hazard perception
Hazard perception: the ability to detect, recognize, and respond to developing dangers in the traffic scene before they become critical, typically assessed with video-based hazard perception tests and time-to-respond latencies. The detection-and-recognition of an EXISTING or emerging threat, distinct from anticipation (predicting events and others' behavior that are not yet present), looked_but_failed_to_see (a failure to perceive a hazard despite directing the eyes at it), and useful_field_of_view (the spatial extent of processing rather than threat recognition).
Relevant standards
- CIE 074-1988 — Road signs
- CIE 100-1992 — Fundamentals of the Visual Task of Night Driving
- FMVSS 103 — Standard No. 103; Windshield defrosting and defogging systems
- FMVSS 104 — Standard No. 104; Windshield wiping and washing systems
- FMVSS 111 — Rear Visibility
- ISO 23376:2021 — Intelligent transport systems — Vehicle-to-vehicle intersection collision warning systems (VVICW) — Performance requirements and test procedures
- ISO 34502:2022 — Road vehicles — Test scenarios for automated driving systems — Scenario based safety evaluation framework
- UN ECE R125 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of motor vehicles with regard to the forward field of vision of the motor vehicle driver
- UN ECE R151 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of motor vehicles with regard to the Blind Spot Information System for the Detection of Bicycles
- UN ECE R159 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of motor vehicles with regard to the Moving Off Information System for the Detection of Pedestrians and Cyclists
- UN ECE R46 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of devices for indirect vision and of motor vehicles with regard to the installation of these devices
- UN ECE R69 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of rear marking plates for slow-moving vehicles (by construction) and their trailers
170 paper(s) · ranked by relevance to this topic
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Modeling response time and hazard identification in a video-based hazard perception test for car drivers ↗ · 2025 · Akshay, T.K. et al. · indexed
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Modeling response time and hazard identification in a video-based hazard perception test for car drivers ↗ · 2025 · Akshay, T et al. · indexed
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Rapid holistic perception and evasion of road hazards · 2019 · Wolfe, Benjamin et al. · archived
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Hazard Perception in Driving: A Systematic Literature Review · 2022 · Cao, Shi et al. · archived
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Driving Hazard Perception Tests: A Systematic Review. · 2023 · Omran, Yasaman Habibzadeh et al. · archived
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CH-LSTTM: A Taxonomy of Traffic Hazards · 2024 · Yan, Song et al. · archived
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Road Hazard Stimuli: Annotated naturalistic road videos for studying hazard detection and scene perception · 2023 · Song, Jiali et al. · archived
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Driving Hazard Perception Components: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. · 2023 · Habibzadeh, Yasaman et al. · archived
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Research on drivers' hazard perception and visual characteristics before vehicle-to-powered two-wheeler collisions ↗ · 2025 · Wu, Xianhui et al. · indexed
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A brief pc-based hazard prediction training program improves young novice drivers' hazard perception skills ↗ · 2024 · Kint, Sander Thomas van der et al. · indexed
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A brief pc-based hazard prediction training program improves young novice drivers hazard perception skills ↗ · 2024 · Kint, Sander Thomas van der et al. · indexed
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Understanding driver performance variability and perception of risk : driver hazard perception research plan · 1998 · Lerner, N. et al. · archived
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Hazard perception in novice and experienced drivers: The effects of sleepiness · 2009 · Smith, Simon S. et al. · archived
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The influence of cognitive distractions and driving experience on hazard perception performance ↗ · 2025 · Sun, Meng et al. · indexed
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Towards the Validation of a Driving Simulator-Based Hazard Response Test for Novice Drivers · 2015 · Hirsch, Pierro et al. · archived
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Hazard Detection Prediction Model for Rural Roads Based on Hazard and Environment Properties · 2018 · Asadamraji, Morteza et al. · archived
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Effects of hazard type and confidence level on hazard perception in young male drivers: an ERP study ↗ · 2024 · Sun, Long et al. · indexed
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Effects of hazard type and confidence level on hazard perception in young male drivers: an ERP study ↗ · 2024 · Sun, Long et al. · indexed
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Extended Evaluation of Training Programs To Accelerate Hazard Anticipation Skills in Novice Teens Drivers · 2021 · Plumert, Jodie M. et al. · archived
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Factors That Affect Drivers’ Perception of Closing and an Immediate Hazard · 2023 · Weaver, Bradley W. et al. · archived
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Development of a Novice Driver Training Module to Accelerate Driver Perceptual Expertise · 2017 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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Hazard perception performance and psychological factors of distracted drivers: what are the associations? ↗ · 2024 · Watling, Christopher N. et al. · indexed
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Effects of sleep deprivation and hazard types on the hazard perception of young novice drivers: An ERP study ↗ · 2024 · Sun, Long et al. · indexed
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Exploring hazard anticipation and stress while driving in light of defensive behavior theory · 2023 · Kerautret, Laora et al. · archived
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Modeling Effects of Forward Glance Durations on Latent Hazard Detection ↗ · 2017 · Park, Hyoshin et al. · indexed
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Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · archived
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Evaluation of an Updated Version of the Risk Awareness and Perception Training Program for Young Drivers · 2017 · Thomas, F. Dennis et al. · archived
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The Impact of Vehicle Automation on the Safety of Vulnerable Road Users (Pedestrians and Bicyclists) · 2018 · Samuel, Siby et al. · archived
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Identifying novice drivers in need of hazard perception ability improvement for takeover performance ↗ · 2024 · Weng, Shixuan et al. · indexed
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The effect of driver cognitive abilities and distractions on situation awareness and performance under hazard conditions · 2016 · Kaber, David B. et al. · archived
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Can Young Drivers Learn to Anticipate Hidden Hazards: A Driving Simulator Study · 2013 · Samuel, Siby et al. · archived
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The relationship between central and mid-peripheral motion perception and the hazard perception ability of older drivers ↗ · 2023 · Sepulveda, Juan A. et al. · indexed
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A Quantitative Method of Assessing the Hazard Perception of Drivers in Human-Machine Codriving Vehicles ↗ · 2024 · Feng, Zhongxiang et al. · indexed
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Hazard perception performance and psychological factors of distracted drivers: what are the associations? ↗ · 2024 · Watling, Christopher N. et al. · indexed
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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Gaze-Based Training Intervention on Latent Hazard Anticipation Skills for Young Drivers: A Driving Simulator Study · 2018 · Yamani, Yusuke et al. · archived
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Evaluation of PC-Based Novice Driver Risk Awareness · 2008 · Fisher, Donald L. · archived
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Visual Scanning Training for Older Drivers: A Literature Review · 2018 · Lococo, Kathy H. et al. · archived
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Further down the road: The enduring effect of an online training course on novice drivers' hazard perception skill ↗ · 2023 · Horswill, Mark S. et al. · indexed
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Memory for a Hazard is Interrupted by Performance of a Secondary In-Vehicle Task ↗ · 2014 · Borowsky, Avinoam et al. · indexed
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The effects of road commentary training on novice drivers' visual search behaviour: a preliminary investigation ↗ · 2013 · Cantwell, Stephen James et al. · indexed
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Where to gaze during take-over: Eye gaze strategy analysis of different situation awareness and hazard perception levels ↗ · 2023 · Ding, Wen et al. · indexed
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The Effect of External Distractions on Novice and Experienced Drivers' Anticipation of Hazards and Vehicle Control · 2023 · Divekar, Gautam · archived
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Further down the road: The enduring effect of an online training course on novice drivers hazard perception skill ↗ · 2023 · Horswill, Mark S. et al. · indexed
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Examining Driver Situation Awareness in the Takeover Process of Conditionally Automated Driving With the Effect of Age ↗ · 2024 · Ding, Wen et al. · indexed
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Evaluating Drivers’ Response to Road Hazard: A Simulation Study ↗ · 2024 · Javanbakht, Navid et al. · indexed
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Design of an Experiment to Pinpoint Cognitive Failure Processes in the Interaction of Motorists and Vulnerable Road Users ↗ · 2023 · Denk, Florian et al. · indexed
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Inattentional Blindness in Motorcycle Detection: Allocating Attention to Detect Motorcycles ↗ · 2018 · Pammer, Kristen et al. · indexed
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Visual, Perceptual, and Cognitive Measures as Predictors of Collision Detection in Older Drivers ↗ · 1997 · James, Christina L. et al. · indexed
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Latent Hazard Anticipation in Young Drivers: Review and Meta-Analysis of Training Studies ↗ · 2018 · Unverricht, James et al. · indexed
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Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2024 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
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Maintaining Situational Awareness: The Role of Visual Attention ↗ · 1999 · Chaparro, Alex et al. · indexed
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Engineered Visibility Warning Signals: Tests of Time to React, Detectability, Identifiability and Salience · 1996 · Cohn, Theodore E. · archived
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Risk Awareness and Perception Training Using VR Headsets: The Validation of VR Headsets to Measure Hazard Anticipation Behaviors · 2019 · Fitzpatrick, Cole et al. · archived
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Assessing the validity of situation awareness measures through visual behaviours in car driving: A comprehensive review ↗ · 2026 · Pelerin, Maëlle et al. · indexed
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Does familiarity breed competence or contempt? Effects of driver experience, road type and familiarity on hazard perception ↗ · 2019 · Beanland, Vanessa et al. · indexed
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A Simulator-Based Evaluation of Two Hazard Anticipation Training Programs for Novice Drivers · 2020 · AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety · archived
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Behavioral correlates of individual differences in road-traffic crash risk: An examination of methods and findings. ↗ · 1993 · Elander, James et al. · indexed
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Attentional Control in Young Drivers: Does Training Impact Hazard Anticipation in Dynamic Environments? ↗ · 2020 · Yahoodik, Sarah et al. · indexed
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Spotting Danger: How child and adult pedestrians assess distracted drivers in hazard perception ↗ · 2026 · Liu, Meng et al. · indexed
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Social cognition and driving: Theory of mind is associated with drivers' hazard perception ↗ · 2025 · Goodhew, Stephanie C. et al. · indexed
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Cost of warning of unseen threats: Unintended consequences of connected vehicle alerts ↗ · 2015 · Chrysler, ST et al. · indexed
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Can unreliable auditory hazard warnings help the driver? The effect of timing errors and false alarms on road hazard detection in dynamic road scenes. ↗ · 2026 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
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Hazard Anticipation of Novice and Experienced Drivers ↗ · 2007 · Garay-Vega, Lisandra et al. · indexed
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A Literature Review of Inattentional and Change Blindness in Transportation · 2009 · Hannon, D. · archived
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Field Evaluation of a Risk Awareness and Perception Training Program for Younger Drivers ↗ · 2006 · Pradhan, Anuj K. et al. · indexed
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Safety in numbers: Target prevalence affects the detection of vehicles during simulated driving · 2014 · Beanland, Vanessa et al. · archived
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Effectiveness of a time to fixate for fitness to drive evaluation in neurological patients · 2023 · Miljković, Nadica et al. · archived
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Selective searching while driving: the role of experience in hazard detection and general surveillance ↗ · 2002 · Underwood, Geoffrey et al. · indexed
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Older Driver Perception-Reaction Time for Intersection Sight Distance and Object Detection, Volume I: Final Report · 1995 · Lerner, Neil D. et al. · archived
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Change blindness in simulated driving in individuals with homonymous visual field loss · 2022 · Swan, Garrett et al. · archived
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Behavioural accident avoidance science: understanding response in collision incipient conditions ↗ · 2003 · HANCOCK, PA et al. · indexed
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Optimize the Work Zone Safety with Spatial Information Technology and Eye Tracker · 2022 · Liu, Peng et al. · archived
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What accounts for the rapid detection of threat? Evidence for an advantage in perceptual and behavioral responding from eye movements. ↗ · 2014 · LoBue, Vanessa et al. · indexed
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Comparing the responses and visual behaviors of older and younger drivers in car-to-cyclist collisions using a driving simulator · 2025 · Zhao, Yuqing et al. · archived
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Evaluating the Effects of Integrated Training on Minimizing Driver Distraction · 2015 · Fisher, Donald et al. · archived
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Delineation of Hazards for Older Drivers, Volume II: Appendixes · 1997 · Lerner, Neil D. et al. · archived
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Review of Driver Behavior Characteristics and Hazard Perception Enhancement in Low-Illumination Environments ↗ · 2025 · Feng, Pengfei et al. · indexed
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Hazard perception training effectiveness on experienced drivers: decay of improvement in the follow-up ↗ · 2023 · Endriulaitienė, Auksė et al. · indexed
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Interactive PowerPoint Training to Improve Safety Driver Awareness while Operating a Transit Vehicle Equipped with Driving Automation Features · 2023 · King, Savana et al. · archived
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The role of visual attention in predicting driving impairment in older adults. ↗ · 2005 · Hoffman, Lesa et al. · indexed
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Processing of complex traffic scenes for effective steering and collision avoidance: a perspective, from research on locomotion · 2024 · Wann, John P. · archived
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Relation of Useful Field of View and other Screening Tests to on-Road Driving Performance ↗ · 2000 · Myers, Renee S. et al. · indexed
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Towards Driver Behavior Understanding: Weakly-Supervised Risk Perception in Driving Scenes · 2026 · Agarwal, Nakul et al. · archived
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A novel hazard avoidance model based on young drivers’ characteristics: A driving simulator study ↗ · 2024 · Asadamraji, Morteza et al. · indexed
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Off-Road Glance Behavior, Response Time to a Forward Collision Hazard, and Engagement Strategy Effects in Automated Driving ↗ · 2017 · Blommer, Mike et al. · indexed
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Visual Processing Impairment and Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash Among Older Adults ↗ · 1998 · Owsley, Cynthia · indexed
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Measuring driving performance by car-following in traffic ↗ · 1994 · BROOKHUIS, KAREL et al. · indexed
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Do Crashes and near Crashes in Simulator-Based Training Enhance Novice Drivers’ Visual Search for Latent Hazards? ↗ · 2011 · Vlakveld, Willem et al. · indexed
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Integrated Hazard Displays: Individual Differences in Visual Scanning and Pilot Performance ↗ · 2006 · Wickens, C. D. · indexed
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From Awareness to Intent: Mitigating Silent Driving System Failures through Prospective Situation Awareness Enhancing Interfaces · 2026 · Wang, Jiyao et al. · archived
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The effect of dual training on the hazard response and attention allocation of novice drivers ↗ · 2024 · Huang, Chunxi et al. · indexed
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Naturalistic Driving Study for Understanding Human Error in Major Crash Types in Japan ↗ · 2009 · Uchida, Nobuyuki et al. · indexed
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Dynamic Attention as a Predictor of Driving Performance in Clinical Populations: Preliminary Results ↗ · 2011 · Bowers, Alex et al. · indexed
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Improved perception-reaction time information for intersection sight distance · 2002 · Hostetter, Robert S. et al. · archived
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Highly dangerous road hazards are not immune from the low prevalence effect ↗ · 2023 · Song, Jiali et al. · indexed
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The effect of a moderate dose of alcohol on the traffic hazard perception profile of young drink‐drivers<sup>1</sup> ↗ · 1996 · Deery, Hamish A et al. · indexed
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Display of HUD Warning to Drivers: Determining an Optimal Location · 1999 · Tsimhoni, Omer et al. · archived
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Drivers' Ratings of Different Components of Their Own Driving Skill: A Greater Illusion of Superiority for Skills That Relate to Accident Involvement<sup>1</sup> ↗ · 2004 · Horswill, Mark S. et al. · indexed
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How Perceptual and Cognitive Factors are Involved in a Car Accident: A Case Study ↗ · 2011 · Dominguez, Vanessa et al. · indexed
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Effect of low and moderate doses of alcohol on driving hazard perception latency and driving speed ↗ · 1993 · WEST, ROBERT et al. · indexed
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Curvilinear Approach to an Intersection and Visual Detection of a Collision ↗ · 1993 · Berthelon, Catherine et al. · indexed
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Evaluating the Effect of Google Glass on Driver Distraction · 2018 · Fisher, Donald L. et al. · archived
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Bicyclist-evoked arousal and greater attention to bicyclists independently promote safer driving · 2021 · Kim, Andy Jeesu et al. · archived
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Driver Perception–Brake Response in Stopping Sight Distance Situations ↗ · 1998 · Fambro, D B et al. · indexed
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Visual Scanning Training for Older Drivers [Traffic Tech] · 2022 · Staplin, L. et al. · archived
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Effect of Visual and Auditory Alerts on Older Drivers’ Glances toward Latent Hazards while Turning Left at Intersections ↗ · 2019 · Bakhtiari, Sarah et al. · indexed
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Attention and Threat Detection: Warnings and How They Affect Takeover Performance ↗ · 2020 · Brunsen, Emily et al. · indexed
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How Long Does It Take to Stop? Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times ↗ · 2000 · Green, Marc · indexed
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Vision-Based Traffic Conflict Detection of Signalized Intersections · 2018 · Sharma, Anuj · archived
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Age Differences in the Useful Field of View in a Part-Task Driving Simulator ↗ · 1993 · Walker, Jonathan et al. · indexed
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"How Long Does It Take to Stop?" Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times ↗ · 2000 · Green, Marc · indexed
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Can Pupillometry be used to Detect Driver Hazard Awareness? ↗ · 2024 · Tamura, Kimimasa et al. · indexed
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A Rural Road Accident Probability Model Based on Single-Vehicle Hazard Properties including Hazard Color and Mobility: A Driving Simulator Study ↗ · 2020 · Sheikholeslami, Sina et al. · indexed
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Reduced Sensitivity to Visual Looming Inflates the Risk Posed by Speeding Vehicles When Children Try to Cross the Road ↗ · 2011 · Wann, John P. et al. · indexed
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Authoring critical situations for assessing driving ability among drivers with visual field defects ↗ · 2015 · Peters, Björn et al. · indexed
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Traffic Accident Human Error Quantification Considering “Yes-No” Type and “Unknown” Type Danger ↗ · 2005 · Kumamato, Hiromitsu et al. · indexed
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Vision-Language Hazard Reasoning for Driver Distraction and Workload Estimation ↗ · 2025 · Ng, Shu-Kay et al. · indexed
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Effects of roadside memorials on drivers’ risk perception and eye movements · 2019 · Beanland, Vanessa et al. · archived
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Driver Responses to Cyclists Crossing from Near and Far Side in Driving Simulator Experiments · 2022 · Zhao, Yuqing et al. · archived
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Evaluation of a Training Intervention to Improve Novice Drivers’ Hazard Mitigation When Approaching Left Turn Scenarios ↗ · 2019 · Muttart, Jeffrey W. et al. · indexed
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Automated video feature extraction : workshop summary report October 10-11 2012. · 2012 · Morton, Tom · archived
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Towards a Multi-Agent Vision-Language System for Zero-Shot Novel Hazardous Object Detection for Autonomous Driving Safety · 2025 · Shriram, S. et al. · archived
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Inattentional Blindness During Driving in Younger and Older Adults ↗ · 2019 · Saryazdi, Raheleh et al. · indexed
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Visual in-car warnings: How fast do drivers respond? · 2018 · van der Heiden, Remo M.A. et al. · archived
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The effect of drivers’ eye contact on pedestrians’ perceived safety ↗ · 2021 · Onkhar, V. et al. · indexed
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Simulation Analysis on Driving Behavior during Traffic Sign Recognition ↗ · 2011 · Sun, Lishan et al. · indexed
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Can Three-Dimensional Multiple Object Tracking Training Be Used to Improve Simulated Driving Performance? A Pilot Study in Young and Older Adults · 2023 · Michaels, Jesse et al. · archived
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Thinking and Seeing: Visual Metacognition in Adults and Children, Daniel T.Levin, ed. The MIT Press, 2004. $35.00. ↗ · 2005 · Sedgwick, H. A. · indexed
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Economical Visual Attention Test for Elderly Drivers · 2020 · Onishi, Akinari · archived
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The influence of an emotional processing strategy on visual threat detection by police trainees and officers ↗ · 2020 · Williot, Alexandre et al. · indexed
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Investigation of Time and Speed Perception using a Driving Simulator ↗ · 2018 · Keklikoglou, Andronikos et al. · indexed
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Enhancing the Effectiveness of Safety Warning Systems for Older Drivers: Project Report · 2010 · Marshall, Dawn et al. · archived
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Backup Warning Signals: Driver Perception and Response · 1996 · Harpster, J.L. et al. · archived
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Perception/Reaction Time Values for Accident Reconstruction ↗ · 1989 · Sens, Michael J. et al. · indexed
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Cognitive Function Training System Using Game-Based Design for Elderly Drivers ↗ · 2016 · Hiraoka, Toshihiro et al. · indexed
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The Promise of Virtual Reality Headsets: Can They be Used to Measure Accurately Drivers’ Hazard Anticipation Performance? ↗ · 2019 · Mangalore, Ganesh Pai et al. · indexed
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How you perceive threat determines your behavior · 2013 · Fernandes, Orlando et al. · archived
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Is it dangerous? The role of an emotional visual search strategy and threat‐relevant training in the detection of guns and knives · 2020 · Damjanovic, Ljubica et al. · archived
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Snakes, spiders, guns, and syringes: How specific are evolutionary constraints on the detection of threatening stimuli? ↗ · 2006 · Blanchette, Isabelle · indexed
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A Time-Course Analysis of Attentional Cueing by Threatening Scenes ↗ · 2007 · Koster, Ernst H.W. et al. · indexed
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Attention to threat in posttraumatic stress disorder as indexed by eye-tracking indices: a systematic review ↗ · 2018 · Lazarov, Amit et al. · indexed
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Do reaction time and accuracy measure the same aspects of letter recognition? ↗ · 1982 · Santee, Jeffrey L. et al. · indexed
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Gender Influences in Peripheral and Central Visual Perception for the Young ↗ · 2013 · Chraif, Mihaela · indexed
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Tracking fear in snake and spider fearful participants during visual search: A multi-response domain study ↗ · 2006 · Flykt, Anders et al. · indexed
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Spider vs. guns: expectancy and attention biases to phylogenetic threat do not extend to ontogenetic threat ↗ · 2023 · Abado, Elinor et al. · indexed
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Expectancy and attention bias to spiders: Dissecting anticipation and allocation processes using <scp>ERPs</scp> · 2024 · Abado, Elinor et al. · archived
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Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces · 2002 · Fox, Elaine et al. · archived
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Attentional selectivity for emotional faces: Evidence from human electrophysiology ↗ · 2008 · Holmes, Amanda et al. · indexed
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Hazard avoidance for high-speed mobile robots in rough terrain ↗ · 2006 · Spenko, Matthew et al. · indexed
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Where Children With ADHD Direct Visual Attention During Emotion Knowledge Tasks: Relationships to Accuracy, Response Time, and ADHD Symptoms ↗ · 2015 · Serrano, Verenea J. et al. · indexed
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A Novel Method for Road Anomaly Objects Detection in the Traffic Environment With Multi-Mechanism Fusion · 2024 · Ci, Wenyan et al. · archived
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Framework for Hazardous Situations detection in Autonomous Driving ↗ · 2026 · Garcia-Fernandez, M. et al. · indexed
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Effects of diagnostic regions on facial emotion recognition: The moving window technique · 2022 · Kim, Minhee et al. · archived
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Using Eye Movements as an Index of Implicit Face Recognition in <scp>A</scp>utism <scp>S</scp>pectrum <scp>D</scp>isorder ↗ · 2012 · Hedley, Darren et al. · indexed
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Enhanced neural sensitivity to brief changes of happy over angry facial expressions in preschoolers: A fast periodic visual stimulation study ↗ · 2024 · Naumann, Sandra et al. · indexed
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Implementation of Deep Learning Algorithm on a Custom Dataset for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Applications ↗ · 2022 · Jaikishore, Chathura Neelam et al. · indexed
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The relation between face-emotion recognition and social function in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A case control study · 2017 · Høyland, Anne Lise et al. · archived
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Facial Affect Recognition in Depression Using Human Avatars ↗ · 2023 · Monferrer, Marta et al. · indexed