim et al. · indexed
111. Passing Parked Police Cars: Speed as a Function of Emergency Lighting, Police Car Orientation, and Driver Experience ↗ · 2010 · Mayer, Andrew K. et al. · indexed
112. Assessing driving behavior upstream of work zones by detecting response points in speed profile: A naturalistic driving study ↗ · 2019 · Thapa, Raju et al. · indexed
113. Design of Educational Material and Public Awareness Campaigns for Improving Work Zone Driver Safety · 2022 · Chahine, Ricardo et al. · archived
114. Lighted Guidance Tube Evaluation: Final Report · 2000 · Griffith, Andrew et al. · archived
115. Engineered Visibility Warning Signals: Tests of Time to React, Detectability, Identifiability and Salience · 1996 · Cohn, Theodore E. · archived
116. Work Zone Mapping and Tag Deployment System · 2019 · Parikh, Gordon et al. · archived
117. Work zone safety analysis. · 2013 · Daniel, Janice R. et al. · archived
118. Workshop on Field Inspection and Rehabilitation of Traffic Control Devices - Proceedings · 1990 · Russell, Phillip O. et al. · archived
119. Determination of Traffic Control Device Selection for Nighttime Maintenance of Traffic · 2010 · McAvoy, Deborah S. et al. · archived
120. Literature Review Synthesizing the Current and Potential ATMA Applications · 2023 · Miller, Erika et al. · archived
121. Driver behavior on road work zones: a systematic review · 2023 · Silveira, Renato Luiz et al. · archived
122. Evaluation of Work Zone Split Traffic Symbol Sign: Final Report · 2017 · Edara, Praveen K. et al. · archived
123. Using Eye-Tracking for Traffic Control Signage Design at Highway Work Zone ↗ · 2022 · Tang, Ming et al. · indexed
124. Evaluation of automated flagger assistance devices : interim report. · 2017 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
125. Examining driver performance in response to work zone interventions in a driving simulator · 2018 · Reyes, Michelle Lynn · archived
126. Further Assessments of Safe, Quick Clearance Strategies: Phase II · 2018 · Rensel, Eric et al. · archived
127. Mitigating and Preventing MoDOT Safety-Related Incidents Through Root-Cause Elimination and Utilization of Leading Safety Indicators · 2024 · Chammout, Bahaa et al. · archived
128. Assessing public inconvenience in highway work zones. · 2002 · Griffith, Andrew et al. · archived
129. Enhanced work zone safety through cooperative autonomous vehicle systems ↗ · 2014 · Brown, Michael et al. · indexed
130. The influence of photoluminescent road markings on driver’s stationary gaze entropy: a driving simulation study ↗ · 2025 · Di Stasi, Leandro L. et al. · indexed
131. Expanded Research and Development of an Enhanced Rear Signaling System for Commercial Motor Vehicles · 2014 · Schaudt, William A. et al. · archived
132. Examining the impact of ASE (automated speed enforcement) in work zones on driver attention : final report. · 2016 · Morris, Nichole et al. · archived
133. Effectiveness of Temporary Rumble Strips in Work Zones · 2022 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
134. Response to Emergency Vehicles When Driving in a Mixed Vehicle Fleet · 2024 · Sanchez, Robert et al. · archived
135. Evaluation of the use of strobe lights in the red lens of traffic signals : technical assistance report. · 1994 · Cottrell, B.H., Jr · archived
136. Construction Work Zone Safety: Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Construction Work Zone Crashes · 2024 · Mashhadi, Ali Hassandokht et al. · archived
137. The influence of modern headlamps on the recognition of portable traffic signs and warning triangles ↗ · 2023 · Rak, Martin et al. · indexed
138. Perception of Approaching Motorcycles by Distracted Drivers May Depend on Auxiliary Lighting Treatments: A Field Experiment ↗ · 2011 · Jenness, James et al. · indexed
139. ROADWAY DELINEATION PRACTICES HANDBOOK ↗ · 1994 · Migletz, J et al. · indexed
140. Highway safety performance metrics and emergency response in an advanced transportation environment : final report. · 2016 · Majka, Kevin · archived
141. The Design and Assessment of Attention-Getting Rear Brake Light Signals ↗ · 2009 · Neurauter, M Lucas et al. · indexed
142. Assessment of Driver Distraction at Work Zones with Portable Rumble Strip Deployments in Texas ↗ · 2023 · Ullman, Gerald L. · indexed
143. INTERACTION BETWEEN FIXED AND VEHICULAR ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS ↗ · 1972 · Gallagher, V P et al. · indexed
144. Evaluation of Automated Flagger Assistance Devices · 2018 · Brown, Henry et al. · archived
145. The Effect of Improvements in Motorcycle/Motorcyclist Conspicuity on Driver Behavior ↗ · 1981 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
146. Facilitating Incident Management Strategies on Freeways · 1999 · Parham, Angelia H. et al. · archived
147. Effect of Vehicle Color and Background Visibility for Improving Safety on Rural Kansas Highways · 2015 · Dissanayake, Sunanda et al. · archived
148. Smart Work Zone Control and Performance Evaluation Based on Trajectory Data · 2024 · Xie, Yuanchang et al. · archived
149. Real-time driver alerts to improve CMV safety in California work zones: a naturalistic study ↗ · 2025 · McMillan, Julia et al. · indexed
150. Vehicle accidents at maintenance and utility work zones. · 1978 · Hargroves, Bradley T. · archived
151. Guiding Driver Visual Attention with LEDs ↗ · 2017 · Schmidt, Gerald J. et al. · indexed
152. Dynamic measurement of traffic signluminance as perceived by a driver ↗ · 2011 · Gutierrez, JA et al. · indexed
153. Understanding the Effects of Pavement Marking Treatments on Night Driving Behavior and Safety ↗ · 2005 · Opiela, Kenneth S et al. · indexed
154. The influence of LED road stud color on driver behavior and perception along horizontal curves at nighttime · 2023 · Portera, Alberto et al. · archived
155. Effect of Warning Piles on Driver Performance on Horizontal Curves ↗ · 2020 · Zhang, Xiao-Long et al. · indexed
156. Test and Evaluate a Bluetooth Based In-Vehicle Message System to Alert Motorists in Work Zones · 2019 · Liao, Chen-Fu · archived
157. Michigan’s Traffic Incident Management Effort: Progress and Future Vision · 2018 · NHTSA · archived
158. Driver Response in Active Advanced Warning Signs at High-Speed Signalized Intersections · 1985 · Sabra, Ziad A. · archived
159. Compendium: Papers on Advanced Surface Transportation Systems, August 2003 · 2003 · Dudek, Conrad L. · archived
160. Improving the Effectiveness of Speed Feedback Trailers in Freeway Work Zones · 2024 · Gates, Timothy J. et al. · archived
161. Test Road Experiment on Imminent Warning Rear Lighting and Signaling ↗ · 2006 · Wierwille, Walter W. et al. · indexed
162. Highway Construction Work Zone Safety Performance and Improvement in Louisiana · 2019 · Schneider, Helmut et al. · archived
163. ANALYSIS ON THE INFLUENCE OF ACCUMULATION EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE COLOR ON TRAFFIC SAFETY IN THE FOGGY SECTIONS OF EXPRESSWAYS · 2017 · Li, Xiaolei et al. · archived
164. Driver Visibility Under Wet Pavement Conditions: Size, Shape, and Spacing of Object Markers/Delineators · 1991 · Lee, Raymond L. Jr et al. · archived
165. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 41 No. 3 · 1977 · Breen, John E. et al. · archived
166. Developing a Hazard Detection and Alert System To Prevent Incidents · 2024 · Song, Sejun et al. · archived
167. Nighttime Visibility of Prototype Work Zone Markings under Dry, Wet-Recovery, and Rain Conditions ↗ · 2009 · Higgins, Laura et al. · indexed
168. Compendium: Papers on Advanced Surface Transportation Systems, August 2002 · 2002 · Dudek, Conrad L. et al. · archived
169. Traffic control device evaluation program : FY 2016. · 2017 · Brimley, Bradford K. et al. · archived
170. State of the art in work zone safety: A systematic review ↗ · 2024 · Rathnasiri, Nimali et al. · indexed
171. Compendium: Papers on Advanced Surface Transportation Systems, August 2001 · 2001 · Dudek, Conrad L. · archived
172. Effects of Work Zone Infrastructure on Transitioning from Automated to Manual Driving for Work Zones with Lane Reductions · 2024 · Sanchez, Robert et al. · archived
173. Compendium: Papers on Advanced Surface Transportation Systems, August 2000 · 2000 · Dudek, Conrad L. et al. · archived
174. Delineation of Hazards for Older Drivers, Volume II: Appendixes · 1997 · Lerner, Neil D. et al. · archived
175. Phantomatic Road Works in Poland: A View from a Dashboard Cam · 2023 · Pashkevich, Anton et al. · archived
176. Web-Based Training for FHWA Roadway Lighting Workshop Module 1: Roadway Lighting Design Overview · 2018 · Frering, Daniel C. et al. · archived
177. Increasing Motorcycle Conspicuity ↗ · 2017 · Rößger, Lars et al. · indexed
178. A determination of the appropriateness of Virginia's retroreflective sign sheeting specification for fluorescent orange construction and maintenance signs. · 2002 · Brich, Stephen C · archived
179. Human Factors Guidelines for Transportation Management Centers · 2018 · Robinson, Emanuel et al. · archived
180. An Investigation of the Design and Performance of Traffic Control Devices · 1968 · Markowitz, J. et al. · archived
181. Fast Lane - Exploring Human Behavior - Volume 19 · 2024 · NHTSA · archived
182. Evaluation of Unassigned Sign Colors for Incident Management Trailblazing ↗ · 1999 · Neale, Vicki L. et al. · indexed
183. Factors Affecting Drivers' Ability to Detect Motorcycles during Daylight in a Simulated Environment ↗ · 2015 · Shaheed, Mohammad Saad et al. · indexed
184. Frequency of work zone accidents on construction projects : final report. · 2005 · Qi, Yi et al. · archived
185. Some factors affecting motorcyclists' conspicuity ↗ · 1996 · Hole, G et al. · indexed
186. Effectiveness of Changeable Message Signs in Controlling Vehicle Speeds in Work Zones · 1994 · Garber, Nicholas J et al. · archived
187. Traffic Control Device Analysis, Testing, and Evaluation Program: FY 2024 Activities · 2025 · Finley, Melisa D. et al. · archived
188. Driving Simulator Validation for Nighttime Construction Work Zone Devices · 2007 · McAvoy, Deborah S. et al. · archived
189. Roadway Lighting Handbook · 1978 · Walton, Ned E. · archived
190. Cyclist conspicuity: A review of the literature and the role of clothing color · 2012 · Wood, Joanne et al. · archived
191. Evaluation of Enhanced Brake Lights Using Surrogate Safety Metrics: Task 2 & 3 Report: Development of Rear Signaling Model and Work Plan for Large Scale Field Evaluation · 2010 · Llaneras, Robert E. et al. · archived
192. Optimizing timing for emergency vehicle approaching warnings · 2024 · Weibull, Kajsa et al. · archived
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194. Size Isn't Everything: The Effects of Size and Brightness of Retroreflective Materials on Nighttime Conspicuity ↗ · 2005 · Cassidy, Paul E. et al. · indexed
195. Evaluation of Data From Test Application of Optical Speed Bars to Highway Work Zones [Final Report] · 2004 · Meyer, Eric · archived
196. Beyond the Barriers: Road Construction Safety Issues From the Office and the Roadside · 2019 · Kumar Debnath, Ashim et al. · archived
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198. Recognition of rail car retroreflective patterns for improving nighttime conspicuity · 2001 · Multer, Jordan · archived
199. Performance evaluation of struck-by-accident alert systems for road work zone safety ↗ · 2024 · Ye, Qishen et al. · indexed
200. Evaluating the effectiveness of engineering countermeasures at yellow dilemma zone: a driving simulator-based study ↗ · 2024 · Pathivada, Bharat Kumar et al. · indexed
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202. Driver Response to an Actuated Advance Warning System ↗ · 2013 · Appiah, Justice et al. · indexed
203. The Effects of In-Vehicle and Infrastructure-Based Collision Warnings at Signalized Intersections ↗ · 2009 · Inman, Vaughan W. et al. · indexed
204. Comparing countermeasures for mitigating wrong-way entries onto limited access facilities. · 2017 · Lin, Pei-Sung et al. · archived
205. Overhead guide sign retroreflectivity and illumination. · 2015 · Obeidat, Mohammed et al. · archived
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207. Making Intersections Safer: A Toolbox of Engineering Countermeasures to Reduce Red-Light Running: An Informational Report · 2003 · NHTSA · archived
208. Preliminary Human Factors Guidelines For Crash Avoidance Warning Devices · 1996 · NHTSA · archived
209. Effectiveness of LED-Enhanced Signs in Reducing Incidents of Vehicles Stopping on Tracks · 2019 · Baron, William R. et al. · archived
210. Multimodal Visual Early Warning Equipment to Improve Night Driving Safety on Highway Curves: A Driving Simulation Study ↗ · 2025 · Wu, Chengyu et al. · indexed
211. HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS IN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE WORK ZONES ↗ · 1990 · Pigman, Jerry G. et al. · indexed
212. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMOTIVE REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS ↗ · 1975 · Olson, Paul L. et al. · indexed
213. Public Roads: A Journal of Highway Research and Development, Vol. 43 No. 3 · 1979 · MacGowan, John et al. · archived
214. Collision Avoidance Head-Up Display: Design Considerations for Emergency Services’ Vehicles · 2020 · Bram-Larbi, Kweku F. et al. · archived
215. Driver responses to graphic-aided portable changeable message signs in highway work zones ↗ · 2018 · Huang, Yilei et al. · indexed
216. A Sensor-Based Visual Effect Evaluation of Chevron Alignment Signs’ Colors on Drivers through the Curves in Snow and Ice Environment ↗ · 2017 · Zhao, Wei et al. · indexed
217. Traffic Signal Brightness: An Examination of Nighttime Dimming · 1985 · Freedman, Mark et al. · archived
218. Inclusive Investigation of Health and Safety Management in Temporary Road Work Zone ↗ · 2025 · Alqahtani, Fahad K. et al. · indexed
219. Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians · 2001 · Staplin, L. et al. · archived
220. Visibility and Conspicuity of Detectable Warnings for Pedestrians with Visual Impairments ↗ · 2008 · Jenness, James W. et al. · indexed
221. PW 0803 Night time visibility of crossing pedestrians ↗ · 2018 · Wickramasinghe, Vasantha et al. · indexed
222. Closed-Course Test and Analysis of Vibration and Sound Generated by Temporary Rumble Strips for Short-Term Work Zones ↗ · 2010 · Schrock, Steven D. et al. · indexed
223. SOME RESULTS OF COOPERATIVE VEHICLE LIGHTING RESEARCH ↗ · 1960 · Kilgour, Thomas R · indexed
224. Variable Message Sign strategies for Congestion Warning on Motorways · 2018 · Alhajyaseen, Wael Khaleel Mohammad et al. · archived
225. Analysis of Speed Profiles and Evaluation of Dynamic Signs in Kansas Work Zones · 2021 · Cunningham IV, Jack R et al. · archived
226. PERCEPTION OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SIGNS ↗ · 1971 · Häkkinen, Suvi et al. · indexed
227. Evaluating the impacts of vehicle-mounted Variable Message Signs on passing vehicles: implications for protecting roadside incident and service personnel ↗ · 2023 · Liu, Jun et al. · indexed
228. Investigation of Alternative Work Zone Merging Sign Configurations [2013] · 2013 · Edara, Praveen et al. · archived
229. Evaluation of the Smart Work Zone Speed Notification System · 2019 · Hourdos, John et al. · archived
230. Driver Understanding of Sequential Portable Changeable Message Signs in Work Zones · 2007 · Ullman, Brooke R. et al. · archived
231. Colours of retroreflective sign materials when illuminated by high-intensity-discharge headlamps ↗ · 2014 · Sivak, Michael et al. · indexed
232. Evaluation of a Collision Avoidance and Mitigation System (CAMS) on Winter Maintenance Trucks · 2018 · Zockaie, Ali et al. · archived
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234. In-Car Warnings of Emergency Vehicles Approaching: Effects on Car Drivers' Propensity to Give Way ↗ · 2020 · Lidestam, Björn et al. · indexed
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240. Treating Potential Back-of-Queue Safety Hazards · 2009 · NHTSA · archived
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243. Modelling green waves for emergency vehicles using connected traffic data · 2019 · Bieker-Walz, Laura et al. · archived
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255. Effect of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity on the Performance of Vision-Based Lane Departure Warning Systems ↗ · 2011 · Hadi, Mohammed et al. · indexed
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276. Enhancing Motorist Understanding of Variable Message Signs ↗ · 2005 · Wang, Jyh-Hone et al. · indexed
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293. Effects of Advanced Warning Flashers on Driver Interaction with Signalized Intersections ↗ · 2001 · Smith, Thomas J. et al. · indexed
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313. Enhancing Driver Behavior Models in Response to Emergency Vehicles ↗ · 2024 · Kumar, Gopikrishnan Nair Suresh et al. · indexed
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317. The role of advance amber warning signal in enhancing driver decision-making: A comparative study in Brunei Darussalam ↗ · 2024 · Yong, Shiaw Yin et al. · indexed
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328. Advanced Traveler Information Systems: Overview of California’s System Application and Its Performance as Part of Emergency Response Planning ↗ · 2006 · Elhamshary, Osama et al. · indexed
329. A qualitative study of the core functions of Smart Traffic Centers at the Virginia Department of Transportation. · 2006 · Shin, Gene-Tey · archived
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340. Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running for Traffic Incident Management ↗ · 2016 · Ma, Jiaqi et al. · indexed
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342. Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center Organizational and Expertise Directory [Spring 2005] · 2005 · NHTSA · archived
343. European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions · 2017 · NHTSA · archived
344. A Real-Time Road Accident Detection and Automated Emergency Alert System Using Vision-Based Motion Analysis ↗ · 2026 · Karuppusamy, Jeevika · indexed
345. FEASIBILITY STUDY OF REAL-TIME IOT BASED EMERGENCY VEHICLE ALERT SYSTEM FOR ROAD SAFETY ↗ · 2025 · Ali, Fara Asyikin et al. · indexed
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347. A framework for developing and integrating effective routing strategies within the emergency management decision-support system : [research brief]. · 2012 · Pande, Anurag et al. · archived
348. Organizational and Expertise Directory (Spring 2008) · 2008 · NHTSA · archived
349. Online Implementation and Evaluation of Weather-Responsive Coordinated Signal Timing Operations ↗ · 2015 · Chen, Ying et al. · indexed
350. Operator function model to analyze ship accidents related to navigation aids ↗ · 2022 · Hong, Seung-Kweon · indexed
351. Implementing Intelligent Traffic Control System for Congestion Control, Ambulance Clearance, and Stolen Vehicle Detection ↗ · 2014 · Sundar, Rajeshwari et al. · indexed
352. Design and Build a Portable Traffic Light Based on Wireless Communication ↗ · 2024 · bagaskara, marviyanto et al. · indexed
353. Improving Law Enforcement Response by Utilizing Crowdsourced Data to Complement Computer-Aided Dispatch Data ↗ · 2025 · Krdy, Majed Al et al. · indexed
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355. Simulation-Based Framework for Transportation Network Management in Emergencies ↗ · 2008 · Balakrishna, Ramachandran et al. · indexed
356. Mapping the Rescue Equipment Mobilization Potential: Decision Support Tool for Emergency Management ↗ · 2017 · Kim, Daeho et al. · indexed
357. Safe Route Determination for First Responders in the Presence of Moving Obstacles ↗ · 2019 · Wang, Zhiyong et al. · indexed
358. Optimal Scheduling for Highway Emergency Repairs Under Large-Scale Supply–Demand Perturbations ↗ · 2014 · Yan, Shangyao et al. · indexed
359. An ant colony system-based hybrid algorithm for an emergency roadway repair time-space network flow problem ↗ · 2011 · Yan, Shangyao et al. · indexed
360. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION SMART TRAFFIC LIGHT USING GSM AND IR ↗ · 2018 · Kareem, Thaar et al. · indexed
361. A hybrid machine-learning and optimization method for contraflow design in post-disaster cases and traffic management scenarios ↗ · 2019 · Bagloee, Saeed Asadi et al. · indexed
362. Communication Efficiency Of Flight Traffic Guide With Pertamina Units And Rescue and Fire Fighting Services After Implementation Access Road At Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Samarinda Airport ↗ · 2023 · Erlangga, Rendra et al. · indexed
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364. Optimization of The East Terminal Control Area (TMA) Sector At PERUM LPPNPI Denpasar Branch ↗ · 2023 · Ristawidya, Aura et al. · indexed
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366. ZDC Spotlight: March 1, 1984 · 1984 · NHTSA · archived
367. Analisa Kajian Penggunaan Alat Berat Pada Pekerjaan Tanah Proyek Pembangunan Jalan (Studi Kasus : Zona I Pada Proyek Pembangunan Jalan Tol Padang-Pekanbaru By Pass Km 25) · 2021 · Atmaja, Jajang · archived
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369. Color Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystal for the Optical Shutter with Fast Response Time ↗ · 2011 · Hwang, Kyu Young et al. · indexed
370. Design and implementation of a graph-coloring algorithm for optimizing flight-level allocation in air traffic management in Iran ↗ · 2026 · Mosavi, Seyed Ali Asghar et al. · indexed
371. Efficient tumor regression by adoptively transferred CEA-specific CAR-T cells associated with symptoms of mild cytokine release syndrome ↗ · 2016 · Wang, Linan et al. · indexed
372. O Proletariado em Eles Não Usam Black-Tie (1981), de Leon Hirszman ↗ · 2017 · Maria Lopes Gomes da Silva Ribeiro, Quézia · indexed